RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1 MIDTERMS REVIEWER.docx

**RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1** **TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH** **1. ETHNOGRAPHY** -the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research. -it refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the cultural society. It involves the systematic collection,...

**RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1** **TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH** **1. ETHNOGRAPHY** -the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research. -it refers to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the cultural society. It involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior. -its main purpose is to preserve the cultural heritage of an ethnic group. ***EXAMPLES*** Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities" Folklores and Cultural Presentation of Maguindanaon Kulintang Ensemble of Maguindanaon: Reflection and Preservation of their Cultures and Traditions Traditional Marry-Making of Indigenous Peoples (IP's) **2. GROUNDED THEORY** -designed to discovered what problems exist in a given social environment and how the persons involved handle these problems. \- It is a naturalistic and exploratory research used primarily to generate theory through relevant information taken from very reliable sources. In other words, its focus is theory development -If no literature review available, grounded theory is very useful. -Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously until saturation is reached ***EXAMPLES*** The Life of Bangsamoro People Before Spanish Colonial Period The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao How the Land Areas in Mindanao are Dominantly Owned by the Christians Bangsamoro People: Minorities in their Homeland Life and Struggle of Bangsamoro People Living along the Rio Grande de Mindanao **3. PHENOMENOLOGY** -is designed to focus on the commonality of a lived experience with a particular group. The fundamental goal of this research is ***to arrive at a description of the nature of the particular phenomenon.*** -The common gathering method is this research is Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA). It aims to determine what an experience means for the persons who have had the experience of living in a certain community which is the subject of the research. -It seeks reality from individuals narratives of their experiences and feelings, and to produce in depth descriptions of the phenomenon ***EXAMPLES*** Life without Gadgets Post-Traumatic Experiences in the Battle Fields of Maguindanao: A Phenomenological Study Students Today and Students Now: A Phenomenological Study **4. CASE STUDY** -is an exploration of a \"bounded system\" or a \"case\" or \"multiple cases\" over time through detailed in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in interesting stones. -The context of the case involves situating the case within its natural setting, which may be physical, social, historical and/or economic. PRACTICAL RESEARCH. ***EXAMPLES*** Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools Fly-By-Night Schools: Quality Education or Quantity of Enrolment Health Behavior Tracking via Mobile Games: A Case Study among Students Students' Discipline and Academic Performance through Child-Friendly School (CFS) Environment: A Case Study Victims of Love: A Case Study". **5. HISTORICAL RESEARCH** -is a method of examination of evidence in understanding the past events. -It is particularly applied to evidence contained in documents, although it can be applied to all artefacts -It involves studying, understanding and interpreting past events. The purpose of historical research is to reach insights or conclusions about past persons or occurrences ***EXAMPLES*** The Cold War and Its Consequences for the World The Impact of Martin Luther King's Speech The Crusades and the Jihads: Similarities and Differences The Bangsamoro Identity Struggle and Bangsamoro Basic Law as the Path to Peace: Historical Analysis **6. NARRATIVE REPORT** -is designed to present things or events that have happened in the past through a logical progression of the relevant information. -The main purpose of a narrative report is to present a factual depiction of what has occurred ***EXAMPLES*** High School Life: The Most Unforgettable Life of Students Finding Love: How I Met my Soulmate Vocabulary Building of Students Through Proper Solid Waste Management My First Love: Never Dies **STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH** **PROS** It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter. The subjects of the research will base it to what they think is meaningful. It promotes an understanding of human behavior. It is instrumental for positive societal change. It revives the value of respecting people\'s individuality. It is a way to interpret social interactions. It increases the researcher\'s interest since it involves his attachment to the subject. It offers multiple ways or methods to conduct a study **CONS** It involves the researcher\'s subjectivity. It is hard to know the validity or reliability of the data. Its open-ended questions yield \"data overload\" that requires long-term analysis. It is time-consuming. It involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researcher\'s interpretation **FORMULATING A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH** **8 CONSIDERATIONS WHEN DESIGNING YOUR RESEARCH TOPIC** **1. To write your title, you must start with a topic.** There is actually no such thing as a single best topic. It is easier to jot down three topics of your choice, or even five, instead of selecting one single topic. Soon you will realize there is wisdom to this practice. **2. Identify problem situations.** At home, there are problems that you dwell on. Examples are relationships, money matters, unemployment, infidelity and more. In school, you would hear students complain about failing grades, teachers\' teaching strategies, limited allowances, school facilities and equipment and a lot more. You can move to the larger community and look into problems on politics, prices of commodities, and other concerns. **3. Consider your passion or interest.** Your interest in a topic may be caused by your rich background knowledge about it and by its unfamiliarity to you. Your real interest in a subject pushes you to research, investigate, or inquire about it with full enthusiasm, motivation, and energy. **4. Make sure you have enough resources for your topic**. This means finding a topic that is discussed not just on website or blogs, but more so on books, articles or even encyclopedia references. Find a topic that is both interesting and has plenty of published materials. Check magazine articles as well. **5. Pick a topic that is timely and relevant**. The topic is relevant if it yields results that are instrumental in societal improvement. It is timely if it is related to the present. **6. Check references from the library.** Visit your library to check the availability of reading materials on your chosen topic. Do not hesitate to ask your librarian for assistance. **7. Be ready with your personal resources.** Assess your research abilities in terms of your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and time allotment to enable you to complete your research. **8. Master the skill of finding the right research topic.** Unfortunately, not all topics you are interested in may be that easy to write about. It becomes even more difficult if there is not enough research material about the topic you\'ve chosen. When confronted on what research paper topics to do, find a broad subject first, then narrow it down. **WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE** **Step 1: Choose a topic.** Your interest in the topic is important. **Step 2: Include the goals/objectives of the study.** The objective should be very clear in the mind of the researcher as this will lead to the clarity of the design and proper response from the respondents. **Step 3: Describe a specific setting/location**. It describes in brief the place where the study is conducted. **Step 4: Consider the data sources.** The various sources of data or the information should be very clearly stated by the researcher. Primary data sources include information collected and processes directly by the researcher such as interviews, surveys, and observations. Secondary data sources include information retrieved through preexisting sources such as research articles and internet or library searches. **Step 5: Use techniques of data collection.** For the collection of required information, it is necessary to use some special techniques such as interviews, questionnaires and surveys, observations documents and records, etc. **TOPICS TO BE AVOIDED** **1. Controversial Topics.** These are topics that depend greatly on the writer\'s opinion. Facts cannot support topics like these. ***Example:*** The Extent of Filipinos\' Faith in God **2. Highly Technical Topics.** For a beginner, researching on topics that require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and vast experience is a difficult task. ***Example:*** Spaceship Building **3. Hard-to-Investigate Topics.** A subject is hard to investigate if there are no available reading materials about it and if such materials are not up-to-date. ***Example:*** Labor Unions before the Coming of Christ **4. Broad Topics.** Topics that are too broad will prevent you from giving an in-depth analysis of the subject matter of the paper. The solution to this is to narrow or limit the topic to a smaller one. ***Example:*** Lack of Self-Confidence (Broad) Better Topic: Lack of Self-Confidence in Adolescents: Root Causes, Manifestations and intervention (Narrowed) **5. Too Narrow Topics.** These subjects are too limited or specific that an extensive or thorough searching or reading for information about these is necessary. ***Example:*** The Definition of Research **6. Vague Topics.** Choosing topics like these will prevent you from having a clear focus on your paper. Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some, etc., are vague enough to decrease the readers\' interests and curiosity. ***Example:*** Some Excessively Priced Imported Vehicles **6 SOURCES OF TOPICS** 1\. Mass media communication-television, newspaper, ads, radio, films, etc. 2\. Books, internet, journals, government publications 3\. Professional periodicals-specialized periodicals in different fields 4\. General periodicals- reader\'s digest, time magazine, women\'s magazine, etc. 5\. Previous readings 6\. Work experience **WHAT TO LOOK FOR** Now, we will tackle how you will formulate your research title. ➤ Research title is the most important element of your research as it clearly expresses the problem to be explored. ➤ A research title capsulizes the main thought or idea of the whole research paper. It also reflects the variables under study. ➤ It is expressed in few words possible and just enough to describe the contents and the purpose of your research. ➤ It needs to be informative ➤ It contains the: **What: Where:** -the subject matter or topic to be investigated -place or locale where the o the research is to be conducted **Who: When:** -the participants of respondents of the study -the time period of the conduct of the study ***EXAMPLE*** *Lived Experiences of grade 12 Senior High School students during Face- to-Face Classes at Naga College Foundation, Inc. A/Y 2023-2024* **What:** Lived Experiences during Face-to-Face Classes **Where:** Naga College Foundation, Inc. **Who:** Grade 12 Senior High School students **When:** A/Y 2023-2024 **CRAFTING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL** **CHAPTER I** ***THE PROBLEM*** **1. INTRODUCTION** -gives the readers background to convey the importance of research. *What do previous studies say about the topic? (related studies published in last 10 years)* *What specific gap in our understanding of this topic (i.e., absence, uncertainty, insufficiency, controversy or contradiction in available explanation) do you want to pursue?* *In what context does it become necessary and important to fill this gap? (i.e., in relation to your field of discipline, research agenda of the region, university, graduate school, and/or planning needs of your agency)* **2.** **STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM** --A problem statement is a description of an issue to be addressed or a condition to be improved upon. It identifies the gap between the current problem and goal. ***Example:*** This study aims to understand the lived experiences of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences Senior High School students at Naga College Foundation, Inc. on afternoon shift schedule in the academic year 2023-2024. **3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS** -What specific questions do you need to answer convincingly in order to fill the gap? (i.e., presumed relationships between key concepts and/or variables included in the study) ***Example:*** 1\. What are the lived experiences of afternoon shift students, in terms of: a\. Availability of Classrooms; b\. Safety and Security; and c\. Transportation? 2\. What are the challenges faced by the Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students, in terms of: a\. Availability of Classrooms; b\. Safety and Security; and c\. Transportation? 3\. How did the students cope with the challenges they encountered? **4. ASSUMPTIONS** -Are underlying beliefs or principles that guide a study. ***Example:*** The study focused on understanding the Lived Experiences of Afternoon Shift Schedule of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences in Naga College Foundation, Inc. The following assumptions were made: 1\. The researchers assumed that the participants had a hard time on the afternoon shift schedule. 2\. The researchers assumed that attending afternoon classes made a distinct set of experiences compared to morning or other schedules. 3\. The researchers assumed that having an afternoon shift schedule affected the academic performance of the students. **5. HYPOTHESIS** -is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study. It serves as a bridge between theory and data, guiding the research process. ***Example:*** **H~0~**- There is no significant relationship between Sleep Duration and Attention Span of Grade 12 Senior High School Students at Naga College Foundation, Inc. **H~a~**- There is a significant relationship between Sleep Duration and Attention Span of Grade 12 Senior High School Students at Naga College Foundation, Inc. **6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY** -it refers to the potential importance, relevance, or impact of the research findings. Additionally, the significance of your study lies in filling gaps, contributing to knowledge, and potentially inspiring further research ***EXAMPLE:*** **Students.** Students will know the relationship between sleep duration to their attention span and they will also know the importance of having proper sleep duration. Furthermore, students can learn how to extend their attention span if they prioritize getting enough sleep or proper sleep duration. They can use sleep duration to maximize their sustained attention. **Teachers.** Teachers can utilize this information to advocate for students\' healthy sleeping habits by learning more about how the duration of a student\'s sleep influences their attention span. Teachers can better emphasize the value of **7. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS** **Scope:** This outlines the context and framework of the research. It specifies the extent, variables, or dimensions to be investigated. Subject: What the study will explore. Population: The target group. Location: Where data will be gathered. Timeframe: The duration of the study. **Delimitations:** These are limitations imposed on the study. They define what won't be included. **Three Paragraphs:** *First,* reinstatement of the statement of the problem. *Second,* inclusions in your study. *Third,* exclusions from your study. **8. DEFINITION OF TERMS** -it provides clear and concise explanations for key concepts, variables, and specialized vocabulary used throughout the study. ***EXAMPLE:*** The following terminologies were defined conceptually and operationally for better understanding and clarification. **ADEQUATE.** It means sufficient for a specific need or requirement, Merriam-Webster (n.d.).In this study, it shows that adequate or enough sleep is important to have a better attention span. **ASSIMILATED.** According to Merriam-Webster (n.d.), it means to take into the mind and thoroughly understand. In this study, it refers to proper brain function is assimilated with proper sleep duration. ***Note: Define the terms conceptually and operationally.*** **9. NOTES** -the list of references used in your study. **CHAPTER II** **REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES** **1A. RELATED STUDIES** **-**These are taken from researches published online, these, dissertations, and research journals. **1B. RELATED LITERATURE** -These are taken from articles, books, legal documents (memos, gazette, constitution, dept. orders, Republic Act) these must have been published with the period of 10 years. *You must have at least 10 related literature and 10 related studies per variable.* Example: According to Velasco (2024)\... **2. SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART** -is a summary of all related studies (do not include literature anymore). state how those related studies are related and different from your work. If you had 2 topics in the body of your related studies and literature, then you will have 2 paragraphs in the synthesis (except the introductory paragraph). **3.** **GAPS BRIDGED BY THE STUDY** -state the uniqueness of your study. This is a short paragraph only stating what your study looked into that the previous investigators did not do. ***EXAMPLE:*** This study tackled the gap by exploring the lived experiences of students attending afternoon classes, an area previously overlooked despite existing literature on class schedule impacts. It delved into the challenges, coping mechanisms, and overall well-being of this specific student group, aiming to understand the unique dynamics of their academic journey. Notably, it stood as the first study in this year to understand this population at Naga College Foundation, offering valuable insights for supporting and enhancing their learning experience. **4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK** -this is a discussion of the theories that support your study. -Identify the theory, the year, and the discussion of the theory. After that, discuss how that theory is used in your study or how it supports your study. Figure 1 illustrates the inter-relatedness of the theories used. **5. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK** -This is a discussion about the flow of your study. Traditionally, the Input-Process-Output pattern is used. input presents those that you needed in the study. **6. NOTES** -is the list of references used in your study. **CHAPTER III** **METHODOLOGY** **1. METHOD USED** -strategies, processes or techniques utilized in the collection of data or evidence for analysis in order to uncover new information or create better understanding of a topic. ***Example:*** Qualitative -- Phenomenology **2. POPULATION AND SAMPLING** **POPULATION** **-**The entire group that you want to draw conclusions about. ***Example:*** 120 students **SAMPLE** -A specific group of individuals that you will collect data from, which is always smaller than the total population size. ***Example:*** 60 students only **3. PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION** -is a process that helps researchers find answers to questions using various research methods. **4. DATA GATHERING TOOLS** -refer to the devices or instruments used to collect data. These tools allow researchers to systematically gather observations or measurements relevant to their study. ***Examples:*** Interview, Survey, Questionnaires **5. STATISTICAL TOOLS** -refer to various techniques and software used for analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and making informed decisions based on statistical principles. These tools help researchers and analysts explore patterns, relationships, and trends within datasets **6. NOTES** -is the list of references used in your study. **FORMAT** **PAPER:** Short size bond paper **FONT STYLE:** Tahoma **FONT SIZE:** 12 **PARAGRAPHS/TEXT :** a\. Left Margin: 1.5"; Right margin: 1" (justified); top and bottom: 1" b\. Indention: 8 single spaces from the Left margin. c\. Double spaces for regular lines/text **HEADINGS:** a\. Center heads: (title of the study/chapters, title of tables) upper case letters. Only title of the study is in Bold. b\. Free side heads: First letters of words are in upper case; it should not be more than 3⁄4 across the page. If it is long, make it 2 to 3 lines in decreasing length. c\. Paragraph side heads: Only the first letter of the first word is upper case. **TABLES:** a\. Short /small tables are part of textual page. b\. Tables which occupy 75% or more of the page should be an independent page. c\. Do not cut tables; avoid very long tables. d\. Letters and figures may be reduced up to point 9. e\. Graphs may be shown to make data easier to understand especially if the table contains many variables.