RCP 110 Exam II Study Guide.docx

**[RCP 110 Exam II Study Guide ]** - Dynamic characteristics of the Lungs - Define airway resistance - Airways resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation airway resistance is the opposition of to airflow in the Airways makin...

**[RCP 110 Exam II Study Guide ]** - Dynamic characteristics of the Lungs - Define airway resistance - Airways resistance is the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation airway resistance is the opposition of to airflow in the Airways making it harder to breathe. - Know and define the different flow patterns - laminar flow gas flow that is streamlined and smooth - turbulent flow gas flow that is all over the place and bouncing against the walls of the airway - transitional flow gas flow that is transitioning from laminar to turbulent or vice versa - Define time constant and know how increased/decreased resistance and increased/decreased compliance affect the time constant - Time constant is the time in seconds necessary to inflate a particular lung region to approximately 60% of its potential filling capacity. Time constant is the time it takes for the lungs to accept a certain amount of gas it is affected by airway resistance and compliance high airway resistance -hinders gas flow -increases time constant low airway resistance -smooth pass path for gas flow- decreases time constant high lung compliance- stretched-out lungs -increases the time-constant low lung compliance- stiff lungs -decreased time constant - Understand what happens to flow and pressure when the radius of the tube decreases - when the tube gets smaller less flow less air or liquid can move through it with more pressure you have to push harder to get the air or liquid through the smaller opening it\'s like trying to drink through a thin straw it\'s harder to suck and you don\'t get as much liquid - Lung Volumes and Capacities - Be able to draw and label the spirogram- review chapter 11 sibberson. Given numerical values for different lung volumes and capacities be able to calculate other lung volumes and capacities (math homework from the lung volumes handout) review chapter 11-sibberson - Be able to define: - Total lung capacity is the total amount of air your lungs can hold when you take the biggest breath possible filling them completely normal for males is 6000 ML normal for females is 4200 ML - Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air you can breathe out after taking the biggest breath in it\'s like how much air you can move in and out of your lungs when you try your hardest normal for men is 4800 normal for females is 3200 - Residual volume, is the amount of air that stays in your lungs after you breathe out as much as you can it\'s the air that never leaves your lungs to keep them from collapsing normal for men is 1200 normal for females is 1000 - Inspiratory capacity is the total amount of air you can breathe in after breathing out normally it\'s the biggest breath you can take starting from a normal exhale normal for males is 3600 normal for females it is 2400 - Functional residual capacity is the amount of air left in your lungs after you breathe out normally it\'s the air that stays in your lungs, keeping them open and ready for the next breath normal male value is 2400 ML, and the normal female value is 1800ml - Inspiratory reserve volume is the extra amount of air you can breathe in after taking a normal breath it\'s like when you take a deep breath after a regular breath to fill your lungs even more a male normal value is 3100 ML female normal value is 1900 ML - Tidal volume, the amount of air you breathe in or out with each normal breath for adult males normal is 500ml, and for adult females normal is 400 to 500ML - Expiratory reserve volume is the extra amount of air you can breathe out after a normal breath it\'s like when you exhale normally and then push out even more air from your lungs normal male value is 1200 ML normal female value is 800ML - Be able to identify the changes that occur in lung volumes and capacities in obstructive lung disease and restrictive lung disease - obstructive lung disease patterns increased TLC increased RV decreased VC decreased IC increased FRC increased RV decreased ERV and increased VT and decreased IRV - restrictive lung disease patterns decreased TLC, RV, VC, IC, FRC, ERV, IRV, VT, and RV. - Be able to identify the characteristics of obstructive lung disease and identify the conditions that fall in the obstructive category - obstructive lung diseases are characterized by the constriction of Airways making it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs this can be caused by various factors cystic fibrosis chronic bronchitis emphysema and bronchiectasis - Identify conditions that are categorized as restrictive lung disease - restrictive lung diseases are characterized by the inability of the lungs to expand fully making it difficult for the lungs to take in oxygen this can be caused by various factors including obesity pregnancy mesothelioma sarcoidosis pulmonary fibrosis lung cancer and pneumothorax - Diffusion of Pulmonary Gases - What is the partial pressure of water vapor - 47 mmHg - What is the value for barometric pressure - 760 mmHg - Effects of oxygen toxicity in the pulmonary and central nervous systems **Pulmonary Effects\ **-- Tracheobronchitis\ -- Substernal chest pain\ -- Atelectasis\ -- Decreased vital capacity\ -- Decreased lung compliance\ -- Decreased diffusing capacity **Central Nervous System**\ -- Tremors\ -- Twitching\ -- Convulsions\ -- Coma\ -- Death\ -- Central nervous system effects usually only occur at pressures greater than 1 atm. - Know the definitions of diffusion and pressure gradient and know the differences between diffusion and pressure gradient - Diffusion gradient is the movement of molecules, like (oxygen or carbon dioxide) from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration - Pressure gradient- the difference in pressure between two areas. In the lungs, the oxygen or carbon dioxide pressure difference between iolite and the blood makes the gases move. - Diffusion is the actual movement of gas and molecules, from high to low and travels together Pressure gradient is the force that causes the gases to move from one area to another. - Kinetic energy -- driving force responsible for diffusion - What accounts for the difference is the PO2 of the atmosphere and the PO2 in the alveoli By the time the oxygen molecules reach the\ alveoli, they are diluted by the addition of CO2\ and H20 molecules\ Accounts for the difference between the\ partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere\ and lower partial pressure of oxygen in the\ alveoli - Indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy Indications:\ -- Gas embolism\ -- Decompression sickness\ -- Radiation necrosis\ -- Diabetic wounds of the lower extremities\ -- Non-healing skin grafts\ -- Crush injuries\ -- Acute traumatic ischemia\ -- Thermal burns\ -- Clostridial gangrene\ -- Necrotizing soft tissue infections\ -- Refractory osteomyelitis\ -- CO poisoning\ -- Cyanide poisoning\ -- Severe blood loss or anemia - Which gas law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture? - Dalton's Law - What effects does increasing and decreasing altitude have on the oxygen in the atmosphere - Atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in altitude the density of the different gases surrounding the earth decreases with increased altitude. - Under normal resting conditions, what is the total transit time required for blood to move through the alveolar capillary system? - Under normal resting conditions, blood moves through alveolar capillary membrane in approximately 0.75 seconds - Be able to calculate the PAO2 \[(PB-PH20)x FIO2\]-(paCO2/R) - Be able to calculate the P(A-a)O2 and identify it is normal or increased - What conditions can increase the thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane? - Pulmonary disorders that increase the thickness of the A-C membrane include: Pulmonary edema Pneumonia Interstitial lung disease ARDS RDS in newborns - What is the normal thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane Thickness -- 0.36-2.5 mm What is the average oxygen tension - 40mmhg - 46mmhg - Is 100 mmHg - Is 40mmhg - 0.25 seconds - 0.75 seconds - 24 hours and 50% oxygen