RE Reviewer Module 1.1: Prayer PDF

RE REVIEWER B. PRAISE Pattern MODULE 1.1: PRAYER 1.) P- Praise - Psalm 100:4 I. Frequently asked questions about prayer. 2.) R- Repentance – 1 John 1:9, 2 Cor. 7:9,10 A. What is Prayer?...

RE REVIEWER B. PRAISE Pattern MODULE 1.1: PRAYER 1.) P- Praise - Psalm 100:4 I. Frequently asked questions about prayer. 2.) R- Repentance – 1 John 1:9, 2 Cor. 7:9,10 A. What is Prayer? 3.) A- Ask – Luke 11:9 - Prayer is communication with God. It is 4.) I - Intercede – Hebrews 7:25 “talking to God”. 5.) S- Speak the Word - Matthew 11:21-24 - It is a humble communication in thought or speech to God. 6.) E- Enjoy His Presence – Psalm 16:11 - Prayer is done personally or with others. (crcglobal) B. Whom Do We Pray? III. Five Fingers of Prayer - It is addressed to the Father. It is in the A. Thumb. Pray for yourself and your name of the Son (Jesus). weakness. - It is by the power of the Holy Spirit. B. Pointing Finger. Pray for those who C. What do I say when I Pray? point the way for us. (Teachers, Pastors, Priests) - It is like talking to your best friend. Tell him all your feelings. You can be honest C. Middle Finger. Pray for those in High to Him! Say something that is from the position. (President, Senators, Govt. Officials) bottom of your heart. Not a memorized one. D. Ring Finger. Pray for the ones you love. (Family, Friends) D. How do I say it? E. Little FInger. Pray for the less fortunate. - Say it with confidence that He will (Poor, weak, abandoned etc.) deliver. Say it with joy that He can deliver. IV. Significance of Prayer - Say it with expectation that He can deliver. A. Prayer is important in our daily journey in this world. We are encouraged to pray E. When/where do I Pray? without ceasing (I Thessalonians 5:17), devote ourselves to prayer (Colossians 4:2) and watch - You can pray to God anytime. (24/7) - and pray that we enter not into temptation. - God never sleeps. He is omniscient. (Matthew 26:40-41). - You can pray to God anywhere. - God is everywhere. He is omnipresent. B. Prayer will also strengthen and - You can pray anything you want/need. - motivate us to study more until we attain our God is able. He is omnipotent. goals and dreams in life through this University. God is true to His promises; He is Immanuel II. Suggested Patterns in Prayer (God with us). We must acknowledge and recognize His presence through our personal A. FACTS Pattern. encounter with Him day by day. - (Matthew 1.) F - aith in God (Trust). Hebrews 11:6 28:20). 2.) A - doration (Praise). Psalm 100:4-5 3.) C - confession (Admission of Sins). Psalm 51:1-2, 10-12 4.) T - hanksgiving (Gratitude). Psalm 92:1-2 5.) S - upplication (Request). Psalm 21:2 MODULE 1.2 : CPU HISTORY Post- World War - CPU remained strong because of the Central Spirit. - As soon as the war ended, the college 1901 - Rev. Charles Briggs sought to impress was reopened by loyal faculty members on Dr. T. S. Barbour that a school should be and returning missionaries who were started. caught by the war in America. - Post-war reconstruction was carried out 1903 - Dr. Joseph Robbins and Dr. Peter with funds from friends at home and planned that a boys' school should be started. abroad, resulting in a well-laid out, attractive campus. 1904 - The eleven (11) Baptist Missionaries met in Iloilo and organized the Philippine April 1, 1953 - Central Philippine College Baptist Mission Conf. (PBMC) became Central Philippine University. December 2, 1904 1953 - It is located in a 24-hectare campus, the The PBMC voted to establish two schools: most beautiful in Iloilo. Industrial school - for boys and Bible School - to train pastor 1966 - CPU Corporation voted the Dr. Rex Drilon as the first Filipino president. 1904 - Rev. William O. Valentine was elected principal of the two schools. 1968 - The entire university property was turned over by Americans to Filipinos. October 1, 1905 - The Jaro Industrial School opened under the principal ship of Rev. William 1973 - All the members of the Board of O. Valentine. Trustees and Administrative officials are Filipinos. 1907 - The enrolment increased from 20 to nearly 300 students, all were working students. February 1991 - CPU was affected by a fire incident that burned down the Old Rose 1915 -1916 - The first year high school opened Memorial Building. (located at the promenade). with 58 students enrolled and 50 of them remained. 1998 - With the help of the alumni, the new Rose Memorial Auditorium rose from the March 1921 - First High School ashes. The CPU was able to recover. commencement was held with 17. June 20, 2008 1921 - Jaro Industrial School was changed to - CPU experienced another trial as it Central Philippine School. faced typhoon Frank that flooded the school campus and destroyed millions 1922 - A year later, the name of the school was of properties and took many lives. formally changed to Central Philippine College. - “Calamities like fire and flood may cause a great havoc among us, but it is June 1923 in this trying moment too that the best of - A Junior college opened classes Central Spirit can be manifested.” enunciated by Pres. Stuart. (Jonan Castillon). - The Stuart Hall (enterprise) is the oldest building in CPU. At present - The college was organized into two - In 117 years, CPU has grown from an divisions: Department of Education and industrial school with only 17 pupils to a Liberal Arts and Department of widely known university with an Theology enrollment of over 13,000. - The 24-hectare campus, which was 1942 - 45 - World War II happened. The CPU originally chosen for its quiet and was devastated. Many buildings were relative isolation, is now a veritable destroyed. Many Teachers and Students went community by itself, with more than 40 to the mountains for refuge. buildings used for classrooms and support facilities. *Cpu has grown much in physical plant and I. Motto, Mission and Vision educational programs, but it has remained true to its mission as a Christian institution. A. Motto: Scientia et Fides. (knowledge and faith) CPU’s Motto B. Mission: The mission of Central Philippine “Scientia et Fides” University is to carry out a program of spiritual , Scientia - Knowledge intellectual, moral, scientific, technological, and Fides - Faith cultural training, and allied studies under influences which strengthen Christian faith, CPU’s Colleges, Affiliations and Partners: build up character and promote scholarship, research and community service. 1. Colleges and Departments: C. Vision: “A university committed to School of Graduate Studies,College of exemplary Christian education for life. (EXCEL) Agriculture, College of Arts and Sciences ,College of Business and Accountancy,College II. Core Values of Computer Studies, College of Education, A. Justice. “It is righteousness or lawfulness College of Hospitality Management, College of and fairness. It is observing due process in Engineering,College of Nursing, College of administering the deserved punishment or Medicine, College of Theology,College of Law, reward. This includes fairness, equality, College of Pharmacy, College of Medical morality and peace. Laboratory Science, Senior High School ,Elementary, Junior High School, and B. Faith. “It is the act of believing the things Kindergarten God has revealed about himself and acting on those beliefs. This includes commitment, 2. Affiliations: cooperation, trust and confidence.” a. Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches C. Stewardship. “It is the proper and (CPBC) responsible management of life, position, b. International Ministries (IM-ABC) possession, and other resources entrusted by God to man.” This includes service, c. United Board for Christian Higher Education accountability, culture and outreach. in Asia (UBCHEA) D. Character. “It is the aggregate feature and d. Asso. of Christian Schools, Colleges and traits that form the individual’s nature of a Universities (ACSCU) person, moral quality, and good report.” This includes honesty, humility, loyalty and integrity. e. Philippine Accrediting Asso. of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU) E. Excellence. “It is the highly commendable quality or feature of a person’s worth and/or f. Asso. of Theological Schools in Southeast deeds.” This includes competence, technology, Asia (ATESEA) scholarship and research. 3. Partners: Jaro Industrial School Republic - First student government in the country a) Iloilo Mission Hospital (Healing MInistry) The Central Echo - One of the oldest b) University Church (Preaching Ministry) students’ newspapers. c) Filamer Christian University (Teaching Ministry) (Roxas city, Capiz) d) Silliman University (Teaching Ministry) (Dumaguete City, Neg. Occ.) e) Fortress College (Teaching Ministry) (Kabankalan, Neg. Occ) MODULE 1.3: HOPEVALE The Hopevale Martyrs Story of Hopevale 1.) Francis Howard Rose 2.) Gertrude Coombs Rose When the Japanese forces invaded the 3.) James Howard Covell island of Panay in April, 1942, eleven 4.) Charma Moore Covell American Baptist missionaries went into 5.) Louise Cummings Rounds hiding in the mountains of Katipunan, 6.) Earle Frederick Rounds Tapaz, Capiz. 7.) Earle Douglas Rounds, son of Earle and Some of these missionaries had been Louise Rounds (8 years old) serving at Central Philippine College when 8.) Frederick Willer Meyer the war broke out. They thought the war 9.) Ruth Schacht Meyer would not last long so they chose to escape 10.) Jenie Claire Adams rather than surrender. 11.) Signe Amelia Erickson They called their hiding place Hopevale – a 12.) Dorothy Antoinette Dowell small clearing near the top of the mountain “in the deep recesses of evergreen” “The Hopevale Martyrs” Dr. Francis Howard reached only by a “winding and misleading Rose trail.” A chapel was built in “a beautiful deep, dry (Love) “Jesus, Thou tender Shepherd of the sheep, gorge with giant trees growing in it”. Seats In vain we try this mountain trail to keep, and an altar and pulpit and lectern were constructed from the rocks and the wood at (Joy) Keep Thou Thy flock within safeguarded door hand. And in Thy bosom, O bring us home once more. Worship was conducted every Sunday (Peace) Life’s dark enigmas everywhere abound, except when the Japanese were nearby. Make, without Thee, a ceaseless nightmare round Several missionaries took turns in leading the worship services. Christians from the (Patience) Where shall we turn, in turmoil, loss, and village in Katipunan would join their worship strife? Thou are our answer, Thou are Eternal Life services and bring them food supplies, and also gave them updates from the outside (Kindness) Thou are the Truth, Incarnate Word of world. God, All others fail to point us out the road. The missionaries stayed in Hopevale for over twenty months. In the morning of (Goodness) Though seek we rest, our Quest will December 19, 1943, however, the never cease Until we find Thee, find Thee our missionaries were discovered by Japanese Perfect Peace troops. All eleven missionaries and the son of a (Faith) Jesus, Thou Mighty Shepherd of the sheep, missionary couple were beheaded by the We trust our all, Thy pierced hands to keep Japanese soldiers. (Gentleness) Against that day, in Thy fair Morning According to some account, before they land, When, in Thy Presence, before Thy face we were beheaded, the eleven missionaries stand. requested the Japanese soldiers to give them one hour to worship and pray to God. After an hour, they were blindfolded, hands bound behind their backs, and forced to their knees as Japanese soldiers stood behind them with drawn swords, and during this final moment the missionaries were singing a hymn to the Lord. They kept on singing until each of them had been executed by the Japanese soldiers. Until their last breath, the eleven Baptist missionaries remained faithful and true to the Lord. Their legacy of faith had ignited the passion of Filipino Christians, especially those who belong to the Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches, to remain steadfast in their commitment to the Lord and to carry on the mission of preaching the Gospel to all people. MODULE 2.1:MEANING, PURPOSE AND Covenant IMPORTANCE OF THE BIBLE A covenant is a sacred agreement between FAQ’S About the Bible God and His people. I. Frequently asked questions about the Bible. Scripture A. What is the Bible? means “sacred or divine writings.” ” That is important, and means at least two - Known as the Good Book, as if it were a things. First, the Word of God set down in single volume. writing – so there can be a Word of God - The Bible is a collection or library of many which is not written. Furthermore, it is the small books written over a period of more Writings, which are the Word of God for us, than a thousand years. and not the events or the words spoken - The Hebrew Bible, known to Christians as before they were composed. the Old Testament (OT), is largely a record of the Hebrew deity’s dealings with the chosen people, Israel. - To the original Hebrew Bible, Christians add - So the Bible is the collection of books which the New Testament (NT), consisting of four tells us about the covenant, the agreement, narratives of Jesus’ life (Gospels), a which God made with Israel through theological account of the early Church Abraham (the old covenant)(OT) and which (Acts), 21 letters, and an apocalypse He fulfilled in Jesus (the new (revelation of future history). covenant)(NT). - Roman Catholics, most Eastern churches, - The Bible is often called Scripture, the and some Protestants, however, include a Scriptures, or Holy Scripture. number of additions to the Old Testament list, and these extra books are known as the Apocrypha. C. Who Wrote the Bible? Most protestant Bibles contain: - Through the centuries, God spoke through - 39 from the Old testament many individuals. Their messages were - 27 from the New Testament brought together to become our Old - For a total of 66 books all in all Testament. Many of the people who spoke the words of God did not record their own B. What does the word “Bible” mean? messages. Other people recognized the importance of the messages and preserved - The word Bible comes from the Greek ta them - sometimes after the messages had biblia, that means ‘the books.’ been passed orally from one generation to - When this word was taken over into Latin, it another. became singular, the Bible. - The Bible was written by about 40 people - The word bible means “little books.” It is whom God had chosen throughout the derived from the Greek term biblion(sing), centuries. They wrote with inspiration from the diminutive form of byblos, which means the Holy spirit. “papyrus” or “book.” - That usage in turn comes from the ancient Insipiration Phoenician city of Byblos, where the papyrus plant was cut and dried in strips for - Means Ruach(Heb.) which means use as writing paper. The manuscript God-breathed. material thus produced was called after the - He did not necessarily dictate the words, but place of its manufacture, Byblos. His spirit was upon the writers. - The Bible is more than a book, it is a library. *In it, you will find a number of works, collected together in two large groupings, the Old Testament and the New Testament.* - The word “testament” here does not mean what we might take it to mean in modern English: it is the same word as the Latin testamentum, which translates the Hebrew word meaning “covenant”. Who wrote the OT? - While the library of the Hebrew Scriptures took approximately a millennium to - It is not known who wrote most of the Bible. complete. - The OT authors did not labor for personal recognition but to convey their sense of What is the Language of the OT? Israel’s god and his purpose for the world. - OT authorship was typically anonymous. - The OT was written in classical Hebrew with - But later. Moses was regarded as the some parts in Aramaic. author of the Bible’s first five books, the - The Old Testament was not written originally Pentateuch. (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, in English. Numbers, and Deuteronomy). - Aramaic (Syrian) was the Semitic tongue - Most of the narrative books – Joshua, spoken by the Israelites. It was also a Judges, Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles – dialect closely related to Hebrew and are the work of nameless priests, scribes, probably also the language spoken by and archivists. None make direct Jesus. statements about their origin or compilers. - The oldest complete copies of the Hebrew - Prophecies were delivered orally and Bible (9th and 10th centuries) were largely recorded by later disciples. the work of masoretes, medieval Jewish scribes who added vowel symbols to the Baruch consonantal Hebrew script. Before they are constant. - It is known that Jeremiah dictated many of - The Masoretic Text (MT) is the standard his messages to his scribe, Baruch. form of the Hebrew Bible today. - The OT was translated into Greek in Who wrote the NT? Alexandria, from about the 3rd century BC - 72 scribes working independently all - The NT authorship was attributed to various arrived at exactly the same translation. It prominent disciples and apostles. indicates that a translation of this kind must - At least nine people served as writers of the have been inspired by God. As a result, the various books of the New Testament. translation is known as the Septuagint - Eight of the writers generally are identified (LXX)(Greek for seventy: the usual (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Paul, James, abbreviation is LXX). Peter, Jude). - There were other ancient Greek translations - Paul authored thirteen books; by Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion. - John wrote five; - Luke and Peter each produced two, and What is the Language of the NT? - Matthew, Mark, James, Jude, and the author of Hebrews penned one each. - was written entirely in Greek, in the - All were written by Jewish writers, except common language spoken at that time. This Luke-Acts which was written by a Gentile- Greek, which is not the same as classical Luke the Physician. Greek, is called koine (foreign language of - Only Hebrews has an unknown writer. the bible(Greek for common, i.e. language). - Other ancient translations or versions D. When was the Bible written? include the translations into Syriac, Coptic and Latin. - 10th century B.C. - The Latin version known as the Vulgate - The last books of the OT was composed (editio vulgata or popular version) is the one or two centuries B.C.Only a century or work of St Jerome (end of the 4th and two before the birth of Jesus,some of the beginning of the 5th century of our era). apocrypha were written even later. - the NT was composed during a much E. Why was the Bible written? shorter period, probably between about 50 B.C.E. (for Paul’s earliest letters) and 150 Lord Tennyson C.E. (for the final form of 2 Peter). - In all, the Bible was approximately 1,100 - “Bible reading is education in itself.” years in the making. - This document, which forms the oldest George Washington narrative strand in the Pentateuch, is characterized by its relatively consistent use - “It is impossible to rightly govern this world of the personal name Yahweh for the without God and the Bible.” Hebrew God and is usually called J, for - Bible reading is very important both to a Jahveh, the German form of the divine particular person as well as to the society as name. a whole. Here are some reasons why we need to read the The bible is useful for correction. Bible: - It also tells us how to get right with God, 1. For our faith to grow. (Romans 10:17) with others, and with ourselves, It also restores us to the proper path of God’s 2. For our conviction of sin. (Hebrews 4:12-13) ways. 3. For our avoidance of sin. (Psalm 119:11) The bible is useful for training in righteousness 4. For our guidance to life. (2 Timothy 3:16-17) - Just as parents work with their children over the years to train them in various ways to do good. So God through his word trains us in MODULE 2.2: BIBLE CLASSIFICATION, BRIEF all areas of life so that we know what DESCRIPTION AND WRITERS pleases him. Why is it important? Tips in studying the Bible: (SPEAK) - To Christians, the Bible is the most Is there a Sin to confess? important book that has ever been written. Is there a Promise to keep? - It is the unique and divinely inspired record Is there an Example to follow? of God’s redemptive revelation of Himself Is there a Command to obey? and his will. Is there a Knowledge about God? Reasons why we need to study the bible: Translations of the Bible: (Viertel) 1. Hebrew Bible (Original) 1. It explains man’s origin and the purpose of his existence as a rational being. - Language where the OT was first written. 2. It gives guidance on the daily lives of Christians. 2. Septuagint (LXX) (Greek) 3.It points out condemned man to the Redeemer - Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, and sorrowing man to the only Comforter who can translated by 72 scholars in just 70 days meet his needs. Greek - language where thent was first written. 4.It is a book of knowledge - it reveals the nature of God and his redemptive purpose. 3. Vulgate (Latin) What's the purpose of the Bible? - Latin translation of the Bible. Translated by St. Jerome. - The purpose of the Bible is clearly emphasized in 2 Timothy 3:16-17 “All 4. German Bible (German) scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting, and training - German Bible translated by Martin Luther in righteousness, so that the man of God from the Hebrew/Greek language, first may be thoroughly equipped for every good European Bible version. work.” 5. English Bible The Bible is used for teaching God’s truth. - Translated by John Wycliffe (from Latin to - God’s word is the supreme and final source English) and standard of truth (Psalm 119:160). - Translated by William Tyndale (directly from - It conveys to us God’s wisdom concerning the original language - Hebrew/Greek) the questions of human existence (John 6. Hiligaynon Bible 17:17). - Translated by Eric Lund and Braulio The Bible is useful for rebuking our sins. Manikan. - The bible has the power to expose sin in our lives and to convince us that we are wrong. - Proverbs 19:3 says, “The foolishness of man wins his way, and his heart rages against the Lord.” BIBLE Major Prophets/Prophecy = 5 (NEVI’IM) B - est/Basic Isaiah – the prophet of holiness, statesman, the prophet of world mission. It emphasizes I -nstruction holiness. Jeremiah – the crying prophet, the prophet B - efore of the inwardness of religion Lamentation – the book of lament or L - eaving sorrow E - arth Ezekiel – the prophet of reconstruction or the prophet of remaking the nation OLD TESTAMENT Daniel – the book for hard times Law/Pentateuch Books = 5 (MOSES) (TORAH) Minor Prophets/Prophecy = 12 (NEVI’IM) Genesis – means “the beginning.” It tells Hosea – the prophet of love. It portrays the about the creation of the world and allegorical love of God to His people. mankind. Joel – the prophet of the day of Yahweh Exodus – means “the going out.” It is the Amos – the prophet of righteousness book of deliverance and the birth of the Obadiah – the prophet of the resentment nation. against Edom Leviticus – the book of ritual or the Jonah – the prophet of God’s universal love guidebook of the priests. Micah – the prophet of the poor Numbers – the book of wanderings. Nahum – the prophet who prophesied Deuteronomy – means “second law” book against Nineveh Habakkuk – tells about Babylon as God’s Historical Books = 12(EVERET) agent in punishing Judah’s sins, but in the end Babylon will be ruined because of her Joshua – the conqueror of Canaan. It tells pride about the conquest of Canaan. Zephaniah – the prophet of the restoration Judges – the book of deliverance of Jerusalem Ruth – exemplifies true friendship Haggai – the prophet of the rebuilding of I & II Samuel – the book of the founding of the temple of Jerusalem the kingdom of Israel Zechariah – the prophet of the restoration I & II Kings – the book of the divided of Jerusalem kingdom of Israel Malachi – the prophet of revival I & II Chronicles – tells of the history of Judah Five Fingers: Ezra – the drastic reformer. It tells about Judaism after the exile. A. Thumb - 5 Law Nehemiah – the practical man of affairs, the B. Pointing Finger - 12 History builder. C. Middle Finger - 5 Poetry Esther – a historical romance written to D. Ring Finger - 5 Major prophets explain the origins of the Jewish feast of E. Little Finger - 12 Minor prophets Purim. NEW TESTAMENT Pre-Monarchy - Joshua, Judges, Ruth Gospels = 4 Monarchy - 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings , 1& 2 Chronicles Matthew – the most influential gospel Mark – the earliest written gospel Post Monarchy - Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther Luke – the most beautiful and best written gospel Poetical Books = 5 (KETHUVIM) John – the best loved gospel, the spiritual gospel Job – the book of the ways of God Psalms – the Hebrew handbook of personal History = 1 religion. Proverbs – concise sayings. It conveys the Acts – the historical book truth about the social, spiritual and moral life of man. Ecclesiastes – words of the preacher (Solomon) Song of Songs – songs of the wise Pauline Letters/Epistles = 13 New Testament - 27 Epistles to Churches: Gospels (5 books) History ( 1 book) Romans – tells of man’s need of Pauline Epistles (13 books) redemption, new life in Christ and Christian Major Prophets (5 books) conduct General Epistles (8 books) I & II Corinthians – tells of the Corinthian Prophetic (1 book) church Galatians – the “Magna Charta of Christian Liberty” Ephesians – tells of Jesus Christ as the clue to all history Philippians – tells of the Christ-centered life. Colossians – tells of the Cosmic Christ I & II Thessalonians – first and second book of the NT to be written down Epistles to Friends: I & II Timothy – Pastoral letters Titus – Pastoral letters Philemon – fairly wealthy man won to Christianity by Paul General Letters = 8 Hebrews – tells about the priesthood of Christ James – tells about the practical rules for Christian life I Peter – the epistle of hope II Peter – last NT book to be written. Tells about the knowledge on Jesus Christ I John –the epistle of life II John – shortest book in the NT III John – known as the “Johannine Philemon” Jude –tells about complete loyalty to the Christian faith PROPHECY Revelation – known as the “apocalypse” – means unveiling of the last days, the end time Five Fingers: F. Thumb - 4 Gospels G. Pointing Finger - 1 History H. Middle Finger - 13 Pauline Letters I. Ring Finger - 8 General Epistles J. Little Finger - 1 Prophecy I. The Classification of Books Old Testament - 39 Law (5 books) History (12 books) Poetry (5 books) Major Prophets (5 books) Minor Prophets (12 books) MODULE 3.1: RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND OF - Yet in any of the leadership structures, the JESUS leaders of Israel believed that God was on them and that they were anointed to The religion of Israel starts with God and His implement the covenant and laws before promise to Abraham to become a founder of the God and his chosen people. great nation. It has developed in the course of about 2,000 years. The Empires: Nebuchadnezzar - Babylon Some of the features include the following: Ahasuerus - Persia Alexander the Great - Greece 1. God’s Chosen Leaders Augustus Caesar - Rome - The God-chosen leaders were important in making the people closer to God. 2. Law or Torah - The Law or Torah (commandments) was 1. PATRIARCHS established by God through Moses at Mount - The Great Fathers Sinai to guide them in their way of life, and - were the heads of their respective families to have a right relationship with God and and the whole tribe of Israel. people. First, The patriarchal kind of leadership Ten Commandments: structure evolved. 1. You shall have no other gods before me. 2. You shall make no idols. The patriarchs like: 3. You shall not take the name of the Lord your Abraham - Exalted Father God in vain. Isaac - The Lover 4. Keep the Sabbath day holy. Jacob - Supplanter 5. Honor your father and your mother. Joseph - Dreamer 6. You shall not murder. 7. You shall not commit adultery. 2. JUDGES 8. You shall not steal. - The Charismatic Leaders 9. You shall not bear false witness against - the Judges, who ruled the people after the your neighbor. conquest of Canaan. 10. You shall not covet. Second, The patriarchal leadership evolved into 3. The Prophets a charismatic military leadership - The prophets were the spokesmen of God. Their main task was to proclaim God’s will. The judges: They were forth-tellers warning of the Othniel - First Judge coming punishment for the people who Deborah - Only Lady Judge turned away from God. Gideon - Captain of 300 Samson - Strongest Man 4. The Temple and The Synagogue. - The Jewish community developed 2 3. KINGS important religious institutions: - The Human Rulers - Third, The demand of people to have a king 1. Temple allowed the development of a monarchy in - Built on the time of Solomon which the king and his family ruled. - It has become a center of worship. The kings: 2. Synagogue Saul - First King - Seen on Jesus time. David - Bravest King - It was a place of study, prayer and Solomon - Wisest King assembly. Jeroboam (Israel) and Rehoboam (Judah) - Divided Kings 5. Priests and Sacrifices 4. EMPIRES Order of Priesthood - Fourth, a “dummy” leadership evolved as - The priesthood represented the union of the nation of Israel was occupied and Israel with God. controlled by Imperial powers such as Babylonia, Persia, Greece and Rome.  - But a stone came from heaven and struck The Structure was composed of a three-fold the feet and destroyed the statue. order: - He orders his wisest men, wizard, and 1. Levites (lower) magician to interpret his dream but none of - Known as the helpers, temple guards, them couldn’t interpret it. musicians, and they assist in the - God gave Daniel the wisdom to know the preparation of the feast and the sacrifices. dream and told him that: 2. Priests (Middle) - Help on ceremonies 1. Head Gold - They serve as doctors - the Golden Age 3. High Priests (highest) - King Nebuchadnezzar - They enter the holy of holiest - Babylon - During the day of atonement they will offer a - The Babylonian Empire sacrificial lamb for the sins of the people - Will not last long 2. Breasts of Silver 6. Jewish Feasts - Silver age - The Jewish feasts are part of the nation’s - Led by the King cyrus the great history. For the Jews, to celebrate a feast is - Persia synonymous with to rejoice before the 3. Thighs of Brass presence of God - Bronze age - The greco-macedonian empire Some of the Famous Feasts celebrated by the 4. Legs of Iron jewish people: - Iron age - Roman empire 1. Hannukah 5. Feet of iron and clay - Festival of Lights - Modern age - The commemoration of how Judas - New roman empire maccabeus or maccabee saved them from 6. Stone the seleucid. - The Kingdom of God. 2. Passover - The commemoration of how the Lord saved *It symbolizes that the kingdoms of this world will them the night before they exited Egypt be destroyed and are temporary but the Kingdom of where the angel of death would not pass God will last forever.* their homes if they put blood over their doorposts. The Gods and Goddesses of the Greek Empire, - Celebration of how the Lord freed them from The olympians: Egyptian slavery for more than 400 years. 3. Trumpets 1. Zeus - Known as the Rosh HaShanah which - King of all the Gods. means the head of the year. - Overthrew his father - Symbolizes the 10 day celebration of - Married his sister consecration and repentance to the Lord. - controls : rain, law, thunder, fate, and order 4. Purim - His bird: The eagle - Remembrance of how Esther saved them - Weapons: thunderbolt and scepter from the total annihilation against the plague - Bad temper of hama. 2. Hera - They would eat haman’s pocket. It is like a - Queen of heaven cookie in remembrance of how they were - Zeus wife/sister spared from death. - Goddess of marriage, childbirth, kings, and empire MODULE 3.2: SOCIO-POLITICAL - Symbol: the pomegranate, lotus-staff BACKGROUND - Bird : peacock 3. Poseidon - The Graeco-Roman world was the context - God of the sea, floods, droughts, and of the birth of Jesus. horses - The historical background is seen in the - Zeus brother prophetic dream of King Nebuchadnezzar of - Weapon: trident Babylon. He had a dream of a great statue - Rids: horses and dolphins with its head made of gold, breasts made of 4. Hades silver, thighs made of brass, his legs made - God of the underworld and death of iron, and his feet made of a mixture of - Zeus brother iron and clay. - Loves persephone - - Beast: cerberus 5. Ares - “Bury my body and don’t build any - God of war, violence and civil order monument. Keep my hands out so the - Weapon: bronze-tipped spear people know the one who won the world - Garb : golden armor had nothing in hand when he died.” said - Beasts: vulture, and venomous snake before he died 6. Apollo - God of music, poetry, archery and healing His kingdom was divided among his quarreling - Zeus son by his lover Leto generals: - Weapon : bow and arrow The Antigonids (Antigonus) in Greece - Musical instrument: Lyre the Ptolemies (Ptolemy) in Egypt 7. Aphrodite The Seleucids (Seleucus) in Syria. - Goddess of love and beauty - Symbol: apple and myrtle wreath, scallop II. The Hellenization of Palestine (Israel) – 333 to shell 165 B.C. - Bird : dove 8. Eros - For more than a century, Palestine was - God of love and lustful desires placed under the control of the Greek rulers - Son of Aphrodite and Ares from Egypt, the Ptolemies. - Garb : just wings - They named and renamed cities throughout - Weapons: bow, and arrow and kisses the countries, introduced Hellenism and 9. Athena Greek language. - Virgin Goddess of wisdom, warfare, and - The Greek culture and language influenced handicrafts the Jews and had a great impact on their - Sprang fully-formed from zeus head religion. The Hebrew Scripture was wearing armor translated into Greek (Greek Septuagint) as - Weapons: spear and shield a result of Hellenization. - Symbol : owl, and olive tree - The Ptolemies somehow allowed the Jews 10. Hermes to live in peace so the Jews enjoyed - The heavenly messenger considerable degree of autonomy but - God of travel and trade remained passive subjects - Son of zeus and maia - In 198 B.C. things changed with the coming - Duty : leading dead souls to the realm of of the Seleucids led by Antiochus III. hades - The Seleucids wanted to impose the Greek - Gear: winged sandals and travelers cap culture and religion on the Jews. 11. Dionysus - In 167 B.C. the situation worsened. - God of celebration, drunkenness and Antiochus IV came into power and strictly pleasure enforced Hellenism upon the Jews. - Symbol: full of wine - He claimed he was the visible manifestation of Zeus (chief god of the Greeks) and called Their home the Olympus Greece’s Highest peak himself Epiphanes (Revealer of Zeus), also known as Mytikas thus, demanded that the Jews worship him. - He abolished three important Jewish I. The Graeco-Roman World religious practices: (1) circumcision - The Graeco-Roman world was the context (2) reading of the Torah of the birth of Jesus. It consisted of the vast (3) the Sabbath. empire of Alexander the Great, the young - As a result, people became angry and a conqueror from Macedonia. crisis arose. Some priests supported the - In 333, Alexander opened up the way to the Hellenization, while others condemned it. Middle East by his victory at Issos, north of Antioch. III. The Maccabean Revolt and the Hasmonean - In 332, he reached Egypt and founded his Dynasty -165 to 63 B.C. capital city in Alexandria. - Alexander dreamt of establishing one great - In response to the religious oppression by empire, wielding the east and the west by the Seleucids, the Jews revolted. spreading Greek culture (Hellenism) and Mattathias, the priest of Modein, led the language (koine) throughout his empire. first revolt. - He did not live long, however, to see his - When he died his son, Judas, succeeded dream come true. Alexander died at the him. Judas was called “Maccabee” which young age of 33 in Babylon means “Hammerer”. He wanted to restore religious freedom and independence.  - In 165 B.C. Judas successfully marched - In 40 B.C. the Roman Senate named Herod into Jerusalem and in December of that as King of the Jews. It was not until 37 B.C. year, he rededicated the temple and that Herod finally ascended the throne. restored temple worship. The oil that they When Jesus was born, Herod was the ruling use to light up the temple only lasts for a king of Palestine. His greatest project in day but a miracle happened and the oil Jerusalem was the construction of the lasted for 8 days. It happened on December temple. 2-10. - He was called the “Great” because he was - This event was celebrated thereafter in the a powerful ruler who built several structures festival of Hanukkah, the Feast of such as theaters, amphitheaters, and Dedication or the Feast of Lights. It is still gymnasiums around Palestine. celebrated up to this day in jerusalem in - Despite all these projects, the Jews still december. despised Herod. He forcefully imposed - When Judas died, his brothers succeeded Hellenism upon them. him. They established the Hasmonean - He collected heavy taxes from the people. Dynasty ruled by priest-kings. Worst, Herod was ruthless and suspicious - The Jews enjoyed relative independence of people, even his family. He wanted no and autonomy, but soon the descendants of rival to the throne so he had spies all over the dynasty quarreled over the throne. Civil the place to watch out for any sign of wars broke out. disloyalty. - He killed some of his family members on IV. The Roman Period – 63 B.C. to 70 A.D. suspicion that they were plotting against him. Gods and Goddesses of the Roman Empire: - Herod was also responsible for the killing of male babies in Jerusalem when Jesus was 1. Diana Goddess of the Moon (Counterpart born. of Artemis) - The Roman period was the immediate 2. Phoebus God of the Sun (Counterpart of backdrop of Jesus’ birth, life, ministry, death Apollo) and resurrection. 3. Mercury Messenger of the Gods - It extended until the conception of (Counterpart of Hermes) Christianity and the beginning of the early 4. Minerva Goddess of Wisdom church. Many followers of Jesus and early (Counterpart of Athena) Christians were martyred during the rule of 5. Mars God of War (Counterpart of Ares) the Romans in Palestine, a relatively small 6. Bacchus God of Wine (Counterpart of region in the whole Roman Empire. Dionysus) 7. Neptune King of the Sea (Counterpart of Contributions of Empires: Poseidon) 8. Pluto Lord of the Underworld 1. Greeks (Counterpart of Hades) - Arts and Literature 9. Vesta Goddess of Fire and Hearth - Sculpture and Architecture (Counterpart of Hestia) - Philosophy 10. Jupiter God of Lightning Justice and - Religious Thought Law & Order (King of Gods/Optimus - Syncretism Maximus/ Counterpart of Zeus) - Universalism 11. Saturn Titan God of Time and Space - Individualism (Counterpart of Kronos) - Democratization of Learning 12. Terra Goddess of Earth (Counterpart of Gaea) 2. Romans 13. Caelus God of Heaven (Counterpart of - Efficient government Ouranus) - Engineering - Military Tactics (Roman soldier are one of - In 63 B.C. the Jews who were divided into the the most discipline soldiers) rival groups supporting two different kings - Pax Romana (Roman peace) appealed to Rome for arbitration. - Safety - The Roman General Pompey, supporting - Infrastructure one side, captured Jerusalem after a - Philosophy and Religion three-month siege. This marked the - Equality and Education beginning of the Roman rule which was to last until the seventh century A.D., the time of Arab invasions. V. The Contributions of the Greeks and the Romans - Just like any colonizer, the Greeks and the Romans left indelible influences in the nation of Israel. - The most remarkable influence of the Greeks to the Jews was their culture, Hellenism, brought by Alexander, the Great. Hellenism consisted of arts and literature, sculpture and architecture, philosophy and religious thought. - It is the blending of the best material cultures from the civilizations of Asia Minor, Egypt, and ancient Greece. Hellenism is characterized by: (a) syncretism (b) universalism (c) individualism (d) democratization of learning (Elwood & Magdamo, 38). - The Greek culture was so attractive to the people that it penetrated their thought and practice. - The Romans, likewise, were very influential to the Jews. Politically, they were very much powerful in the whole region of Palestine. - They were famous for their efficient government, engineering and military tactics. The contributions of the Romans to the Jews are the following: (1) Pax Romana or Roman peace (2) Safety (3) Infrastructure (4) Philosophy (5) Religion (6) Equality (7) Education. MODULE 3.3: THE DEVELOPMENT OF Messianic Hope MESSIANIC PROPHECY 3. The Messianic hope was the belief that God I. The Development of Messianic Prophecy would triumph over evil and bring to completion his purposes either through His - The history of Israel recounts how the direct action or the Messiah. Jewish community had suffered a great deal - The history of Israel we can know a especially in the hands of foreign rulers. lot of messianic roles like Moses 1. Babylon who freed them out of egypt. David 2. Persia freed them from the rule of other 3. Greece countries. And judah maccabee who 4. Rome saved them from the seleucids. - It was during these times of crises and sufferings that preachers or prophets spoke MODULE 3.4: THE BIRTH OF CHRIST messages filled with hope and expectation for things to become better. To offer hope, I. The Narrative of Christ’s Birth prophets proclaimed that in the end everything will be placed into order. - Jesus, the long awaited Messiah had come. He was born in Bethlehem just before the A. Popular Expectations reign of King Herod the Great of Palestine ended in approximately 4 B.C. - Elwood and Magdamo mentions two - At that time, Caesar Augustus was the ruler popular expectations that were developed in of the Roman Empire. And he wanted to tax Jewish thought: the people. - The birth of Jesus was a fulfillment of the (1) The coming of an ideal ruler whose reign prophecy in Micah 5:2; 1 Samuel 16:1, 13; would be characterized by peace and Jeremiah 33:14-16; Isaiah 9:2-3, among righteousness; and other texts. (2) the coming of God Himself to establish His - The Gospels, Matthew and Mark, recount heavenly rule in the world. the genealogy of Jesus that He had come from the line of David. B. Messianic Expectations - Bethlehem is about six kilometers south of Jerusalem (See Map of Israel). Mary and Davidic Messiah Joseph had to travel with the use of a donkey or on foot to arrive at the place. 1. The first expectation centers on the coming - Bethlehem means “house of bread” of a Savior who would come from the house possibly because of the fertile valleys where of David. He would be “God’s anointed one” wheat is grown and the rich olive groves or the “Messiah” who would save them grow that surround the town (Dais, 38). from their enemies and restore their - The birth of Jesus in Bethlehem otherwise kingdom. known as the City of David was a fulfillment - This expected Messiah would be a of the prophecy in Isaiah 9:2-3. political leader or warrior, someone like David, who would usher a new Isaiah 9:2-3 golden era in Israel “ The people who walked in darkness have seen a green light. They lived in a land of shadows, but God Himself now light is shining upon them. You have given them great Joy, Lord; you have made them happy.” 2. The second expectation is focused on God himself. The Jews hoped for the coming of Luke 2:52 God to rule the world and make all things “Jesus kept increasing in wisdom and stature and new. This was expressed in the concept of in favor with God and men.” Luke 2:52 the Kingdom of God – God’s righteous and sovereign rule. - He grew up in Nazareth, a town in Galilee - The Jews expected God to come with four brothers and some sisters, in the and deliver them from all their household of Mary and Joseph, the enemies and the evils of the world. carpenter. II. The Purpose of the Incarnation of God in Luke 2:11. Jesus “For today in the city of David there has been born for you a Savior who is Christ the Lord.” A. To reveal God - No one can save us from sins only Jesus can saves us, John 1:14,18. “And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, Mark 10:45. and we beheld His glory, glory as of the only “For even the Son of Man did not come to be begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth.” served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom - In the book of john the word refers to love u, for many.” it is the idea that something that it’s hard - Because of Jesus' life we were spared from grasp and means God. the ultimate punishment in hell and have an John 1:1 everlasting life. “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” C. To have dominion over all creation (even death He conquered) - Jesus came to carry out the mission of God Luke 1:78-79. (missio dei) that is a redemptive mission for “Because of the mercy of our God, with which the the whole creation. Sunrise from on high shall visit us, to shine upon those who sit in darkness and the shadow of death, Luke 1:33. to guide our feet into the way of peace.” This is “And He will reign over the house of Jacob forever; similar to Simeon’s statement in Luke 2:32, “A light and His Kingdom will have no end.” of revelation to the Gentiles, and the glory of Thy people Israel”. Matthew 2:2. - Jesus is like the sunrise, a life of revelation “Where is He who has been born King of the Jews? that we can know who God is. God is full of For we saw His star in the east, and have come to mystery. worship Him. - Jesus will be our king forever. Matthew 1:23. “Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall Messiah bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel, - “The anointed one” which is translated, “God with us.” - He is to be a human leader, physically descended from the paternal Davidic line B. For the salvation of people through King David and King Solomon. - In christianity , The messiah is called “The - Because of the barrier of sin between God christ” from greek “Χριστός”. and people, God sent a Savior to meet - Jesus is considered by the Christians as the people’s responsibility in a way acceptable Son of God, The Messiah. to God. Jesus Christ became the unblemished and spotless Lamb of God that was offered on the cross of Calvary for the atonement of sins. - In a sacrifice of the High priest if the smoke goes up God accepted the sacrifice. 1 Peter 1:18 says, “Knowing that you were not redeemed with perishable things like silver or gold from your futile way of life inherited from your forefathers, but with precious blood, as of a lamb unblemished, and spotless, the blood of Christ.” The saving act of Jesus did `not only deliver people from the bondage of slavery to sin but, towards the experience of fullness of life. - Jesus is the ultimate sacrifice for us so that we cannot be only freed from sin but we will experience a fullness of life. Luke 2:30. In Jesus, Simeon had seen God’s salvation when he said, “For my eyes have seen Your salvation.” - Jesus is our salvation MODULE 4.1: THE BAPTISM OF JESUS *At the request of Salome, daughter of Herodias and Herod, John was beheaded (see Matthew I. The Background of Jesus’ Baptism 14:3-11). “ What is Baptism? *Herod give the head of John as a reward to - Baptism in Greek is baptizo meaning “to Salome* plunge, dip, immerse” something in water. - Jesus’ baptism marked the beginning of His II. The Meanings of Baptism ministry on earth. He was 30 years old - Baptism is the sign of a new life through when he started his ministry. Jesus Christ. It unites the one baptized with - Jesus submitted himself to be baptized by Christ and with his people. John at the Jordan river. - The Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry issued - The Holy Spirit came upon Jesus affirming by the World Council of Churches has found him being the Son of God, the promised the following images or symbols in baptism deliverer of God’s people. which are similar if not exactly the same to - The holy spirit came like a dove from the other denominational teachings heaven and a voice said “This is my son of whom i am well pleased” 1. Participation in Christ’s Death and - It is the only situation in the bible where we Resurrection. can see the presence of trinity. - Jesus went down into the river Jordan and was baptized in solidarity with sinners in Who is John the Baptist? order to fulfill all righteousness (Matt. 3:15). - John ‘the Baptist’, the forerunner and - By baptism, Christians are immersed in the relative who lived an ascetic life in the liberating death of Christ where their sins Judean desert, was the one who baptized are buried, where the “old Adam” is crucified Him. with Christ, and where the power of sin is - John was born in Judea, the son of the broken. Those baptized are no longer priest Zacharias and Elisabeth, cousin of slaves to sin, but free. Read further Rom. Mary, the mother of Jesus. 6:3-11; Col. 2:13; 3:1; Eph. 2:5-6. - Jesus and John are closely related; they are 2. Conversion, Pardoning and Cleansing. 2nd cousins. - Those baptized are pardoned, cleansed and - John was a Nazarite from birth. Nazarites sanctified by Christ, and are given as part of do not cut their hair nor drink wine. Samson their baptismal experience a new ethical is one of them. orientation under the guidance of the Holy - John was a Nazarite from birth and Spirit (Mark 1:4; Heb. 10:22; 1Peter 3:21; prepared for his mission by years of self Acts 22:16; 1 Cor. 6:11). discipline in the desert. 3. The Gift of the Spirit. - John prepared the way for Jesus “The - God bestows upon all baptized persons the Messiah”, by calling people to repent and be anointing and the promise of the Holy Spirit, baptized for the Kingdom of God is at hand. marks them with a seal and implants in their - He is sometimes called “The Bulldozer” for hearts the first installment of their he prepares the highway for the coming of inheritance as sons and daughters of God. the Lord. The Holy Spirit nurtures the life of faith in - John’s office as forerunner was their hearts until the final deliverance when accomplished with the baptism of Jesus and they will enter into its full possession, to the his ministry came to close soon afterward. praise of the glory of God (see II Cor. - He likes locusts and wild honey. 1:21-22; Eph. 1:13-14) - He would wear animal skin and would live a life away from vanity. The seven Gifts of the Spirit: The gift of… *One day, Jesus submitted Himself at the River 1. Wisdom Jordan to be baptized by John. Upon His baptism, 2. Counsel the Holy Spirit came upon Him affirming his being 3. Piety the Son of God, the promised deliverer of God’s 4. Fear of God people.* 5. Knowledge 6. Fortitude * John angered Herod Antipas, the Judean ruler, by 7. Understanding denouncing him for marrying Herodias, the wife of his half-brother Herod, and was imprisoned (see Luke 3:1-20).* 4. Incorporation in the Body of Christ. Water - Baptism is a sign and seal of our common - is an evident symbol of washing and discipleship. Through baptism, Christians cleansing. The waters of baptism do are brought into union with Christ, with each symbolize washing and purification from other and with the Church of every time and sins as well as death and resurrection with place (see Eph. 4:4-6). Christ (see Titus 3:5 and Acts 22:16). 5. The Sign of the Kingdom. - Baptism initiates the reality of the new life Modes of Baptism: given in the midst of the present world. It is 1. Immersion - observed by Baptists a sign of the Kingdom of God and of the life 2. Sprinkling- practiced by the Methodists and of the world to come. Presbyterians 3. Pouring - observed by the Roman Catholic III. The Subjects of Baptism Scripture passages reveal subjects of Baptism: MODULE 4.2: THE TEMPTATION OF JESUS (see Acts 2:41; Acts 8:12; Acts 10:44-48; Acts 16:14-15; Acts 16:32-33; I Cor. 1:16); The Temptation of Jesus (Matthew 4:1-12) Who can be Baptized? Temptation Story 1. Those who believe in Jesus. 2. Those who have received the Gospel and 4:1 Then Jesus was led by the Spirit into the trusted in Christ for salvation. wilderness to be tempted by the devil. 2 After fasting forty days and forty nights, he was Alternative Views on who could be Baptized: hungry. 1. Roman Catholic 3 The tempter came to him and said, “If you are the - view believes in infant baptism. For them, Son of God, tell these stones to become bread.” baptism is necessary for salvation. The act 4 Jesus answered, “It is written: ‘Man shall not live of baptism itself causes regeneration. It is a on bread alone, but on every word that comes from means whereby the church bestows saving the mouth of God.’ grace on people, hence, it should be given 5 Then the devil took him to the holy city and had to all people (Gruden, 971). It is also one of him stand on the highest point of the temple. their sacraments 6 “If you are the Son of God,” he said, “throw 2. Protestant Paedobaptist yourself down. For it is written: “ ‘He will command - which includes Lutheran, Episcopalian, his angels concerning you, and they will lift you up Methodist, Presbyterian, Reformed in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot Churches, against a stone.’ Jesus answered him, “It is also - believes that baptism is administered to all written: ‘Do not put the Lord your God to the test.’ infant children of believing parents. Its 8 Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain justifications: a) infants were circumcised in and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and the Old Testament and baptism is seen their splendor. parallel to circumcision (Col. 2:11-12); b) 9 “All this I will give you, ” he said, “if you will bow household baptisms in Acts 16:15, 33 and I down and worship me.” Cor. 1:16. 10 Jesus said to him, “Away from me, Satan! For it 3.Baptists is written: ‘Worship the Lord your God, and serve - believe in believer’s baptism (Acts 2:41; him only. Acts 8:12) - those who received the Gospel 11 Then the devil left him, and angels came and and trusted in Christ for salvation (Acts attended him 16:14-15; Acts 16:32-33; I Cor. 1:16) - Jesus was baptized at the age of 30 years I. The Background of Jesus’ Temptation old. - Temptations came immediately after Jesus’ baptism. IV. Examples and Modes of Baptism - Satan challenged Jesus in the desert area Biblical examples of baptism: around the Jordan River to prove his being 1. John was baptized by immersion in the the Son of God. Jordan River (Mark 1:5). - These temptations were focused on Jesus’ 2. Jesus came out of the water (Mark 1:10). own relationship with God rather than on his 3. John the Baptist was baptized at Aenon mission. near Salim (John 3:23), because there was much water there. 4. Baptism of the Ethiopian eunuch (Acts 8:38-39).  - The temptation to turn the stone into bread, Three Coordinates of Satan’s Triangle the temptation to leap from the temple, and 1 John 2:15-17 the temptation to compromise his loyalty to the Father, was no doubt a call for the 1. The lust of the eyes Father to show His care to His hungry Son - The desire to have all the world offers. and to save Him from any danger, and 2. The lust of the flesh disillusionment. - Is the desire to do what the world does. - These temptations were vital for the 3. The pride of life preparation of Jesus in the ministry. - The desire for the world’s approval rather - These may not be the only temptations than the approval of God. Jesus met on the way to his mission, the point is, He cannot be tempted at all. (Have MODULE 4.3: HOW TO OVERCOME a closer look at the temptations Jesus had TEMPTATION by finding out his response to every temptation). Read Matthew 4:1-11. I. Definition of Sin and Temptation II. Phases of Jesus’ Temptation A. Definition. Sin - it is from khata (Hebrew) and hamartia (Greek). It means missing the mark. Temptation - it is from macca (Hebrew) and peirasmos (Greek). It means a test of character. II. The Seven Deadly Sins: - Pope Gregory I first enumerated the seven deadly sins in the late sixth century. - For his list, Gregory drew from the ideas of Evargius Ponticus, a fourth century Christian monk who identified eight evils III. Temptation humans should resist. Broadly speaking, the seven deadly sins function as ethical A. Definition: What is temptation? guidelines. - It is peirasmos in Greek. (Test or trial) to try, make a trial of, put to the test to discover Seven deadly and the virtues we need to what kind of person someone is. combat them.: - Temptation is not sin but yielding to temptation is. 1. Pride - Temptations aim to mislead and change - or haughty eyes is when a person looks three human characteristics: Thoughts down upon others and it is in fact (mind), desires (soul) and feelings (heart). considered as the root of all sins as this sin gives way to the rest of the sins. “Temptation is not a sin but playing with temptation - Pride is characterized as the desire and invites sin” - Fulton J. Sheen persuasion of being superior, better and more important than others, adopting a high B. Meanings of Jesus’ Temptations level of confidence which leads towards A. 1 st Temptation - Lust of the Flesh. It vanity. We can combat it with HUMILITY. represents Hedonism - pursuit of pleasure. 2. Envy (Hunger vs. Satisfaction) It happened in the - It is being jealous of the things others have desert. (turn stone to bread) and want to achieve or snatch them. Such a B. 2 nd Temptation - Pride of Life. It person can also be harmful to his fellows. represents Egoism - self-importance, self - Being jealous is a natural process but if a worth. (Helplessness vs. Power) It person constantly holds his jealousy it can happened in the Pinnacle of the Temple. be dangerous. We can combat it with (Throw yourself down for the angels will KINDNESS. take care of you) 3. Wrath C. 3 rd Temptation - Lust of the Flesh. It - It is an uncontrolled emotion and feelings of represents Materialism - material anger and hate are known as wrath. possession, wealth. (Being Poor vs. Being - A person is said to commit the deadly sin of Rich) It happened in the Tallest Mountain wrath when he adopts a fierce denial of (All this can be yours)(See if God will catch truth and when he has a desire for revenge. you) We can combat it with PATIENCE. 4. Sloth - It is another deadly sin which generates depression and sadness in our attitude. - Sloth or laziness is the negative attitude towards one’s responsibility, especially towards the spiritual obligation. - It is also referred to as the denial or negligence of a person towards his existence. We can combat it with DILIGENCE. 5. Gluttony - When we eat and drink excessively it is also considered as a deadly sin. - It is also characterized as the excess of anything which can bring harm to us such as abuse of alcohol and drinks. - Food is necessary for life but the sin of gluttony can lead towards the end of life. We can combat it with TEMPERANCE. 6. Greed - The deadly sin of greed is the desire of material or anything in excess. - Sometimes it is only referred to wealth and materialistic things. - It is considered as sin when a person wants to be rich for his own benefit without considering others. We can combat it with CHARITY. 7. Lust - When a person has excessive sexual thoughts and also has uncontrollable sexual desires, it is considered a deadly sin. - Lust is also considered as sexual compulsion or sexual addiction. - In a religious term, lust is about sabotaging the sexual act and using it for means which are not productive. We can combat it with CHASTITY. III. How to Overcome Temptation? - Temptation is all around. We cannot escape them but we avoid or overcome them. The following are the ways we can overcome temptation: 1. BY THE FAITHFULNESS OF GOD. (1 Corinthians 10:13a) 2. BY USING THE WORD OF GOD. (Hebrews 4;12) 3. BY THE INTERCESSION OF CHRIST (Luke 32:22) 4. BY PERSONAL PRAYER (Matthew 26:41) 5. BY FLEEING FROM IT (2 Timothy 2:22) 6. BY RESISTING IT (James 4:7) 7. BY ACCEPTING THE WAY OF ESCAPE (1 Corinthians 10:13b) - Also, learn to say NO. With God’s help, we can surely overcome temptation. Human as we are, we sometimes fall to temptation. But God is faithful that He promised in 1 John 1:9 “If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from our iniquities MODULE 5.1: THE MEANING OF THE WORD MODULE 5.2: THE TWELVE DISCIPLES OF DISCIPLE JESUS I. Meaning of the word “Disciple” I. The Disciples of Christ Disciple - The number 12 suggests the influence of - Latin discipulus means pupil or learner. Hebraic tradition and perhaps warrants the - Greek mathetes means student or learner terminology so commonly used today of the from manthano, “to learn”. basically the church – the New Israel (Harrison, 139). pupil of a teacher. - The following are the original twelve - Jesus was popularly known as a teacher or appointed by Jesus (Matthew 10:2-4; Mark rabbi and his associates were known as 3:16-19; Luke 6:13-16). disciples. All who responded to his message is a disciple. (Luke 6:17; 19:37). A. The “Inner Circle” because they were accorded special privileges II. The Background of being a “Disciple” - Peter, James, and John were chosen to be - Jesus said: “Follow me, and I will make you Jesus’ inner circle because He was making fishers of men” Mark 1:17. a special effort to prepare them for the - Jesus Christ selected and trained men who leadership roles they would later occupy in would represent him in the world in the the fledgling church. coming days, to minister to the world for - These three witnessed Jesus’ greatest him. moments of glory and His darkest trials. - He selected and called them by name and They were His closest friends. bound them to himself. They were ordinary men yet skilled and resourceful. 1. Simon - Six of them were fishermen on the Sea of - Also called Peter (“The reed Galilee and others with different changed to rock”, Petros “rock”). occupations. - Son of Jonas or John. - The Fishermen - Andrew, Simon Peter, - Home: Bethsaida and Capernaum. James, John, Philip, Thomas, and - A fisherman. Bartholomew - Wrote 1 & II Peter. Bible history and - Matthew - The Tax Collector traditional legends: Evangelistic and - Judas Iscariot - treasurer of the group missionary work among the Jews, - James and Judas - Tradesmen going as far as Babylon (1 Pe. 5:13). - Zealot - religious activist known as Simon - Tradition says as far as Rome, - All were from Galilee except Judas, the where he was crucified, head man of Keriot, from Judea. downward. - Jesus spent time with his disciples, taught them, led them, and prayed for them, that 2. James they may learn to reach out people in - (Supplanter, “The Elder”) Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to - Also called Boanerges or Son of the ends of the earth. Thunder. - Jesus selected and trained them to conquer - Son of Zebedee and Salome. the world in his name. “He called them his - Home: Bethsaida, Capernaum and friends rather than his servants for he had Jerusalem. taught them everything he had learned from - A fisherman. his Father” (John 15:15). - Preached in Jerusalem and Judea. - “From now on I call you not servants; for the - Death: Stabbed with a sword in servant knows not what his Lord does: But I Jerusalem but some said he was have called you friends” John 15:15. Beheaded by Herod, A.D. 44 (?) (Ac. - The disciples were sent out for mission as 12:1,2). soon as they were equipped and empowered with the promise that God will never leave them alone. - They were also called the 12 apostles of Christ, which means the ambassadors, or messengers of Christ.  3. John 4. Thomas - (God is gracious, “The Beloved - (Twin, “The Doubter”, Didymus) Disciple”). - Home: Galilee. - Also son of Thunder, brother of - Tradition says he labored in Parthia, James, Persia, and India. - son of Zebedee and Salome. - Suffering martyrdom near Madras, - Home: Bethsaida, Capernaum and at Mt. St. Thomas. Jerusalem. - Occupation: Probably a Fisherman - A fisherman. - Wrote Gospel, I, II, III John and 5. Matthew Revelation. - (Gift of God, Levi) - Labored among the Churches in - Son of Alphaeus. Asia Minor, according to tradition, - Home: Capernaum. especially at Ephesus. - A tax collector. - Banished to Patmos, afterward - Author of the Gospel Matthew. freed, - Tradition says he died a martyr in - Died a natural death. Ethiopia. - Also known as John the Beloved because he is the most loved C. The Little Known disciple of Jesus Christ. - Only little information was given to them but they had contributed a lot in the ministry of B. The Quiet Workers Jesus. - They are not usually noticed by they contributed a great part in furthering the 1. James kingdom of God in many places. - (“Supplanter”, The Less or Younger) - Son of Alphaeus, or Cleophas and 1. Andrew Mary. - (Manly, “The Personal Worker”) - Home: Galilee. - Brother of Peter, - Wrote epistle of James. - son of Jonas or John. - According to tradition, preached in - Home: Bethsaida and Capernaum. Palestine and Egypt. - A fisherman. - Was crucified in Egypt. - Originally a disciple of John the - Occupation: Tradesmen Baptist. - Was thrown off the wall and clubbed - Tradition: Preached in Scythia, to death. Greece and Asia Minor. - Death: Crucified on a St. Andrew’s 2. Jude Cross. - (“Man of heart”, Lebbaeus or Thaddaeus) 2. Philip - Brother of James “The Less” from - (Lover of horses, “Philippos”) Galilee. - Home: Bethsaida. - Tradition says he preached in - Occupation: Fisherman Assyria and Persia - Tradition says that he preached in - died a martyr in Persia. Phrygia, - Occupation: Tradesmen - DIed a martyr at Hierapolis. 3. Simon 3. Bartholomew - (“Hearing”, The Cananaean or - (Gift of God, Nathanael) Zealot) - Son of Tolmai. - Home: Galilee. - Home: Cana of Galilee. - Tradition says he was crucified. - According to tradition, he was a - Occupation: Political Activist missionary to Armenia and was - Death: Tradition says he was flayed to death. crucified, others said he was cut in - Jerome says he wrote a gospel. half. - He was flayed to death (skinned alive).  - “One cannot be a disciple of Christ without D. The Traitor forfeiting things normally sought in human life. Non-discipleship may be peaceful, 1. Judas comfortable but will not fulfill the highest - (“The Traitor”, Iscariot) human possibilities and take life on the - Son of Simon. highest plane” (Bonhoeffer, 1937). - Home: Kerioth of Judea. - He betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces II. Two-fold Purpose in Making Disciples of silver and afterwards hanged - “Go therefore and make disciples of all himself (Mt. 26:14-16; 27:3-5). nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Note that aside from the 12 disciples, Jesus had Spirit.” Matthew 28:19 other circle of disciples.