Philosophy PDF
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This document presents an overview of various concepts within philosophy. It touches upon metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, and logic as well as the historical context. The text discusses different schools of thought and key figures.
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he five domains of Philosophy are T The term “Philosopher” however is metaphysics,ethics, epistemology, logic “Lover of Wisdom” and it was invented andaestheticsfrom its beginnings to...
he five domains of Philosophy are T The term “Philosopher” however is metaphysics,ethics, epistemology, logic “Lover of Wisdom” and it was invented andaestheticsfrom its beginnings to by -Pythagoras of Croton the present. . Scientific approach 1 Greece is the birth place of Philosophy Philosophical approach is a systematic; it is in the west, and western coast of an ordered body of learning as any other Greek city of Miletus (Turkey) sciences. .Natural Light of Reason 2 “Philosophers” formerly called Philosophy uses one’s natural capacity to as“Sages” think or observe the world and people. .Study of all things 3 “ Things to be appear ever-changing, but is This sets the distinction between philosophy there something about them does not change” and other sciences. All other sciences - Water concern themselves with a particular object of investigation, but philosophy is multidimensional or holistic. etaphysics M The concept of thought, idea, existence, llegory of the cave A reality, being, and other abstract ideas of life PARTIAL are understood and analyzed using what Existinsidethecave isphysicallyseenintheworldand vice versa. The shadows, echoes, and sound of Thales,A Greek thinker claims that unseen object everything is water. Clouds, for example blocks of ice, do not look like water, but they HOLISTIC can be explained in terms of water. Found outside the cave - Thales of Miletus Truth and freedom ETAPHYSICS M thics E Plato, Socrates’s famous students said that Specifically, epistemology deals with world with ourfive senses is real. nature,sources,limitationsandvalidity of knowledge (Soccio, 2007) Epistemological latocalled the truth as consisted of P questions are basic to how we explain IdeasorForms, also referred as the philosophical inquiries Universals or Absolutes; such we consider when discussing moral, mathematical and scientific ideas. Epistemology uman knowledge may be H regarded as having two parts -SENSES AND REASONING Epistemology Logic ENSES S Reasoningis the concern of the logician. mundane of affairs in everyday living. This could be reasoning in science and medicine, in ethics and law, in Politics and commerce. in Sports and games and in the n the one hand, human sees, hears and O touches; he organizes in his mind what he The term “Logic” comes from the Greek word learns through the senses. Logike and was coined by Zeno the Stoic treatise - (c340-265 BC). Etymologically, it means a on Empiricismis the view that knowledge matters pertaining to human thought. can be attained only through sense Experience. Aesthetics - Aestheticsisthescienceof thebeautiful Reasoning in its variousmanifestations, as a branch, Other philosophers think it is more important of Philosophy students should consider to find a general law according to which the importance of aesthetics because of the particular facts can beunderstoodorjudged. Following : - 1. It vitalizes our knowledge Thismethodiscalleddeductions 2.Ithelpsustolivemoregenuinely and its advocates are called and its and completely Rationalist(Eg. Rene Descartes) 3. It brings us in touch of our Culture ethods of Doing Philosophy M Logic and Critical thinking; Tools in Philosophizing is to think or express oneself Reasoning in a rational and logical manner. It considers The goal of logic is to distinguish good or discusses a matter from a philosophical reasoning from bad. In Logic, the standard standpoint of goodness is not effectiveness in the sense - of persuasiveness, but rather correctness Phenomenological by Edmund Husserl according to logical rules. Phenomenology came from two Greek words phainomenon and Logic and critical thinking consider these three - it means a study of phenomenon concepts in interpreting the meaning of facts; ogical analysis L 1. Culture system Like many human activities, 2. Values reasoning can be done well, or it 3. Beliefs can be done badly. wo parts of an Argument T Premises –Statements that claim to In this case conclusion: present the evidence or reasons, for Human cloning should never instance, consider; Human Cloning is evil been allowed wo parts of a Reasoning T Fallacies / Fallacy Deductive Reasoning –draws the A fallacy is a defect in argument Conclusion from usually one broad and to detect it, we examine the judgement or definition and more specific content of argument assertion, often an inference rgumentum Ad Hominem A - If the premises are true, the conclusion Hominem came from Latin word must also be true. It’s a way to derive “homo” which means man. This specific conclusions from general principles. fallacy literally means hitting the Ex.All people pleaser have poor self-esteem person below the belt instead of Ash is a people pleaser focusing on the issue at hand. (Therefore, Ash has poor self-esteem) Ad hominem Characteristic: Attacking the person Inductive Reasoning –is based on the argument it self observations in order to make generalizations. A person can make a AppealtoForce/ Argumentumad general guess. baculum Characteristic:Using threat of force or his reasoning is often applied in prediction, T an undesirable event to advance an argu forecasting, or behavior Many people holding their umbrellas, the Appeal to Pity / Argumentum ad ground is wet, and the wind is strong so misericordiam probably it is raining. Characteristic: Using emotions such Ex.Ob: Every time I see a swan, it is white. as pity or sympathy Ob: I have seen hundreds of swans and they have all been white. ppeal to tradition A Co:Therefore,allswansareprobablywhite. Characteristic: Theideaisacceptable because it has been true for a long time INDUCTIVE Cause and effect Probabilistic Nature: The conclusion is not guaranteed haracteristic: Assuming a “cause C to be true, even though it is supported by repeated and effect” relationship between observations. There might be a non-white swan somewhere unrelated events that hasn’t been observed. asty Generalization H Based on Evidence: The conclusion is drawn from the This fallacy is committed when pattern observed in specific instances but acknowledges one reaches a generalization that there could beexceptions. based on insufficient evidence Pattern Recognition: The conclusion is based on the consistent pattern observed over time. Expectation of Continuity: While it’s very likely the pattern will continue, there’s no absolute certainty.
