READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY.docx

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY **READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **BSA 1B \| First Semester, TTH 12:30 - 2:00** **August 15, 2024 - Thursday** **Importance of learning history** - Culture awareness: History exposes us to different cultures, traditions, and ways of life fostering cultural...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY **READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **BSA 1B \| First Semester, TTH 12:30 - 2:00** **August 15, 2024 - Thursday** **Importance of learning history** - Culture awareness: History exposes us to different cultures, traditions, and ways of life fostering cultural understanding and empathy. - Learning from mistakes: Studying historical events and their outcomes allows us to learn from past mistakes and make more informed decisions in the present and future. - Appreciating progress: By studying history, we can appreciate the progress and advancements that have been made in various fields, from technology to human rights. - Preserving memory: History preserves the stories and experiences of those who came before us, ensuring their legacy is not forgotten. - Inspiration: Learning about the achievements and struggles of historical figures can inspire us to overcome challenges and contribute positively to society. - *Studying history helps us understand our past, learn from past mistakes and successes, and gain insights into how societies have evolved. It provides context for current events, helps us develop critical thinking skills, and fosters a sense of identity and cultural awareness.* - The learn about the PAST - As we study history you will learn about the challenges and achievements of people throughout the country in different period of times. The pleasure and satisfaction we will gain from examining this amazing record is the initial reason for studying our country. - The understand the PRESENT - The more knowledge we gain of the past, the more insight we will have into the present. Links between the past and the present are all around us. History will help us understand ourselves and the country in which we live. - To appreciate our HERITAGE. Knowledge of the country's history will give us an even greater appreciation of our heritage. Among our legacies are democracy from ancient Athens. Written law from Mesopotamia, arabic numerals from India. We will to value these contributions from the past that are the foundation of your culture and tradition. - To broaden our PERSPECTIVE. Philippine history introduces us to places and societies all over the country. Knowledge of other people and cultures will give us a better perspective of times in which we live. - To acquire background for CRITICAL THINKING. Problems and their solutions are central to any survey of Philippine history. We will have many opportunities to uncover the roots of present-day issues. Our understanding of the past will enhance our ability to evaluate and deal effectively with concerns of our times. **What is History?** - History is the memory of mankind. The memory of both the living and the dead. - Without knowledge of yesterday, without any memory, there is no guide to tomorrow. - It is the record of the past. - Conditions change in history, changes can become progress or movement toward a goal. - Without history change can be aimless and meaningless. - History is a scientific discipline. - It studies significant past events to ascertain truth. - Involves records/accounts written in sequence. - Focuses on nations, people, knowledge, and activities. - Uses scientific tools to uncover past events. **2 Types of Historical Epochs** An epoch is a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics. 1. **Pre-Historic Past. **The time before man invented writing. Historians rely on physical evidences like skeletal remains, fossils and artifacts to ascertain what really transpired during this period. 2. **Historic Past. **The period where events are recorded through written documents. This period may be divided into the ancient past, the medieval or middle ages, the modern period, and the post-modern period. Post-modern period history may be further subdivided into contemporary history and recent history. **Sources of Historical Data** - Written sources: Everything that is written. - Orally transmitted materials: Everything that is unwritten and passed on through word of mouth. Example: myths. Folklore, legends, tula, balagtasan, folk songs, kwentong bayan, pabula and others. - The history of art focuses on objects made by humans for any number of spiritual, narrative, philosophical, symbolic, conceptual, documentary, decorative, and even functional and other purposes. - Examples are historical paintings, portraits, vases, carvings, engravings, sketches, woven tapestries, and the like. - Relics and remains: It is defined as material sublimate, crystallize, and perpetuate memory in the guise of physical remains, linking the past and present in a concrete and palpable way. Example, artifacts, bones, vases, potteries, and language. - Electronic data: Everything produced through the use of energy like films, documentaries, radio, television, computer data, and others. **Conclusion** - History has an impact on our current society. - History has produced products of the time period it belonged to. - History encompasses even recent events in our lives. - History is an essential part of the building of someone\'s identity and knowledge of their culture and identity. **READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **BSA 1B \| First Semester, TTH 12:30 - 2:00** **August 20, 2024 - Tuesday** **LESSON 2: UNDERSTANDING SOURCES** **The Importance of Sources** - Gottschalk (1950) in his work, Understanding History discusses the importance of sources for the historian\'s work: - It is from historical sources that our history is studied and written - It provides a window into the past - It helps historians understand what happened and why it happened. - It helps them uncover new information about previously unknown events. - It helps verify the authenticity of other historical documents. **What is a Source?** - A place, person, or thing from which something originates or can be obtained. - Historical source is an original source that contains important historical information. - These sources are something that inform us about history at the most basic level, and are used as clues in order to study history. Picture this: Maria was walking down the Main Street of your city. She is living her normal day-to-day life. On that day, the president of another being escorted to the office of your country\'s president for a meeting. Aside from the heightened security, the decorations on lights, and the convoy transporting the foreign president, Maria noticed a black van crashing through the barricade. Shortly, men armed with guns came out of the black van and shot the foreign president\'s vehicle. **Primary Sources** - In this situation, Maria is no longer a normal person living her day-to-day life. She, and her statements are now considered a primary source. - In definition, a **primary source is defined as any account of an eyewitness**, the most direct evidence of the event. - Simply put, **primary sources are materials produced by people directly involved in the event** - These materials can range from **eyewitness account/statements, diary entries, letters, Legal documents official documents **(personal and government and even photographs.     Picture this: Maria whose statements were put into television was seen by many people. Jerry, a writer making a book on history, watches this and starts to write down Maria\'s statements to put into his book. Jerry wrote summaries of Maria\'s statements, interpreted her statement, and analyzed her narrations. He wrote comments about Maria\'s story and included it in his book. **Secondary Source** - Jerry\'s book contains information that he did not experience himself, rather, it contained summarized experiences from Maria who experienced the event herself. - Jerry\'s book is considered a secondary source - In definition, **a secondary source is any source that was created later (after the event) by someone who did not experience firsthand the events that they are writing about**. - Put simply, **secondary sources are materials produced by someone who wasn\'t directly involved in the event. **They refer to primary sources to get information about the  event. Examples: - Editorials - Magazine and newspaper articles about a certain event. - Documentaries and commentaries - Historical studies - Biographies - Journals - Literary criticisms - Book reviews **The Difference** - Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. - Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary and secondary sources. - Primary sources are first hand sources; secondary sources are second-hand sources. **Distinction** - When you are analysing a source, it is helpful to compare what information it provides when compared with other sources. This helps you to more successfully evaluate your sources, especially in regards to their accuracy. **Accessibility** - WHY SHOULD OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE GOVERNMENT BE MADE ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC? - It will serve as a source, allowing people to seek and receive public documents serves as a critical tool for fighting corruption, enabling citizens to more fully participate in public life, making governments more efficient, encouraging investment, and helping persons exercise their fundamental human rights. **Evaluating the Validity of Sources** - Author or Creator? - Date of publication? (how close to the actual event?) - Intended audience? - Purpose of the source (to present facts, or point of view?) - Does it contain unspoken assumptions? - Anything about the author that may influence the validity or reliability of the source? - Any biases? - How this source compares with others from the same period (are there inconsistencies or contradictions)? - If the original source was commissioned or funded by anyone with a particular viewpoint? - How did the author know about the given details? Was the author present at the event? - How soon was the author able to gather the details of the event - Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an eyewitness account, or a report made by another person? - Did the author conclude based on a single source, or on many sources of evidence? - Who was the author? Is he a credible person? What are his affiliations? **Conclusion** - Sources help historians to understand the events of the past by giving them a window to the events that transpired in a certain period of time. - They serve as a window through time. - Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events, while secondary sources are second- hand, often summarized, interpreted, or commented on. - A source can be primary or secondary depending on the context. - The details about the author, their identity, credibility, **READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **BSA 1B \| First Semester, TTH 12:30 - 2:00** **August 20, 2024 - Tuesday (wrong date)** **LESSON 3: MAGELLAN'S VOYAGE** **Ferdinand Magellan** - Fernão de Magalhães (portuguese) Fernando De Magallanes (Spanish) - A Portuguese navigator and explorer who sailed under the flags of both [Portugal ](1505-13) and [Spanish] (1519-21) - From Spain, he sailed around South America, discovering the [Strait of Magellan, ]and across the Pacific. - Though he was killed in the [Philippines ](April 27, 1521) one of his ships continued westward to Spain, accomplishing the first circumnavigation of Earth. - The voyage was successfully terminated by the Basque navigator Juan Sebastian del Cano. **TRIVIA\ **        When Magellan was 25 years old, he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India, whose expedition King Manuel sent to check Muslim sea power along the African and Indian coasts and to establish a strong Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean. Though Correia states that during this early period of his Indian service, Magellan acquired considerable knowledge of navigation. **Ferdinand Magellan** - Magellan turned to Spain for Support, coming to Seville on October 20, 1517. - He was joined in December by the Portuguese cosmographer Rui Faleiro and possibly by Rui's brother Francisco Faleiro. Magellan and Rui Faleiro journeyed to the court at [Valladolid ]where they offered their services to King Charles I. - Magellan, along with Rui Faleiro, proposed to sail westward to find a strait through South America (Tierra Firme) that would lead to the Pacific Ocean and ultimately to the Spice Islands. - On March 22, 1518, their proposal received royal approval from the Spanish king, granting them authority over any lands discovered and a share of the profits. - However, their expedition faced significant opposition from both the Spanish seafaring community and the Portuguese crown. - Despite these challenges, the Spanish provided Magellan with five ships: the Trinidad (his flagship), San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago. - Departing from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 20, 1519, bidding farewell to his wife, Beatriz Barbosa, and their infant son, Rodrigo. **TRIVIA**          In 1520, when Ferdinand Magellan arrived at the ocean, he found the waters were calm and relaxed, leading him to name it "Mar Pacifico," which translates to "peaceful sea" in Portuguese and Spanish. **Ferdinand Magellan** - Magellan's trip to the Philippines was only a part of his greater expedition to the Spice Islands. - After navigating through the Strait of Magellan, the fleet entered the Pacific Ocean in November 1520. The journey across the Pacific was long and arduous, with the crew suffering from scurvy and starvation. - Magellan's fleet sailed for over three months without sighting land until they reached the Mariana Islands (specifically, Guam) in March 1521. After a brief stay in Guam to restock supplies, they continued their journey westward. - On March 16, 1521, Magellan's fleet sighted the island of Samar in the Philippines, marking the first European contact with the archipelago. They then anchored on Homonhon Island, where they met local inhabitants and conducted the first Mass in the Philippines on March 31, 1521. - Magellan established friendly relations with local leaders, including Rajah Humabon, the ruler of Cebu, and converted many to Christianity. - Magellan continued his explorations in the Philippines, attempting to extend Spanish influence and Christianity. - On April 27, 1521, Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan while aiding rajah Humabon against Lapu-Lapu, a local chieftain who resisted Spanish control. - His expedition continued under the command of others, eventually completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. - The remaining crew, led by Juan Sebastian del Cano, returned to Spain in 1522 aboard the ship Victoria, laden with spices from the Moluccas. - Magellan's discovery of the Philippines marked the beginning of Spanish interest in the region, which eventually led to the establishment of the Philippines as a Spanish colony.   **TRIVIA**         Magellan was slain on April 27, 1521 in the island of Mactan in Cebu by a poisoned arrow from one of Lapu-Lapu's troops. **Ferdinand Magellan** - The immediate cause of the battle was a dispute over tribute and recognition of Spanish authority. Magellan demanded that Lapu-Lapu and his people acknowledge the authority of the Spanish crown and pay tribute, which Lapu-Lapu refused to do. - This led to a confrontation in which Magellan and his men attempted to subdue Lapu-Lapu's forces, resulting in the Battle of Mactan. - Magellan's discovery of the Philippines marked the beginning of Spanish interest in the region, which eventually led to the establishment of the Philippines as a Spanish colony. - When Juan Sebastian del Cano completed the circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, only about 18 of the original 270 men who had set out on Ferdinand Magellan's expedition returned to Spain with him aboard the ship "Victoria." **Antonio Pigafetta** - Antonio Pigafetta was a Venetian scholar and explorer. He joined the Spanish expedition to the Spice Islands led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, the world's first circumnavigation, and is best known for being chronicler of the voyage. - The book detailing Magellan's voyage is called "El Primer Viaje Alrededor del Mundo." or  The First Voyage Around the World. - It is a historical account written by Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian scholar and one of the survivors of the expedition. - Pigafetta's detailed journal is one of the primary sources of information about Magellan's journey. - The book describes the events of the expedition, from its departure from Spain in 1519 to its return to 1522. It recounts encounters with indigenous people, experiences with harsh weather conditions, and the discovery of various landmarks and islands. **READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **BSA 1B \| First Semester, TTH 12:30 - 2:00** **August 20, 2024 - Tuesday (wrong date)** **LESSON 4: CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS** **OVERVIEW** - Customs are Traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time. - The Customs of the Tagalogs is a popular primary source as it describes the way of life of the Filipinos before Spanish and Christian influences. - It was written by ***Fray Juan de Plasencia***, a friar of the Franciscan Order, and was among the first group of Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the Philippines on ***July 2, 1578.*** - The Customs of the Tagalogs were intentionally made to provide an eroticized description of the Tagalog natives, ridden with politics and propaganda. **THE BOOK** - The original document of Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain. - A copy of it is kept in the Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental, in Madrid, Spain. - An English translation appeared in Volume VII of Blair and Robertson's "The Philippine Islands." - Another English translation was published as part of the volume for the second series of the Filipiniana Book Guild. **THE AUTHOR** - Fray Juan de Plasencia was a Spanish Friar of the Franciscan Order. - Spent most of his Missionary life in the Philippines. - He founded numerous towns in Luzon and authored several religious and linguistic books, most notably, Doctrina Christiana. - Born in the early 16th century as ***Juan Portacarrero ***in Plasencia, one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of a Spanish schooner. - He joined with another missionary, ***Fray Diego de Oropesa, ***and they both started preaching around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas, Quezon, in Quezon Province, where he founded several towns. **HISTORICAL CONTEXT** During the first century of Spanish rule, the colonial government had difficulty in running local politics because of the limited number of Spaniards who wanted to live outside of Intramuros. This situation forced Spanish officials to allow Filipinos to hold the position of gobernadorcillo. To ensure that the gobernadorcillos would remain loyal to the Crown, the friars assigned in the parishes were instructed to supervise and monitor the activities of the former. Hence, the friars ended up performing the administrative duties that colonial officials should have been doing at the local level. They supervised the election of the local executives, helped in the collection of taxes, were directly involved in educating the youth, and performed other civic duties. Consequently, the friars became the most knowledgeable and influential figure in the pueblo or town. The friars who were assigned to mission territories were required periodically to inform their superiors of what was happening in their perspective areas. They prepared reports  on the number of natives they converted, the people's way of life, their socio-economic situation, and the problems they encountered. Some of them submitted short letters while others who were keen observers and gifted writers wrote long dispatches. On top of the regular reports they submitted, they also shared personal observations and experiences. Plasencia's Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) is an example of this king of work. It contains numerous information that historians could use in reconstructing the political and socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region. His work is a primary source because he personally witnessed the events and his account contained his observations. The account of Juan de Plasencia entitled "Customs of the Tagalogs" was due to his missionary work in the Philippines. He wrote about the culture and society of the people in Luzon, thus such title was written. However, it was not thorough since our customs were new to them so it lead to misconceptions and prejudice of our ancestors. His work gave descriptions of our ancestors at that time. Most of these are through culture, which they think are exotic. This was mostly for the advantage of the Spaniards to exploit our ancestors. "Customs of the Tagalogs" is written through the eyes and hands of a Spaniard. It is not surprising how the author did not fully comprehend the socio--political status of the Luzon. **OTHER PRIMARY SOURCES** - There were other friars and colonial officials who also wrote about the Filipinos which could further enrich our knowledge of Philippine history during the early part of the Spanish period. For example, - ***Miguel de Loarca, ***an encomendero of Panay wrote his ***Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582) ***and described the Filipinos' way of life in the Western Visayas area. - ***Lieutenant Governor Antonio de Morga ***wrote ***Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas ***which provides information about the state of the Philippines in the latter part of the 16th century. - The other Spanish missionaries who continued the historiographical tradition were ***Fr. Pedro Chirino S.J. ***(Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604), - ***Fr. Juan Delgado S.J. ***(Historia General, 1751), - ***Fr. Francisco Colin S.J. ***(Labor Evangelica, 1663), and - ***Fr.  Francisco Ignacio Alcina S.J. ***(Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas, 1668). - Most of what we know about Philippine history during the first century of the Spanish period were derived from the accounts of the Spanish friars. **THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS** - If a Maharlica married a commoner or slave the children will be divided. - The first, second, third, and fifth children belonged to the class of their father. - While the fourth and sixth children would be like their mother. - However, if there is only one child he will be half free and half slave. Aliping Namamahay - They have their own gold and wealth. They cannot be transferred to another barangay unless by inheritance. - They are married and serves their master whether he is a dato or not with half of their cultivated lands. Aliping saguiguilid - They are the slaves. They can either farmers or slaves. - They serve their master in his house and on his cultivated lands. They can be sold to other masters. - A person may become a slave because of captivity in war, debt, inheritance, purchase, or as punishment for a crime. - A slave can be emancipated by pardon, paying debt, or by marriage. - In these three classes, those who are maharlicas on both the father's and mother's side continue to be so forever, and if it happens that they become slaves, it is through marriage - Maharlica could not, after marriage, move from one village to another, or from one barangay to another without paying a certain fine on gold, as arranged among them. - Investigations made and sentences passed by the dato must take place in the presence of his barangay. - They had laws by which they condemned a man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief or witches. - For loans, the debtor is condemned to a life of toil. Borrower become slaves and after the death of the father, the children pay for the debt. - Only legitimate children get the inheritance. - If a married woman, gave birth to a child outside of her marriage the husband can do two things: punish the wife, which was considered dowry, and the child would be considered legitimate, or disregard the wife so that the child would have nothing to inherit. - Dowries are given by men to the women's parents before marriage. - The houses are made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm. Mode on dressing Male - Headgear (called Putong symbolized the number of persons the wearer had killed) - (Upper) Jacket with short sleeves called Kanggan - (lower) Bahag Female - (Upper) Baro or Camisa - (Lower) Saya - **THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS** - Proclaim a feast and offer to the devil what they had to eat - Anointing idols with fragrant perfumes - Catolonan (someone who converses or communicates with the spirits like an anito) - Recovery of sick person - Prosperous voyage of those embarking on the sea - Good harvest in the sowed lands - Propitious results in wars - Successful delivery of birth - Happy outcome in married life **RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT** - Plasencia's Customs of the Tagalogs is a very popular primary source as it vividly describes the way of life of the Filipinos before Spanish and Christian influences. It also covers numerous topics that are relevant in many disciplines. - Plasencia's account also preserves and popularizes the unwritten customs, traditions, and religious and superstitious. - It contains insights that can help and inspire priests and missionaries to become effective evangelizes - Disprove the claim of some Spaniards that Filipinos were still uncivilized and lacking of culture. - Filipinos were already politically and economically organized including the functioning government, tax system, indigenous calendar, and long standing customs, and traditions. **READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **BSA 1B \| First Semester, TTH 12:30 - 2:00** **October 2,, 2024 - Tuesday** **LESSON 5: Kartilya ng Katipunan** KKK - Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan - KKK was established by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 - It is a revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines to oppose Spanish rule. - The main objective of KKK was to separate Philippines from Spain and to develop Filipinos as citizens of their own nation. - The Kartilya was printed as a brief document that was distributed to the members of the Katipunan. - According to Jim Richardson, "the Kartilya is the best known of all Katipunan texts" and "the only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant." - Its name is taken from the Spanish cartilla, which was the first-grade primer during the time of the Spanish Empire. - The Katipunan's members used this booklet as their main source of instruction. - The Kartilya embodied the moral and nationalistic principle of a nation that fought for independence. These principles are relevant as the sense of nationhood still holds true when the cultural and historical values of every Filipino are threatened by the onslaught of foreign influences brought about by today's globalization. **Emilio Jacinto** - Born: December 15, 1875 - Joined the Katipunan: 1894 - 1896: Jacinto had to stop his law study and also the start of Philippine revolution - 1897: Appointed as general by Bonifacio - 1899: Jacinto died from contracted Malaria - Jacinto is born in December 15, 1875 on District of Trozo, Tondo, Manila. - He is the son of Mariano Jacinto (bookkeeper) and Josefa Dizon. - Despite living in poverty, Jacinto managed to finish his elementaryi education in a private school and later took his secondary education in Colegio De San Juan De Letran. - On 1894, he joined the Katipunan and took the symbolic name PINGKIAN. - He took up law at UST but had to stop in 1896 due to the start of the Philippine Revolution. - He wrote the Kartilya as well as the oath of Katipuneros - He edited the Katipunan newspaper KALAYAAN. - He was also an author of several literary writings with the pen name DIMAS-ILAW. - He served the Katipunan in different capacities such as editor, fiscal and secretary then later appointed general by Bonifacio on 1897. He was also an adviser to Bonifacio. - He continued to fight the spaniards despite the death of Bonifacio, it was only ended when he was captured in Magdalena, Laguna. - He later died on April 6, 1899 when he contracted malaria (He was 24). **Association of the sons of the people (Katipunan)** **Teachings of the Katipunan** 1. A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is like a tree without a shade, or a poisonous weed. 2. A good deed lacks virtue if it springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a sincere desire to do good. 3. True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for one's fellow men, and in making true reason the measure of every move, deed and word. 4. Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can be superior to another in knowledge, wealth and beauty... but not in being. 5. A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a person with an ignoble character values self-interest above honor. 6. An honorable man's word is his bond. 7. Don't waste time; lost wealth may be recovered, but time lost is lost forever. 8. Defend the opressed and fight the oppressor. 9. An intelligent man is he who takes care in everything he says and keeps quiet about what must be kept secret. 10. Along the thorny path of life, the man leads the way and his wife and children follow. If the leader goes the way of perdition, then so do those are led. 11. Do not regard a woman as a mere plaything, but as a helpmate and partner in the hardships of this existence. Have due regard of her weakness, and remember the mother who brought you into this world and nurtured you in your infancy. 12. What you would not done to your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter and sister of another. 13. A man's worth does not come from him being a king, or in the height of his nose and the whiteness of his face, or in him being a priest, a representative of God, or in his exalted position on the face of this earth. Pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the forest and able to speak only his own tongue, behaves decently, is true to his word, has dignity and honor, who is not an oppressor and does not abet oppressors, who knows how to cherish and look after the land of his birth. 14. When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines on these poor islands, and sheds its sweet light upon a united race, a people in everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle and the suffering will have been more than recompensed. **Relevance** **        **It has been established not only the rules for the members of the organization but the principle for the citizens of the nation once independence had been achieved. Though written in the 19th century, the Kartilya is significant to the lives of modern Filipinos as it reads like a simple creed for living in the light of the many changes occuring at the present. ***DISCLAIMER: I know basic grammar, I corrected SOME minor grammar errors such as SVA; however, chose not to with major ones. I simply copied the content of the powerpoint presentations. THANKS, DON'T JUDGE.***