Readings in Philippine History Chapter 1 PDF

Readings in Philippine History Chapter 1 Table of Contents 01. Objectives 03. Repositories of History Sources 04. Historiography in Various Civilization 05. The Distinction of Primary Sources and Secondary Sources 06. Difference of Methods of History and Historiography 07. Interna...

Readings in Philippine History Chapter 1 Table of Contents 01. Objectives 03. Repositories of History Sources 04. Historiography in Various Civilization 05. The Distinction of Primary Sources and Secondary Sources 06. Difference of Methods of History and Historiography 07. Internal and External Criticism  Objectives In this lesson the learner should be able to: Understand the meaning of Philippine History Identify the importance of studying the repositories of Historical sources Analyze the nature of historiography Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance Repositories of Historical Sources  The National Library of the Philippines It housed rare collections of historical data papers and Philippine Revolutionary Records which can be found in Filipiniana and Microfilm National Library of the Philippines sections. Rizal Park, Kalaw Avenue, Ermita, Manila, Philippines  The University of Santo Tomas (UST) Archives It contains the documents and collections since the establishment of the university during the Spanish period. Moreover, it holds the records University of Santo Thomas, The Main of Jose Rizal when he was a Building-a photo on flickriver college student in the university.  National Archives of the Philippines - They hold the Spanish era collection such as birth certificates, baptismal records, and marriage records that took place in Catholic church and early civil government in the country. Archdiocesan Archives of Manila - This archdiocesan possess the infamous retraction letter of Jose Rizal. Manila Observatory Archives Holds the early data regarding weather disturbances and conditions of the country specially during the Spanish period.  Historiography Historiography is the method of writing history based on examining sources, selecting specific details, and synthesizing them into a narrative. It encompasses the theory and history of historical writing. Contemporary Historians aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of human activities, a view that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Before this time, historiography was not a central feature of any civilization, as history was not a significant component of general education. This loftier ambition belonged to religion, philosophy, and possibly poetry and other imaginative literature.  Oracle bone inscriptions from the village of Xiaotun, Henan province, China, Shang Dynasty, 14th or 12th century BCE By permission of the Syndics of the Cambridge University Library  Historiography in Various Civilizations 01. Ancient History The spoken word was the first humans survived for tens of thousands of years without writing, but with language and thus with stories about the past.Oral history is still significant in every region of the world, and the successful transmission of stories across generations suggests that people who cannot write can possess a sophisticated historical sense. However, the historical record must begin with a writing system CUNEIFORM and PICTOGRAPHS were the earliest forms of writing. Cuneiform and Pictographs  02. History in Greece Greek historiography develop because of the activities of a group of writers known as logographers. Logography was the written record of oral traditions concerning the origins of towns, peoples, and places. It synthesized geographical and cultural data and could be considered an early form of cultural anthropology. 02. History in Greece The logographers also served as advocates and speechwriters in the courts, and their writings were influenced by the need to ascertain facts and make compelling arguments. The logographers' work can be categorized into several areas: 01. Mythographic treatises, aimed at rationalizing and systematizing Greek mythology while tracing the genealogies of families claiming descent from gods or heroes. 02. History in Greece 02. Geographical works, describing the peoples and regions encountered during coastal voyages (referred to as periploi) and the neighboring inhabitants inland. 03. Accounts of the customs and histories of non-Greek peoples, commonly referred to as barbarians. 04. Local histories, particularly those detailing the founding of cities, often known as founders of cities. 02. History in Greece 05. Chronological works, which may include tables based on lists of kings, magistrates, priests, or priestesses, whether real or apocryphal, used for time-reckoning. Herodotus integrated the various aspects of the logographers' work and became the first to present a coherent history. Hecataeus of Miletus the most famous of logographers, defined his task, as follows in his Genelogia 'write what I believe to be true, for the things the Greeks tell us are, in my opinion, contradictory and deserving of being laughed out of court.' The Famous Logographers in Classical World 01. Cadmus of Miletus 02. Charon of Lampsacus 03.Hecataeus of Miletus 04. Hellanicus of Lesbos 05. Hippys and Glaucus 06. Melesagoras of Chalcedon 07. Pherecydes of Athens  The Famous Logographers in Classical World 01. Cadmus of Miletus Cadmus (Founder of Thebes) - Cadmus was the son of Phoenix or Agenor (king of Phoenicia) and brother of Europa. Europa was carried off by Zeus, king of the gods, and Cadmus was sent out to find her. One of the most famed cities of antiquity.  The Famous Logographers in Classical World 02. Charon of Lampsacus Greek historiographer, and son of Pytho-cles or Pythes. He was born during the reign of Darius I. 03. Hecataeus of Miletus It flourished in the early 5th century BC, Ionia (now in Turkey), a groundbreaking Greek author of an early history and geography. One of Hecataeus's two known works, the Genealogia (also known as Historiai or Heroologia), seems to have been a systematic account in four books of the traditions and mythology of the Greeks.  The Famous Logographers in Classical World 04. Hellanicus of Lesbos Hellanicus, was born c. 480 BC, Lesbos and died c. 395 BC. Perperene, Asia Minor, Greek historian whose work marks an advance in the development of historiography. Hellanicus lived for some time at the court of one of the kings of Macedonia and in Athens. Some 30 works (of which fragments survive) are attributed to him, including "Hiereiai tes Heras en Argei" or also known as "Priestesses of Hera at Argos."  The Famous Logographers in Classical World 05. Hippys and Glaucus Glaucus, in Greek "Gleaming." Glaucus, surnamed Pontius, was a sea divinity. Originally a fisherman and diver of Boeotia, he once ate a magical herb and leaped into the sea, where he was changed into a god and endowed with the gift of prophecy. Another version made him spring into the sea for love of the sea god Melicertes, with whom he was often identified. In art he was depicted as a merman covered with shells and seaweed.  The Famous Logographers in Classical World 06. Melesagoras of Chalcedon Melesagoras, as he is called by others of Chalcedon, He was an early Greek historian. The histories of Gorgias and Eudemus of Naxos both borrowed from him. 07. Pherecydes of Athens Pherecydes of Athens465 BC. Described as an historian and genealogist and he wrote an ancient work in ten books. 03. Historiography in Rome The Romans inherited Greek historiography in the same way they inherited other aspects of Greek culture cognizant of its prestige and emulating it in some ways but invariably imprinting it with their quite distinct temperament. Appropriately, i it was a Greek, Polybius (c. 200-c. 118 BCE) who first provided critical insights into the development of the Roman state and discussed aspects of Roman society that the Romans themselves had largely overlooked.  Polybius responded to this by drawing parallels between the Romans and the Greeks, the latter of whom failed to establish a lasting empire, even during the reign of Alexander the Great (356-323 According to Polybius, the primary reason for Rome's success was the Roman character, as manifested in statesmanship, public spirit, moderation toward defeated peoples. Additionally, Polybius argued that Roman political institutions were superior to those of the Greeks. He accepted Aristotle's theory of the cyclical degeneration and regeneration of Greek city-states. According to this theory, city-states begin as despotisms and progress through periods of monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy, and finally mob rule before reestablishing order in a new despotism. The Greek statesman and historian who wrote of the Rise of Rome to the world prominence.  04. Historiography of the Middle Ages The earliest Christians believed that history was about to come to an end, as Jesus had stated that some of his disciples would survive his Second Coming. With such apocalyptic expectations, all they needed to know about history was that God had entered it via the Incarnation and that Jesus had conquered death via the Resurrection. Thus, Christians developing an interest in history, let alone their philosophy of history, was far from inevitable. However, the canonical Gospels' authors (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) regarded the Hebrew Bible as authoritative and reinterpreted it to conform to the new revelation. 04. Historiography of the Middle Ages Many of the Hebrew scriptures' prophecies, they believed, referred to Jesus, and many of its stories prefigured his life (for example, Jonah's three-day sojourn in the belly of the great fish foreshadowed the Resurrection).  05. Historiography in Islam The Koran (Qur'an), Islam's sacred text, contains allusions that serve as the foundation for a providential history of humanity from Adam to Muhammad, Islam's founder. Another important source for Islamic historians is the Hadith (the Prophet Muhammad's traditions or sayings), which are organized in such a way that their lines of transmission can be traced back to those who knew him. Thus, chains of authority were ingrained in early Islamic theology and historiography, which lent themselves naturally to annalist treatment.  Qur'an with illuminated manuscript pages featuring ink, gold, and lapis, late 18th - early 19th century. The Distinction between Primary Sources and Secondary Sources  01. Primary Sources Primary Sources are first-person, contemporaneous accounts of events created by individuals during that period or a few years later (such as correspondence, diaries, memoirs, and personal histories). These unique records exist in a variety of media, including print, artwork, and audio and visual recording, manuscripts, newspapers, speeches, cartoons, photographs, videos, and artifacts are all example of primary sources. Moreover, Gottschalk (1950) defined the primary sources as “the testimony of an eyewitness, or of a witness by any other of the senses or of a mechanical device like the Dictaphone-that is, of one who or that which was present at the events of which he or it tells.”  02. Secondary Sources Secondary Sources are inextricably linked to primary sources and frequent serve to interpret them. These are documents that contain references to data that originated elsewhere. Secondary sources frequently synthesize primary sources through generalizations, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis. Textbooks, articles, and reference books are all examples of secondary sources. Moreover, Gottschalk (1950) defines a secondary source as “the testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness-that is, one who was not present at the events of which he tells.” Hence, these sources are interpretations or analysis of authors based on the data they gathered.  Difference of Methods of History and Historiography According to Pascual et al. (2021), Method pertains to the process of thoroughly examining and critically analyzing the records and survivals of the past. Likewise, it means the accumulation of data about the past to be thoroughly examined and critically analyzed by a set of scientific rules so that a certain past that is attempted to reconstruct can be determined whether it happened or not.  Difference of Methods of History and Historiography On the other hand, Historiography refers the process of reconstructing historical data that have already been tested by the method. Also, it means the synthesizing of historical data into a narrative or discourse. The writing of history books, research such as theses and dissertations or articles for publications or for lectures in conferences and seminars undergo historiography."  Internal and External Criticism History and Historian are careful in writing narratives about a particular event or a famous figure because an error may change the course of history and misinformation will be disseminated. Historical events must be tested its authenticity and credibility. The test of authenticity is also known as external criticism and the test of credibility is called internal criticism. An external criticism or test of authenticity proves that the document or event has genuineness. Doubts and errors will be avoided in history, and it removes the inappropriate revisionism in our narratives.  Internal and External Criticism Internal criticism or test of credibility shows if historians provided legitimate and factual data. According to Gottschalk (1950), in examining the credibility of a source, the historian or the skilled history researcher plays the role of a “prosecutor, attorney for the defense, judge, and jury all in one. But as a judge, he rules out no evidence whatever if it is relevant. To him, any single detail of testimony is credible even if it is contained in a document obtained by force or fraud, or is otherwise impeachable, or is based on necessary evidence, or is from an interested witness-provided it can pass the four tests.”  The four test are the following: 01. Competence of the source in telling the truth. 02. Willingness of the source in telling the truth. 03. Adequacy of the data relayed by the source. 04. Reliability of the source when corroborated by other independent sources. “Perhaps nobody has changed the course of history as much as the historians.” Franklin P. Jones, American journalist (1908-1980) Thank You!