Quiz 1 - Revision Questions (Answers) PDF

Lecture 1-3 – Learning Objective Review Can I identify the building blocks of bone and their purpose? o Made up of water, organic material, and Inorganic material o Organic Material Various types of collagen Type I & Type I...

Lecture 1-3 – Learning Objective Review Can I identify the building blocks of bone and their purpose? o Made up of water, organic material, and Inorganic material o Organic Material Various types of collagen Type I & Type III are the major contributors. They provide tensile strength and flexibility o Inorganic Material Hydroxyapatite crystals Provide rigidity and hardness to bone Do I know the basic cell types of bone and their function? o Osteocytes Mature bone cells Maintain bone structure and mechanosensation (ability to detect and respond to mechanical forces) o Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Bone synthesis and mineralisation o Osteoclasts Bone-resorbing cells Bone remodelling  Can I list the various parts of the long bone and their functions? Epiphysis the rounded ends of the long bone Spongy bone provides support while being lighter than compact bone contains red marrow for blood cell production Articular cartilage covers ends for shock absorption and fluid movement Epiphyseal Plate Critical for growth Damage to plate during childhood can lead to stunted growth and bone deformities Once growth is complete the plate closes and becomes the epiphyseal line This can be used on imaging to determine maturation of bone Diaphysis The shaft of the long bone Hollow tube made up of compact bone Contain haversian canals that allow blood vessels and nerve to supply the bone Medullary cavity within the diaphysis is filled with yellow marrow which stores fat and plays a minor role in blood cell production compared to red marrow Metaphysis Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet Mix of compact and spongy bone Contains the epiphyseal plate during childhood  Can I give an example of each type of bone classification? Can I identify parts of the spinal vertebrae?  Can I identify the bones of the skull? o Focus on the bolded names in the picture below Which cranial bones contribute to the roof of the skull? o The Frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, and the occipital bone Name the main sutures on the roof of the skull? o Which bones contribute to forming each suture? Frontal = joining of the frontal lobe with the parietal lobes Sagittal = joining of the two parietal lobes Lamboidal = joining of the parietal lobes and occipital lobe  Which bones contribute to the Pterion? o The Frontal, Temporal, Parietal and Sphenoid Why is the Pterion important? o What structure lies behind it and is vulnerable to injury? Pterion is the thinnest part of the skull and What bone forms the upper jaw? o The Maxilla What are the main muscles of mastication? o What are their actions? Masseter: Elevation and protrusion of the mandible Temporalis: Anterior fibers: elevation of mandible Posterior fibers: retraction of mandible Lateral Pterygoid: Depression and protrusion of the mandible o What nerve innervates these muscles? All innervated by the Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) Describe the differences in the facet orientation at each spinal level? o Cervical = Sit at about 45-degrees o Thoracic = More vertical and posterior facing o Lumbar = More sagittal in orientation  Can you identify the typical and atypical characteristics of vertebrae in each spinal region? o C1: Posterior Tubercle o C2: Presence of the Dens o C7: a long spinous process (vertebral prominens) o T1: complete costal facet, height of vertebral body and spinous process shape similar to cervical vertebrae o T9-T12; Complete costal facet. Spinous process taking characteristics of lumbar spine o L5: Largest body and transverse processes What structure travels through the transverse foramen of the cervical spine? o What does that structure supply? o The vertebral artery: supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum Can I identify the basic parts of the intervertebral disc? o Nucleus Pulposus – Centre o Annulus Fibrosis – outer rings  Can I identify the intrinsic back muscles and group them by layer? o What are the muscles in the mnemonic ‘I Like Spaghetti’? These muscles make up the intermediate layer (see below) Superficial o Splenius cervicis o Splenius capitis Intermediate o Iliocostalis o Longissimus o Spinalis Deep o Semispinalis (capitis, thoracic & cervicis) o Multifidus o Rotatores Deepest o Interspinalis, intertransversii and levatores costarum  Can I identify the bones that form the pelvis? o Ilium o Ischium o Pubis o Sacrum o Coccyx  Can I identify the muscles of the pelvic floor? o (Ischio)coccygeus o Iliococcygeus o Pubococcygeus o Puborectalis o Levator Ani  Can I name the 3 structures attaching to the ASIS? o Sartorius o Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL) o Inguinal Ligament Can I name the 4 suboccipital muscles? o Rectus capitis posterior major o Rectus capitis posterior minor o Obliquus capitis superior o Obliquus capitis inferior Can I name the borders and contents of the Suboccipital Triangle? o Borders: Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Contents: Vertebral artery Suboccipital nerve