Bonds PDF

10. Bonds Bonds are a way to raise funding for companies limited by shares. Bonds are debt securities that represent equal-value fractions of a unit operation in the form of a loan. Like shares, bonds have: → equal nominal value → grant equal rights (not administrative rights) Unlike shares: → bonds...

10. Bonds Bonds are a way to raise funding for companies limited by shares. Bonds are debt securities that represent equal-value fractions of a unit operation in the form of a loan. Like shares, bonds have: → equal nominal value → grant equal rights (not administrative rights) Unlike shares: → bonds grant their holders the status of company creditor → funds raised by the company from bondholders are not provided as contributions, but go to form the so- called loan capital, and they are placed in the company's assets as loans → bondholders have the right to receive a fixed remuneration (interests), which normally doesn't depend on the financial results of the company; they also have the right to receive repayment of nominal value of the capital loaned, at the expiry date Except for these few common rules, there are many kinds of bonds: → index-linked bonds (or structured bonds) → convertible bonds → warrant bonds → subordinated bonds → participating bonds Bond issuance limits -a ratio must be respected between capital plus reserves, on one side, and bonds, on the other side —(art. 2412, par. 1): bonds may be issued for an amount that in the aggregate does not exceed twice the share capital (subscribed capital, not just paid-up capital), plus the legal reserve and the available reserves resulting from the latest approved financial statements; the statutory auditors shall certify compliance with this limit -guarantees made by the company for bonds issued by other companies are also calculated in this sum (art. 2412, par. 4, c.c.) The ratio between bonds issued and capital plus reserves must remain unchanged during the life of the bond, so: -the company may not pass a resolution to voluntarily reduce the share capital (i.e. material reduction) if the limit would no longer be met -mandatory reduction for losses (ex art. 2446 and 2447 c.c.) are allowed, but in this case, or also when reserves decrease due to losses, profits cannot be distributed until the ratio between bonds and capital plus reserves is restored There are some situations where the limit (ratio between bonds and capital plus reserves) can exceed the legal limit, if: 1. Subscription by institutional investors are subject to prudential supervision 2.bonds are guaranteed by a first priority mortgage (ipoteca) 3 for reasons involving national economy 4.bonds are listed on regulated markets or multilateral trading venue 5.the bonds acquire the right to acquire or subscribe shares (convertible and warrant bonds) Issuance procedure: → directors approve the issuance of bonds → the resolution must be recorded in minutes drawn up by a notary, who makes legality checks → the resolution must be recorded in the Business register → the resolution shall only take effect and may only be implemented after its recording → bonds content (art. 2414, c.c.), the bond must indicate informations such as: the company's name, objects and registered office; share capital and existing reserves… → bond register (art. 2421, c.c.) provides information for the amount of the bonds issued, the names of bondholders and any related transfer Convertible bonds Convertible bonds are bonds that give the right to subscribe shares in the same company, based on a predetermined exchange ratio (conversion rate), using the amounts paid when bonds are purchased as contributions to the share capital. The one who exercises the conversion right ceases to be a bondholder and becomes a shareholder. The issuance of convertible bonds implies the need to also pass a resolution for a share capital increase (against contributions, i.e. material increase) that will be subscribed when the bondholders exercise their right to subscribe the new -shares (right of conversion). Conditions for issuance 2420-bis: -previously subscribed share capital must have been fully paid up -convertible bonds cannot be issued for an amount lower than their nominal value The extraordinary shareholders' meeting is the body responsible for passing the resolution to approve an issuance of convertible bonds, the instrument of corporation may grant directors the ability to issue convertible bonds, up until a given amount and for a maximum period of 5 years. Rules that protect the right of conversion from being affected: 1) in the event of a share capital increase against payment and new convertible bonds being issued, the pre-emption right shall be granted to both shareholders and holders of previously issued convertible bonds 2) the case of a free capital increase or a reduction for losses, the conversion rate is automatically adjusted to the amount of the increase or reduction 3) the company may not pass a resolution to materially reduce the share capital, to merge, to divide, or to change the criteria for the distribution of profits until the deadline set for conversion has expired Organization of bondholders (art. 2415-2418 c.c.) is made up of two bodies -bondholders' meeting -bondholders' common representative Bondholders' meeting: → ratio legis → competences such as: changes to the bond term and conditions; items of common interest among bondholders → rule of the extraordinary shareholder's meeting applies too to bondholders meetings → it is called by directors → for resolutions passed to change to the bond terms and conditions there needs to be a higher majority → resolutions passed by bondholders meeting are recording in the Business register Bondholders' common representative → appointment and removal is made by the bondholders meeting → termination of office, representatives can be withdrawn even without just case → competences are to represent the bondholders' common interest vis-a-vis the company and third parties