Reproductive System Presentation PDF

Reproductive System 1  Introduction  Introduction to the reproduction  The male reproductive system  Female Reproductive system  Summary 2  Introduction to the reproduction  Gametes made in sex organs called gonads ( Ge...

Reproductive System 1  Introduction  Introduction to the reproduction  The male reproductive system  Female Reproductive system  Summary 2  Introduction to the reproduction  Gametes made in sex organs called gonads ( Genital Glands), testes in males , ovaries in females.  Gametogenesis is the process which give rise to male and female gametes. 3  The male reproductive system  It consists of testis , epididymis, vasdeferent, the accessory glands ( which are prostate gland and Cowper's gland ) and penis. 4 5  Functions:  Testis: produces sperms and secretes sexual male hormones  Scrotum: to keep the optimum temperature (3-4 degrees lower than body temperature) for sperm production  Epididymis: sperm storage  Penis: deposits sperms and urine outside the body  Urethra: tube which release both urine and semen  Ejaculatory duct: union of vas deferens and seminal vesicle 6 Accessory glands:  Prostate gland: secrete alkaline to neutralize acidity of urine  Cowper’s gland: secrete mucus-like fluid that help sperms in movement  Seminal vesicle: releases fluid mainly fructose which give sperm cells energy  Vas deferens: muscular tube which help in transferring of sperms from epididymis to urethra 7  T.S in testis  Seminiferous tubules in where sperms are produced.  Connective tissue holds the tubules together.  Tunica al buginea fibrous connective tissue surrounds the testis section. 8  Interstitial cells (leydig cells) are found between the tubules, and they secrete testosterone.  Sertoli cells which rest on base of seminiferous tubules, and they are responsible for cleaning, feeding and protecting the sperms.  Sperms fertilize ovum. 9 10 Spermatogenesis 11 Itis the process by which sperms are produced. 12  T.S of testis Magnification x40 13 VIDEOof sperm…….. 14  Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia /germ cells( 2N) Divide by mitosis Spermatogonia (2N) Grow and increase in size Primary spermatocytes (2N) Undergo the 1st meiotic division Secondary spermatocytes (N) Undergo the 2nd meiotic division Spermatids ( N) (immature sperms) 15 16  Spermatogenesis  It is divided into two major phases:  Spermatocytogenesis  Spermiogenesis 17  Five stages of spermatogenesis to form the sperms: 1. Spermatogenia 2. Primary spermatocyte 3. Secondary spermatocyte 4. Spermatid 5. sperms 18  Second phase : spermaiogenesis consist of 4 minor phases  1/ Golgi phase : Golgi apparatus from the acrosome enzyme  2/ Acrosomal phase : acrosome condenses around the nucleus to form the gap 19  3/ tail phase : centriole elongates to form the tail  4/ maturation phase : spermatids loose the excess cytoplasm. Finally mature sperms are formed. 20  During the whole development of the gametes the sertoli cells give support and provide nutrients for the developing gametes.  After the maturation of sperms , they are still non-motile so they are released to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules by a process known as spermiation to the epididymis where it gain motility. 21  Common M.R.S diseases  1. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)  2. Cryptorchidism  3. Vasicocele  4. Hydrocele  5. Hypospadias 22  BPH  Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland  Blocks the bladder  Occurs mainly in older men  Treated by medical therapies or surgeries 23  Cryptorchidism  An undescended testicle  Common among baby boys born prematurely  Can be relocated by surgery 24  Varicocele  Enlargement of the veins within the scrotum  Cause infertility and testicular failure  Can be repaired 25  Hydrocele  Swelling in the scrotum  Common in newborns  Can be developed dew to inflammation of the scrotum  Causes painless swelling of testicles  Doesn't need treatment usually 26  Hypospadias  A congenital condition , the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip  Usually fixed by surgery 27  Female Reproductive System  It include: 1. Ovaries 2. Oviduct(fallopian tube) 3. Uterus 4. Cervix 5. Vagina 28 29 ❖ The female reproductive system consist of two ovaries which are small ovoid in shape, and each ovum is found in each side of the dorsal side of the abdomen. ❖ Its main function is to produce the female gametes (ova) by a process known as oogenesis. 30  The ovaries also produce the female sex hormones which are the oestrogen and progesterone. 31  During ovulation , the ovum is released to the fallopian tube(oviduct) , where it is fertilized by the sperm , then the zygote is formed and it is moved to the uterus where the fetus is developed. 32  Fallopian tube:  The fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or salpinges (singular salpinx) are uterine appendages,  lined from inside with ciliated simple columnar epithelium . They enable the passage of egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus.  In non-mammalian vertebrates, the equivalent structures are called oviducts. 33  Fallopian tube function:  Fertilization happens in this tube 34  Uterus  In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the cervix, opens into the vagina,  while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the fallopian tubes.  It is within the uterus that the fetus develops 35  Uterus function:  The reproductive function of the uterus is to accept a fertilized ovum which passes through the utero-tubal junction from the fallopian tube(uterine tube).  The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, attaches to a wall of the uterus, creates a placenta, and develops into a fetus(gestates) until childbirth. 36  Cervix:  The cervix or cervix uteri (Latin: neck of the uterus) is the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system. 37  Cervix function:  The function of the cervix is to allow flow of menstrual blood from the uterus into the vagina  and direct the sperms into the uterus during intercourse. 38  Vagina function:  The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse  and also serves as a conduit for menstrual flow from the uterus.  During childbirth, the baby passes through the vagina (birth canal). 39 T.S through the ovary 40  The function of the corpus luteum ( yellow body) is the secretion of progesterone hormone when pregnancy happen  The function of the liquor follicle is to push the ovum into fallopian tube during ovulation  The function of the nurse cells ( follicular) is feeding , cleaning and protecting the oocyte. 41 42 43  T.S of ovary Magnification x40 Pointer – Maturing Graafian follicle 44 Oogenesis 45  Oogenesis happen in ovaries in 7 stages to get the female gamete ( ovum). Ovarian germinal epithelia is on the outside of the ovaries  These germinal divide by mitosis to form many oogonia which found in group called nests of oogonia 46  The oogsionia grows ( just increase in size) and become primary oocyte ( primary follicle ) ( groeth phase ) ,and then primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells (nurse cells). 47  At birth there about 400000 primary follicles in a female ovary , where they remain dormant until puberty – hormones from the pituitary gland then start the process of oogenesis.  They are FSH and LH 48  Then the primary oocyte inside the follicle divides by meiosis.  The first meiotic division , which producing a secondary oocyte and attached to it, small cell called polar body. 49  Then the secondary oocyte divides meiotic division ( with unequal division of the cytoplasm) to give mature ovum and second polar body.  Also the first polar body divides meiotic to give two polar bodies.  At the end of oogenesis we get a single mature ovum and much smaller polar bodies which take no further part in the reproductive system. And eventually disintegrate and disappear. 50  T.S of ovary Magnification x40 With Mature Graafian follicle 51  Oogenesis Germ cell ( 2N) Divide by mitosis Oogonia (2N) Growth SECONDARY PRIMARY OOCYTE (2N) OOCYE (N) 1st meiotic division To produce Polar OVUM ( N) body / 2nd meiotic division To produce 2 polar bodies 52 Vidoeof oogenesis 53  Common Female Reproductive System Diseases  Endometriosis  Uterine Fibroids  Gynaecologic Cancer  HIV/AIDS  Interstitial Cystitis  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 54  Endometriosis  Affects a woman’s uterus  Tissue that normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else.  Grows on the ovaries, behind the uterus, on the bowels, or on the bladder. Rarely, grows in other parts of the body.  Cause pain, infertility, and very heavy periods. Some show no symptoms. 55  Uterine Fibroids  Noncancerous tumours  Made of muscle cells and other tissues that grow in and around the wall of the uterus, or womb.  Cause of fibroids is unknown. Risk factors include being African-American or being overweight. 56  Gynaecologic Cancer  Cancer that starts in a woman’s reproductive organs.  Begin in different places within a woman’s pelvis. 57  HIV/AIDS  Human Immunodeficiency Virus.  Affects specific cells of the immune system  Once a person has HIV, he or she has it for life. 58  No cure at this time, but with proper medical care, the virus can be controlled  Can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS  AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection, when a person’s immune system is severely damaged. 59  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)  Happens when a woman’s ovaries or adrenal glands produce more male hormones than normal.  One result is that cysts (fluid-filled sacs) develop on the ovaries.  Women who are obese are more likely to have PCOS.  Women with PCOS are at increased risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. 60 Fertilization 61 Gametogenesis 62  Gametogenesis  The process which produced male and female gametes.  Takes place through the process of meiosis. 63  During meiosis two cell divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and then separate the chromatids that were made during the early stage of the cell life cycle. 64  Meiosis produce haploid cells with half of each pair of chromosomes normally found in the diploid cells  At the male called spermatogenesis  At the female called oogenesis 65 66  Differences between the two processes spermatogenesis oogenesis At the testis of males At the ovaries of female Sperm small in size Ovum big in size Millions of sperms are produced per One ovum every 28 days ejaculation Sperm motile Ovum immotile Finished in 5 stages Finished in 7 stages Temperature 35 C Temperature 37 C 67 Thank you…. 68