Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage Around The World (Chronicle) PDF

Antonio Pigafetta, “First Voyage Around the World” (Chronicle) Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta Venetian scholar born around 1491 in Vicenza, Republic of Venice (modern Italy) and died in 1531 in the aforementioned place. He studied astronomy, geography, and cart...

Antonio Pigafetta, “First Voyage Around the World” (Chronicle) Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta Venetian scholar born around 1491 in Vicenza, Republic of Venice (modern Italy) and died in 1531 in the aforementioned place. He studied astronomy, geography, and cartography. Italian explorer and scholar that became part of the expedition under the order of the prince of Spain, King Charles I. Is Antonio Pigaffeta Credible? He was the diarist of the expedition of the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan with others. He Is a credible source because he wrote the journal of the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan and is present In the location or event His work is important not only as a source of information about the voyage itself, but also includes an early Western description of the people and languages of the Philippines. He was known to be a conscientious chronicler, supposedly taking notes daily. Pigafetta remains the sole reliable source of that historic battle. First Voyage Around the World In early times, spices that are only found in the east was considered to be weighed a gold in Europe. Whoever controls them is guaranteed to have immense wealth. In 1518, the routes of spice islands were dominated by Portugal and Spain also wanted a route of its own. There came Ferdinand Magellan, a 38-year old Portuguese. Fallen out by the King of Portugal and now he talked to the King of Spain, King Charles about his belief that it is possible to sail around the new world and reach cut the spice island through the east King Charles accepted Magellan's proposal and helped him assemble an expedition with 270 crew and 5 ships known as carracks. The ships known as: 1. Trinidad 2. Concepcion 3. San Antonio 4. Victoria 5. Santiago Armada de mo luca - The fleet, consisting of five ships with supplies for two years of travel, was called the Armada del Maluco, or Armada de Molucca, after the Indonesian name for the Spice Islands. Because It’s their goal to reach Spice Island. Chronological order of ships to break 1st - Smallest ship (Santiago) 2nd - Largest ship (San Antonio) 3rd - Conception 4th - Trinidad 5th - Returned (Victoria) — last ship that finished circumnavigated and returned Magellan Circumnavigated the World 1521 - Magellan is killed; Sebastian del Cano takes over remaining route When Ferdinand Magellan didn’t finish circumnavigating, Sebastian del Cano and Antonio Pigafetta replaced and continued the route of Magellan to spice island. Enrique of Malacca - Malay slave translator of Magellan Magellan discovered other route 350 miles strait called Strait of Magellan Magellan discovered the Pacific ocean (calmest ocean) and named it Mara pacifico International date line - The International Date Line is the line extending between the South and North Poles that is the boundary between one calendar day and the next. Discovered the shape of the world - oblate spheroid Lazari (Archipelago of St. Lazarus), the name given to the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan, who first saw the islands on Lazarus Saturday, the day before Palm Sunday, under the old Julian calendar. THE TIMELINE DURING THEIR STAY IN THE PHILIPPINES A. March 16, 1521 - ARRIVAL IN SAMAR Arrived in Zamal (now Samar), the island was called Humunu (now Homonhon) Locals welcomed them by giving them their native products such as fish, figs, coconuts, palm wine B. March 31, 1521 - FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES Sunday morning Held at Mazaua (Limasawa) Attended by local iSlanders, Spanish voyagers, the two Rajas and Magellan C. April 7, 1521 - Arrival in Zubu (Cebu) After Samar, they arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the largest and the most trade island Fired mortars as a "sign of peace and friendship" Tension between the king of Zubu and the voyagers and Magellan threatened them to rage war D. April 14, 1521 IMAGE OF CHILD JESUS Held mass with Raja Humabon and baptized 800 souls The Child Jesus is known today as Santo Niño, which is celebrated every January in Cebu E. April 27, 1521 - BATTLE OF MACTAN Datu Zula, chief of the island Matan (Mactan) welcomed them. But Cilapulapu, the other chief, refused to obey to the king of Spain.  Sunrise, battle started. Natives outsmarted them, used 'patibongs' to defeat them. The voyagers were losing in this battle. F. April 28, 1521 DEATH OF MAGELLAN Magellan was shot in the leg with a poisoned arrow. He died, their 'mirror', 'comfort', and 'true guide' as what Pigafetta described. The survivors left, with only men left to crew two ships. They burned the Concepcion and continued their search for spice islands. With the help of local guides and more than two years from Spain, they reach their destination, the Spice or Maluku Islands. They traded everything they had for all the cloves their two ships could carry. But as they prepared to go back to Spain, the Trinidad did sprang a leak and had to stay behind for repairs. The survivors had to return to the Maluku Islands where the Victoria and the Concepcion were captured by the Portuguese. Crossing their Indian Ocean, it took 9 weeks of battling headwinds before they could round the Cape of Good Hope. The men began to starve once more. Twenty-one died before they found fresh provisions at Cape Verde. Kings King of cebu - Rajah Humabon King of butuan - Rajah siawi King of limasawa - Raja kulambu Datu of Mactan - Datu Zula and Lapu Lapu (or Cilapulapu, according to Pigafetta) Juan de Plasencia, “Customs of the Tagalogs” (Friar Account) King of spain tasked him to document all of his observations and judgment and seen ways of life of (the tagalogs/natives) Philippines before, in the book “Customs of the Tagalogs” The book “Customs of the Tagalogs” is in spain He also wrote the first printed book in the Philippines Docritna christiana CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS Relación de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs Is a part (either chapters or subsections) of longer monographs written by the chroniclers of the Spanish expeditions to the Philippines during the early 16th and 17th centuries. Written as a fulfillment of the task given to him by the King of Spain to document the customs and traditions of the colonized ("natives") based on, arguably, his own observations and judgments GOVERNMENT It is the type of early Filipino village; the unit of government is called barangay, the word is derived from balangay; the name for the sailboats Each barangay was ruled by a Datu. It is the type of early Filipino village; the unit of government is called barangay, the word is derived from balangay; the name for the sailboats Each barangay was ruled by a Datu.  Social Classes Chieftain (DATU) Nobles (MAHARLIKA) Commoners (ALIPING NAMAMAHAY) Slaves (ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR) Social Stratification system Datu/Raja - Family, relatives, elders of the datu Maharlika/Timawa - freemen because they don’t pay taxes Alipin - Slaves/Dependents ○ Namamahay - has properties to go to ○ Saguiguilid - Full time slaves, stays to their master/datu they don’t have home SLAVES ○ A person becomes slave by: captivity in war, by reason of debt, by inheritance, by purchase, and by committing a crime. ○ Slaves can be emancipated through: by forgiveness, by paying debt, by condonation, and by bravery (where a slave can possibly become a Datu) or by marriage Classification of (Slaves) Tumataban - only works when masters tell them Tumarampuk - they only work 1 day Ayuey - works for their master 3 times Inheritance Dowries are given by men to the women's parents before marriage. If the parents were both alive, they will enjoy it. But if the woman has no parent or relatives, the whole dowry will be given to her. Other than that, the man should give a greater dowry if he will marry a daughter of a maharlica or datu. (Dowries given depends on your social status) The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father's position; if the 1st son dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain. (varies of parent’s favoritism) Nag aanitos - tagalog word for worship Pandot - called of their worshiping Sivi - Place they worship Houses Built to suit the tropical climate called bahay kubo, made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm; it was built on stilts and can be entered through ladders that can be drawn up Mode of dressing Male attire was composed of the kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth) The color of the kanggan indicates rank; red for the chief, black or blue for the commoners They also wear a turban called Putong which also tell the social status/achievement of the individual wearing it. Putong- number of persons the person wearing it killed Female attire Female attire consisted of baro or camisa (jacket with sleeves and saya or patadyong (a long skirt) Mode of dressing & ornaments Men and women wore ornaments made of gold to look attractive Both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and leglets ORNAMENTS Tattoos were also fashionable for some pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a man's war record Marriage & customs Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called Asawa. Courtship begins with Paninilbihan  Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry ○ Bigay-kaya (A piece of land or gold) ○ Panghihimuyat (a gift for the bridges parents); ○ Bigay-suso (For brides wet nurse) - The guy gives gift or dowry to who is breastfeeding the baby of his wife Sambon - dowry given to the relative of the girl Himaraw - dowry given to who raised his wife Marriage & Customs Marriage between couples belonging to different social classes was not common. Several grounds of divorce are ○ Adultery, ○ Abandonment on the part of the husband ○ Cruelty, and ○ Insanity. Burial Belief in life after death The dead relative was placed in wooden coffin (kabaong) and buried under the house, complete with gold, cloth and other valuable things ○ Morotal - Pagluluksa namatay na Babae ○ Maglahi - Pagluluksa namatay na Lalaki ○ Laraw - Pagluluksa namatay na Datu ○ Pasiyam - Ninth day of death Religious belief Some of groups tagalog people during the pre-spanish conquest era worship different gods and goddesses: 1. Bathala, supreme being - Aba (cebuano), Laon (Bisaya) 2. Idayanale, god of agriculture 3. Sidarapa, god of death 4. Agni, god of fire 5. Balangaw, god of rainbow 6. Mandarangan, god of war 7. Lalahon, god of harvest 8. Siginarugan, god of hell Distinctions made among the priests of the devil were as follows: 1. Catolonan (babaylan) - either man or woman. An Honorable one among the natives (place with many healers) man or woman powerful rank 2. Mangagauay Witch include maladies can cause death 3. Manyisalat - Witch Cause infidelity Cause impotence Cause sickness 4. Mancocolam - A “witch” Mankukulam is a person employing or using “kulam”. It Commits fire Wallows in ordure and filth 5. Hocloban - another kind of witch but of greater efficacy than the mangagauay. - She could kill someone whome the 6. Silagan (vampire) - clothed in white who lives in the island of catanduanes. The silagan is a creature that tears human flesh 7. Magtatangal - his purpose was to show himself at night to many personal 8. Osuang - Same with tiktik, wakwak, aswang. - ‘sorcerer’, they say that they have seen him fly 9. Mangangayoma - They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood which would infuse the heart with love. 10. Sonat - “preacher”. It was his office to help one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul. 11. Pangatahojan - Same to manghuhula. A soothsayer, and predicted the future. This office was general in all the islands. 12. Bayoguin - signified a “cotquean”, a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman Emilio Jacinto, “Kartilya ng Katipunan” (Declaration of Principles) (14) Principles Are: 1. Living a purpose driven life Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag. (A life that is not dedicated to a noble cause is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed.) 2. Doing the right thing Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingang, ay di kabaitan. (A deed lacks nobility if it is motivated by self-interest and not by a sincere desire to help.) 3. True act of kindness Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawanggawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran. (True piety consists of being charitable, loving one’s fellow man, and being judicious in behavior, speech and deed.) 4. Equality Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigitan sa pagkatao. (All persons are equal, regardless of the color of their skin. While one could have more schooling, wealth, or beauty than another, all that does not make one more human than anybody else.) 5. Honor more than personal interest Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuna ang pagpipita sa puri.  (A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a person with a base character values self-interest above honor.) 6. Being a man of word Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. (To a person of honor, his/her word is a pledge.) 7. Importance of time Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y mangyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang madadaanan. (Don’t waste time; lost wealth can be retrieved, but time lost is lost forever.) 8. Fighting for what is right Ipagtanggol mo ang naapi, at ang kabakahin ang umaapi. (Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.) 9. Importance of trust Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim. (The wise person is careful in all he/ she has to say and is discreet about things that need to be kept secret.) 10. Being able to lead a family Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng inaakay sa kasamaan din. (On the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes the way to perdition, so do the followers.  (Note: This begins with an observation of the vertical relationship of husband and wife during the time of the Katipunan; now, we can say that the parents lead the way and the children follow.) 11. Giving importance to women Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhatan nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. (Never regard a woman as an object for you to trifle with; rather you should consider her as a partner and helpmate. Give proper consideration to a woman’s frailty and never forget that your own mother, who brought you forth and nurtured you from infancy, is herself such a person.) 12. Every action that one has to make Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak at kapatid ng iba. (Don’t do to the wife, children and brothers and sisters of others what you do not want done to your wife, children, brothers and sisters.) 13. Having the right character Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing KAHALILI NG DIOS, wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan. (A man’s worth is not measured by his station in life, neither by the height of his nose nor the fairness of skin, and certainly not by whether he is a priest claiming to be God’s deputy. Even if he is a tribesman from the hills and speaks only his tongue, a man, has fine perceptions and is loyal to his native land.)  14. Sense of hopefulness to the motherland Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumisikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupaan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. (When these teachings shall have been propagated and the glorious sun of freedom begins to shine on these poor Islands to enlighten a united race and people, then all the lives lost, all the struggle and the sacrifices will not have been in vain.) Corazon Aquino, “President Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S. Congress (Speech) Summary The speech is about the restoration of democracy in the Philippines under President Corazon Aquino. She highlights her husband Ninoy Aquino's role in fighting for freedom and his legacy inspiring the revolution. She discusses the challenges facing the Philippines, including a communist insurgency and the need for economic recovery. She emphasizes the importance of democracy and the need for American support. Elaborated She plans to restore democracy through multiple steps: Full Constitutional Government: She will establish a new constitution, hold congressional elections, and create an independent Constitutional Commission. Addressing the Insurgency: She will use political initiatives and economic progress to encourage insurgents to return to civilian life. Promoting Economic Growth: She notes the need to overcome economic challenges like debt and unemployment to create a better future for Filipinos. Strengthening Democratic Institutions: She emphasizes the need to rebuild and strengthen the institutions of democracy, such as a free press, independent judiciary, and a functioning Congress. Communist insurgency: the speech describes a group of Filipinos who were fighting to overthrow the Philippine government and replace it with a communist one. Fighting communist insurgency President Corazon Aquino is addressing the communist insurgency that grew dramatically under the previous regime. The problem: The communist insurgency in the Philippines increased from 500 to 16,000 people under the previous regime. The cause: This growth was attributed to the previous government's oppressive tactics and disregard for human rights. The lesson: Aquino argues that trying to suppress the insurgency with force only fueled its growth. She emphasizes that it's vital to address the root causes of the insurgency, such as poverty and injustice, in order to find a peaceful solution. She suggests a combination of political initiatives and economic progress to bring the insurgents down from the hills and show them a better path. This approach highlights her commitment to peace and her belief that force is not the answer. President Aquino's speech reveals a strong commitment to seeking peace first, rather than resorting to aggressive solutions for resolving conflict — Ninoy’s Sacrifice 1. Opening Personal Grief and National Freedom “Three years ago, I left America in grief to bury my husband, Ninoy Aquino. I thought I had left it also to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom. Today, I have returned as the president of a free people. In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless act of giving honor, a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost faith in its future found it in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So in giving, we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat, we snatched our victory. For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for freedom.” 2. Ninoy’s Sacrifice for the nation “In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless act of giving honor, a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost faith in its future found it in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So in giving, we receive, in losing we  find, and out of defeat, we snatched our victory. For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for freedom.” In giving we receive = in honoring Ninoy, the Filipinos got back their dignity. 3. Ninoy as a symbol of national courage “For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their prayers for freedom. For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving husband and father. His loss, three times in our lives, was always a deep and painful one. Fourteen years ago this month was the first time we lost him.” 4. Ninoy’s ordeal under the dictatorship “Fourteen years ago this month was the first time we lost him. A president-turned dictator, a traitor to his oath, suspended the Constitution and shut down the Congress that was much like this one before which I am honored to speak. He detained my husband along with thousands of others – senators, publishers, and anyone who had spoken up for democracy as its end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved.” 5. Ninoy’s fight for democracy and imprisonment “The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked him up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him naked and held the threat of sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up manfully–all of it. I barely did as well. For 43 days, the authorities would not tell me what had happened to him. This was the first time my children and I felt we had lost him.” 6. Ninoy;s hunger strike and belief in his fate “When that didn;t work, they put him 7. Ninoy;s final sacrifice-his asassination “And then, we lost him, irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. 8. Ninoy;s death and the people’s revolution  “The dictator celledd him a nobody. Two million people threw aside Key points in President Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S. Congress: 26 Billion dollars foreign debt: Aquino addresses the Philippines' significant foreign debt, stating that it was accrued under the previous government and that the Filipino people never benefited from it. She argues that the debt is a burden on the nation and highlights the need for assistance to manage it. Met with President Reagan: Aquino mentions her meeting with President Reagan the day before her speech. She sees it as a positive step towards strengthening the relationship between the Philippines and the United States. Strengthen the relationship between Philippines and United States: Throughout the speech, Aquino emphasizes the importance of US-Philippines relations and appeals for continued support from the US. She sees the US as a partner in building a new democracy in the Philippines. Appealed for US support, financial assistance for the 26 million dollars foreign debt: Aquino directly asks for US support in managing their significant debt, stating that "no assistance or liberality commensurate with the calamity that was visited on us has been extended." Dream of Ninoy Aquino: Aquino states that Ninoy Aquino's "restless dream" was for Philippine freedom, and that his sacrifice and the people's courage made this dream a reality. Highlight the Filipinos struggle from the dictatorship of Marcos: Aquino describes the oppressive measures taken by Marcos' dictatorship, including the imprisonment and mistreatment of her husband, Ninoy Aquino. She emphasizes the sacrifices the Filipino people made to reclaim their freedom. Call for American support: Aquino repeatedly calls for American support, asking them to "join us, America, as we build a new home for democracy, another haven for the oppressed." She sees the US as a vital partner in securing the Philippines' future.