Research Project Week 1-2 PDF

LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you must be able to: Collect data using appropriate instruments; Present and interpret data in Tabular and graphical forms; and Use statistical techniques to analyze...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you must be able to: Collect data using appropriate instruments; Present and interpret data in Tabular and graphical forms; and Use statistical techniques to analyze data. STATISTICAL TREATMENT STATISTICAL TREATMENT is the culmination of the long process of formulating a hypothesis, constructing the instrument, and collecting data. It is used to properly test the hypothesis, answer the research questions, and present the results of the study in a clear and understandable manner. STATISTICAL TREATMENT In qualitative research, data are validated by document analysis and observation studies. However, in quantitative research, which deals more with numerical data, as in most surveys and experiments, it is logical to use the statistical treatment.  STATISTICS Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and presenting numerical data. There are two branches of statistics that are used in analyzing research data: DESCRIPTIVE and INFERENTIAL statistics. TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS descriptive INFERENTIAL tabulating, depicting, and making generalizations about describing the collected the population through the data. sample drawn from it. data summarized to hypothesis testing and sampling. higher degree of reveal overall data critical judgment and patterns and make them advanced mathematical manageable. modes. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS Descriptive statistics refers to the brief numerical summaries of data. This includes frequency distribution, percentage, measure of central tendency, and measure of dispersion. 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION This refers to the tally of the number of individuals or cases in a specific variable. For example, if 10 people agree to pursue medical courses amidst the pandemic, then, its frequency is 10. 2. PERCENTAGE This is computed as the ratio of the frequency to the total sample size. This is often reported with the frequency of the variable. For example, if 10 people from a total sample of 20 agree to pursue medical courses amidst the pandemic, then, its percentage is 50%. 3. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY It indicates where the center of the distribution tends to be located. It refers to the typical or average score in a distribution. These measures can be classified as the mean, median, and mode. 3. MEASURES OFCENTRAL TENDENCY MEAN. It is the exact mathematical center of a distribution. It is equal to the sum of all scores divided by the number of cases. Also known as AVERAGE. MEDIAN. It is the middlemost value in a distribution below or above which is exactly 50% of cases that are found. Also known as MIDDLE SCORE. 3. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY MODE. it refers to the most frequently occurring score in a distribution. Also known as POPULAR SCORE. 4. MEASURES OF DISPERSION This is also called the measure of variability. This is used to determine how the scores are spread in a certain data set. Common measures of dispersion are the range, standard deviation, and variance. MEASURES OF DISPERSION a. Range. It is the difference between the highest value and the lowest value in the given distribution. b. Variance. It is the square of the standard deviation. c. Standard Deviation. It is the square root of the quotient of the total squared deviation of the mean and the total number of cases. MS EXCEL: DESCRIPTIVE https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets /d/1DNoAE9VNoKZwKyh0vEeD5U5Tpy AT6BDV/edit? usp=sharing&ouid=10693466494916968 6483&rtpof=true&sd=true  ACTIVITY # 2 Answer the first two activities (green tab) https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1eefbHMCMyxF wNGWmdcu5ndm863YTBaz7/edit? usp=sharing&ouid=106934664949169686483&rtpof=true &sd=true STATISTICAL TREATMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Inferential statistics is used to draw inference about the population based on the samples. Two types of inferential statistics a. Parametric tests b. Nonparametric tests PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTS PARAMETRIC TEST. It is used in data that are assumed to be normally distributed and have large sample sizes ( n > 30 ). NONPARAMETRIC TEST. It does not assume the normality of the data (can be skewed data) and can be used for small sample sizes (n < 30 ). SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL TESTS AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS