Analytical Chemistry Lecture 5: Chemical Symbols, Periodic Table PDF

Ph. Analytical Chemistry I (Clinical program) Lecture 5 30 Dr.Amr Sabry Zn Zinc 12 Mg...

Ph. Analytical Chemistry I (Clinical program) Lecture 5 30 Dr.Amr Sabry Zn Zinc 12 Mg agnesium M  learning outcomes 1 2 3 4 Use chemical Periodical Table types of chemical formulae to represent and types of bonds reaction compounds and their electronegativity nomeclature.  Each symbol is made up Chemical of one or two letters. Symbols These are shorthand ways to Na Sodium represent elements in chemistry. Always capitalise the Recall that an element cannot be first letter! broken down into simpler substances. Common Chemical H N Fe Hydrogen Nitrogen Symbols Iron O Na K Oxygen Sodium potasium C Cl F Carbon Chlorine florine  Symbols Elements are often named based on their characteristics, the substances they were extracted from, how they were found, mythological beings, locations or notable individuals. Au Ni Mg I P Ag Gold Nickel Magnesium Iodine Phosphorus Silver K Ca Hg Al Zn C Potassium Calcium Mercury Aluminium Zinc Carbon The Periodic 1 2 H He Table of 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne Elements 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba 57-71 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra 89-103 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Periodical table consists of Consists mainly of 8 groups and 7 periods Groups Vertical Columns in the periodic table Its number indicates no of valence electrons some definitions : Group IA : Alkali metals (Na, K) Group IIA:ALkaline Earth metals (Ca, Mg) 35 Group VIIA : Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) Group VIIIA : Rare or Noble gase (He,Ne) ? ----- ------ Periods 2 Horizontal rows in the periodic table Its number indicates no of energy He shells (levels) Heliu m Electronegativity  Metals Non Metals Metalloids Intermediate Low Electronegativity High Electronegativity Electronegativity lose electrons gain electrons lose or gain positive charge negative charge  Octet rule lose electrons Gain electrons Sharing electrons Positive charge negative charge Cation Anion  Types of bond Ionic bond Covalent bond (between cation & anions) e.g NaCl Polar covalent Non Polar covalent NH₃ O₂  Solubility “ Like dissolves Like ” Polar compounds Nonpolar compounds soluble in polar solvents soluble in nonpolar solvents insoluble in nonpolar solvent insoluble in polar solvent Non Polar solvent Polar solvent as Hexane, benzene, diethyl ether water, alcohol, acetone  Naming The chemical formula for Compounds carbon dioxide is CO₂. A compound is a substance containing two or more elements that are chemically bonded. A chemical formula is an expression showing the elements in What does a compound and their relative the formula CO₂ mean? proportions. It contains a combination of chemical symbols and numbers.  Naming Ionic Compounds An ionic compound is composed of a metal and non-metal. Some of the basic rules when naming ionic compounds include: 1 2 3 A compound with three A metal will always come An ionic compound with elements, including first in a chemical two elements will have a oxygen, will have a name formula, followed by a name that ends with -ide. that ends with -ate non-metal. or -ite. Ex: sodium chloride Ex: copper sulfide Ex: sodium sulphate (NaCl) (CuS) (NaSO₄)  Naming Covalent Compounds A covalent compound has two or more non-metals. Some of the general rules when naming covalent compounds are: 1 2 3 A covalent compound Use the prefixes (mono-, The non-metal furthest with two elements will di-, tri-, tetra-) to indicate to the left on the periodic have a name that ends the number of that table comes first. with -ide. element in the molecule. Ex: carbon dioxide Ex: sulfur dioxide Ex: carbon tetrachloride (CO₂) (SO₂) (CCl₄)  Naming Covalent Compounds Remember that many covalent compounds have common names that are widely accepted. water ammonia methane one nitrogen one atom carbon four atom hydrogen two H₂O NH₃ CH₄ atoms hydrogen atoms one three oxygen hydrogen atom atoms  Tpes of Chemical reactions Chemical reaction is process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products. there is many classification to chemical reaction but the main chemical reaction will be studied is : A- Ionic Combination Reaction B- Electron transfer reaction (Redox reactions) Electrons transferred from reducing agents to oxidizing agents resulting in change of oxidation Nº Ionic Combination Reaction The reaction of ions results in the formation of a slightly ionized (or slightly soluble) product. This type includes several kinds of reaction  types of Ionic Reactions 1-Neutralisation The reaction of an acid and an alkali. combination of H+ with OH- to form 2- Preciptation 3-Complex formation combination of ions to form combination of ions to form slightly sparingly soluble ppt ionized comple  Electrolyte Substances when dissolved in water undergo dissociation (conduct electricity). Strong Weak non Electrolyte ionize to a high degree (Ionic ionize to a slight degree no ionization, so no compounds) (partial ionization) conductance Acids: Acids : e.g. sugar, glycerin, ethyl Bases: Bases : acetate. Salts of weak acid with strong Salts: salt of weak acid-weak base, strong acid with strong or base weak base. Assignments Amr Eissa  Chemistry Name Game Identify the correct chemical formulae for the following compounds. potassium carbon potassium lithium iodide sulfuric acid bromide monoxide nitrate Chemical H₂O Formulae Hunt Na Identify and record the chemical Cl formulae, common names, for five (5) common compounds found at ? home.