IGCSE Biology Topical Notes by Chapter PDF

r/IGCSE Resources Topical Notes by Chapter for Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Authored by Veda 1st edition, for examination until 2025 © r/IGCSE R...

r/IGCSE Resources Topical Notes by Chapter for Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) Authored by Veda 1st edition, for examination until 2025 © r/IGCSE Resources 2024 Characteristies Movement runorgan,ims!YatnreinanEErdan:ORaction made by organism causing fertile offspring change of position / Place Binomial naming system reactions thattake place -way to make classification standard Respiration - chemical thatbreak down nutrient molecules and in cells - Scientific name-consists of Genus and Species GenusSpecies release energy for metabolism. captartswith lowerforan erere Sensitivity - abithersensetimeininterrace - Scientific for humans! name appropriate responses Why do we classify organisms? - to identify those at risk of extinction Growth - permanent increase in size and - to understand evolutionary relationships dry mass by or both. increase in cell number How do we classify organisms? By studying morphology, anatomy! its Reproduction - process thatmakes more of Morphology:Study of form or outward appearance oforganisms Anatomy:study of internal structure same kind of organism by dissection. Sequences of DNAand amino acids in - proteins are Excretion a more accurate way of classification. removal from organisms of metabolism, Each species has its products unique number of chromosomes - - waste of and sequence of bases in DNA it toxic materials and excess substances making different from other species (humans have 46 min chromosomes) Nutrition - taking in materials for energy, and development. growth -organism with recentancestors have DNA similiar than distant that's more All living things classify under. Viruses Dichotomous kingdom, phylum, Class, order, Genus, Species - Have central core ofRNASDNA keys Surrounded by protein coat. -used to identify organisms All living things have certain features in common like: -No nucleus, organelles cytoplasm, cell or cell membrane early made of contrasting -presense of cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA (genetic material) - Do not feed, excrete, respire or Dichotomous means I grow. branches) Ribosomes (in cytoplasm) floating freely attached to - or - Virus PARTICLES are NOT cells!! membranes called rough endoplasmic reticulum. Do reproduce, buti nside - cells of (Ribosomes make the proteins 8 living organism using materials enzymes involved in respiration) from hostcell. Whittaker's Five kingdom Scheme: Animal, Plant, Fungus, Prokaryote, Protocist Animal Plant. Fungus Prokaryote Protoctist. ·Multicellular ·multicellular organisestates unicellular - Unicellular -madeupofthread - cell wall made up of cellulose like hypei n Bacteria and -chromosomes enclosed in algae a - Divided into vertebrates and contains chloroplasts membrane to form a nuclear with chlorophyll. many nucleiare distributed throughout chromosomes not organized into a - arthropods! can make their - own food the cytoplasm in their hyphae. videdinto ferns by flowering plantsin VERTEBRATES. 8 Mushrooms - Each bacterial cell contains a single - Eg:Amoeba Eg:Yeast - chromosome, consisting circular of DNA Landplants vergesensameroutinesylema strands. knee. So the zygote directly becomes the fern plant Fern plants have sporangia, which makes spores FLOWERING PLANTS. Yayananda n8Marla, * ARTHROPODS on Chapter 2:Organization of the organism Eukaryotic cells:have nucleus Cell Structure in bacterial cells. - 3 membrane bound organelles cell structures in both animal cell wall cell membrane · · cytoplasm · ribosomes and plant cells both. · Circular DNA:DNA notin nucleus, outside in cytoplasm and is in a cell membrane:selective control of what loop goes into and out of cell · Plasmids:little rings of DNA, contain material extra DNA - nucleus:carries genetic I them move around - cytoplasm:jelly like substance where all chemical ·flagella:helps Flagella (Plural) reactions take place Flagellum (Singular) - - ribosomes:site of protein synthesis mitochondria: specialized cells adaptations ↑ Site of derobic Ciliated cells:allow movement - neurons / nerve cells:conduction of respiration of mucus in impulses -longtoreachdifferent partsofthe her the trachea and bronchi bog Chigh metabolism cells -Domes nerve a s need lots of mitochondria - axon is fatty sheath that insulates cell and speeds up nerve to release energy) impulse Cell structure in plants only. cell wall:Structural Root hair cells Red blood cells supportfor plants A increase surface area Transportoxygen in blood * Chloroplasts:Site - to maximise absorption of photosynthesis in plants - walls are thin -biconcave shape for Central Permant vacuoles:stores/isolates increased surface area by harmfull materials, no chloroplasts needed flexibility - contains haemoglobin - which joins with - Some animal cells stores small nutrients oxygen to transport can have -contains no nucleus to increase oxygen capacity vacuoles but maintains water balance in cell they're not central and most structural support likely temporary. by applying turgor pressure Palisade mesophyll cells > allow for photosynthesis to occur sperm and agg cells - column shape to maximise sunlight absorption and fit many in same layer -contains many chloroplasts to maximise photo Synthesis - Head contains haploid - Lots of nucleus cytoplasm for with genetic info nutrients and growth of acrosome contains digestive embryo enzymes to penetrate egg cell membrane - midorswimmingandto-after changes fertilization so that fertization no more sperms can enter - tail allows cell to swim of Levels organization. size of specimens - · cell - tissue A I M Image Actual size size Magnification -Mumm =1000 organ -basic functional and structural uniti n Groups of similiar cells of made from different tissues organisations with structure related functions living organisms working on same to perform specific together to perform working - magnification has no units! function function functions Example: cells in body need to divide 2000mm actual size Logon1000CmN min to - allow for growth repair -new cells are produced 50mm imge size through division of existing cells e magnification =?  inruinruni anin nainiYr. rhines - membrane. i Diffusion Net movement * na goes down water of concentration gradientdiffuse through hair cells. OSMOSiS - dissolved salts molecules Plantcells in different Animal cells in different root the steeper the from high to gradient (big difference low) the faster Importance the diffusion. of from high water potential solutions.Osmosis (dilutes to solutions. if lower water potential (Concentrated) animal cell is in water, excess - if plantc ell is placed in distilled plants gain - water (Purified water enters cell by osmosis and if water through through partially permeable membrane water) water molecules move from distilled water into plant cells. water isn'texpelled, cell will burst. osmosis from soil to roots (This is haemolysis) If plantcell vacuoles ion neitbureauofcementinsure - arent ifanimal cell is in saltsolution, dilute solution has full, cell will become - - water flaccid. If more water potential in cytoplasmosmoses out and cell becomes all the calls in leaf become and concentrated solution has on elastic cell wall. Shrinked (Crenated) flaccid whole leaf drops and plant w ilts. less water potential plantsneedwater to stay firmthe if plantc ell is in saltsolution with both - occurs in plants animal cells low water potential, water moves from cell stainabon-cells in animal body are to solution, cell becomes -water moves in and out of cell membrane plasmolysed Isotonic:similiar amount by liquid which has surrounded to blood of sugars/salts same concentrationa s the Hypotonic:less sugars liquid inside cells and salts than blood (Tissue fluid:liquid outside cells) Active transport * the movement particles of through cell membrane Importance of Active transport. from lower concentration to high concentration using energy * uptake of glucose by accquired from respiration. epithelial cells in the villiof - Carrier proteins pick up specific molecules and take them small intestines and by kidney through cell membrane against concentration gradient. tubules in the nephrons - substance combines with carrier molecule, using energy * uptake of ions from soil water from respiration, carriers are given kinetic energy needed needed to and move substance membrane by roothair cells in plants change through min Chapter 4:Biological moleculeS Fats * Carbon, oxygen and Hydrogen -most fats clipids) in the Proteins body carbohydrates. are made up of triglycerides. Carbon, All * contain Carbon, basic unitof fatis 1glycerol oxygen, Hydrogen and - * oxygen and Hydrogen molecule Nitrogen, some contain small amounts of chemically bonded with Long chains of simple sugars - other elements like 3 fatty acid chains. Glucose is sulphur. simple sugar (Monosaccharide) - a chain of amino acids -Lipids are divided into fats Long - When lots of Glucose join RTP) - pepsin type Microvillion the surface of - - a eg:canine - to villus and increases teeth are embedded into bone gums riph tear food, to chew the incissor to bite food. and cut and premolar/molars maltase Protein polypeptidecaptide aminoacias surfacearequestsmall allows for fastd iffuse the The ileum is well supplied with Lipdseds a - network of blood capillaries thata re stomach. used to transport glucose, amino acids away from small intestines. -Lipaseenzymes are producedinthepancrease and secreted into the duoden see -Lacteal runs through the centre ofv illus to the stomach lining contains muscles which transportfatty - acids, glycerol away from the small intestines in the contract to physically squeeze and mix the food Lymph. WithstrongadigestivenicethingarepresentWhiteene Lip aSe Lipids Glycerol 8 acids 3 fatty Hydrochloric Acid. Bile. of fluids and this is known A stomach produces alot a gastric liver produces bile, bile is stored in the - gallbladder juices. Bileisenalineapplenutralizeshydrochloric acidfromstomaare A Hydrochloric acid is one t hese of fluids bilebreaks large fatdroplets into smaller - droplets. This process is emulsification, large surface areo flipids allows lipase to acid pH for chemically break down lipids. Emulsification doesn't AThe acid kills bacteria and gives enzymes to chemically change the substance, it simply makes it smaller whichis still work in the stomach. apartofphysical/mechanical digestion. Low pH denatures in bacterial cells and that enzymes - makes the cell out reactions to unable to carry any cell maintain life - Eg:pepsin has 2pH level Hydrochloric acid ensures condition in stomach is within optimum - to work atthe fastest to allow enzymes like pepsin r ate. Ensen: - emirisortingne min in root cells hair translocation - - The soluble products of photosynthesis are Horsonanarewinglesandteensions ofepidermiscellatethe Sugars (mainly sucrose) and amino acids phloem tubes which are made up of This happens because soil has living cells higher water potential than in roofh air cells so water osmoses into cell. Cytoplasm · roofh air cells have increased surface area t he absorption of in the end cell walls of water by osmosis and mineral ions active transport. (Sieve plates) and allow easy by Osmosis causes into - water to pass roothair cells root cortexand into through the xylem vessels: the phloem, from regions of production to regions -Once water into itis carried gets xylem, up to leaves where of storage or use, is called translocation e nters it mesophyll cells So the PATHWAY OFWATER is: Transport in the phloem goes in many different directions root hair cell -> rootc ortex cells -xylem - leaf mesophyll cells depending on developmentb utusually for dissolved foods its always source to sink (where its stored or used). Investigating water movement in Plants. During winter, when plant has no leaves, phloem transports dissolved sucrose B investigated by placing plant like amino acids from Pathway can be a storage organs to other parts to be used for respiration in plant. * beaker ofw ater with coloured water (food dye) Celery into During growth period (Spring), storage organs (roots) would be the source and * After few hours you can see leaves celery turning into of growing areas ofthe plant would be the sinks. colour t he of water proving water is taken up. Aftertheplanthas grownsummers,leaveswillphotosynthesfortheenter · * Ifcross-section is certain areas t he stalk is cut, only of stained with colour, these are the xylem vessels. 1 needed again. transpiration - theelect investigate emperaturatewilting spiration a * Water travels up xylem from roots to the ·in the experiment, shoot is underwater to prevent leaves to replace water thatis lostby air entering xylem. transpiration. removecapillarytubetoletair bubble to for the Transpiration · is the loss of water vapour from leaves by evaporation surface of spongy mesophyll followed by of water from the further the bubble travels Period, the faster transpiration is in the same time occuring. wilting healthy Plant diffusion ofwater vapour through stomata. plant Experimental setup for testing the · such as: · xylem is adapted in ways * if more water evaporates from the effect of lightintensity. Bancethatedliseedsoince"was"form leaves than thati s available in the soil continue to ·temperaturein to move to roots by osmosis, wilting will occur - Lignin strengthens plant to help itwithstand the pressure of water movement transpiration 4 T his * is when cells are not full of in xylem only takes place in one direction movement · Wind Speed: water, so strenght of cell wall can't from roots to leaves (phloem goes differentdirections). wind speed supportp lantand itstarts to collapse Transpiration Functions. transpiration 4 transport mineral ions - - provide water to keep cells turgid water loss. vapour ranmoreenactedeach onFeetnsion: provide water for photosynthesis - -keeping leaves cool evaporative cooling) place from surfaces of to * Evaporation takes continuous columns of water. cells. 1 spongy mesophyll 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 In 11 is transpiration -watermovesthrough"yemincontinuous stream at * the many interconnecting air spaces & cells? Stomata create large surface Traneairdesignagecontestinerestwaterwasnearergn between area * evaporation can rapidly happen when water is pulled up the xylem leaves quicker. Stomata are open mimini nining heart - Tr a n s p o r tm ent i n g meaning itc an'ttravel fast. By returning blood to the heart after going through the lungs its pressure can be raised the cells can be respiration faster and again before sending to body, meaning supplied more with oxygen frequently. and glucose they need for carry ox 49 enated blood thick muscular walls high pressure back flow due thick so are leaky surrounding and cells. narrow arterioles and then they to low (except pulmonary artery). contai