Quiz #1 Pt.1.pdf

Exam 1Exam 1: ( Unit 1 & Unit 2 section 1) Chapters 1, 3 and 8 Unit 1. Section 1: chapter 1, chapter 3.1, chapter 3.2 Intro What is a microorganism? Organism too small to see with the naked eye Chapter 1.1 How did early civilizations handle the correlation between sewage and disease? Aqueducts were...

Exam 1Exam 1: ( Unit 1 & Unit 2 section 1) Chapters 1, 3 and 8 Unit 1. Section 1: chapter 1, chapter 3.1, chapter 3.2 Intro What is a microorganism? Organism too small to see with the naked eye Chapter 1.1 How did early civilizations handle the correlation between sewage and disease? Aqueducts were built to carry waste away What were the main contribuions of each individual to the early notions of disease? a) Hippocrates – “Father of Western Medicine” diseases were natural causes rather than supernatural causes b) Thucydides – “Father of Scientific History” advocate for evidence based analysis of cause and effect c) Marcus Terrentious Varro – proposed that things we cannot see (microorganisms) can cause disease What were the main contributions of each individual to the field of microscopy? a) Zacharias Janssen – first simple microscope b) Robert Hooke – impoved the microscope with fine adjustment, lighting, specimen holder c) Antony van Leeuwenhoek – “Father of Microbiology” developed a lens to view microbes Why is Antony van Leeuwenhoek known as the father of microbiology? The first to view microbes under a lens aswell ass record observations of muscle fibers, sperm, blood flow Regarding the Golden Age of Microbiology, a) What two scientists that we discussed were pivotal in advancing our understanding of the unseen world? What were the main contributions of each scientist during this time? Louis Pasteur - developed germ theory, disproved spontaneous generation, created vaccines for rabies Robert Koch – idenfified specific pathogens for cholera, anthrax What is the significance of the attenuation principle? Reduced the danger of pathogens Chapter 1.2 What is taxonomy? Classification of living organisms What were the main contributions of each scientist to the field of taxonomy? a) Carolus Linnaus – the binomial comenclature, a system for categorizing species b) Ernst Haekel – proposed the fourth kingdom of taxonomy including protista and monera c) Robert Whitaker – proposed a five kingdom, adding fungi aswell as the empire or superkingdom d) Carl Woese – three domains of life (bacteria, archaea, eukarya) What is a phylogenetic tree? “The tree of life” arranging organism by how related they are What are the 6 current kingdoms? Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria What are the 3 current domains? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya What are the eight taxonomic ranks in order from highest to lowest? Domain – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species How do we write the name of an organism using the binomial system? Both names are italicized, only genus capitalized What kind of information would I look up in Bergey’s manual? Classifying and identifying prokaryotes Chapter 1.3 Metric equivalents on Table 1.1 for millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer Meter Decimeter – 1/10 Centimeter – 1/100 Millimeter – 1/1000 Micrometer – 1/1,000,000 Nanometer – 1/1,000,000,000 What is the limitation of the human eye?.1mm or 100 micrometers What are the average sizes of animal, bacterial cells and viruses? Animal cell = 10micrometers, Bacterial cell = 1 micrometer, Virus = 0.1 micrometer Viruses do not fall within any of the three domains of life. What are the cells of bacteria made up of? Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA What are the common shapes of bacteria? Bacilli (pill shaped), Cocci (ball shaped), Spirillum Spirochete Vibrio (spiral shaped) What is one noteworthy aspect of Archaea? Can live in extreme environments, such as very hot, very cold, very basic, very acidi What are some common applications of algae? Biofuels, food product, pharma, and O2 for aquatic environments How are protozoa classified? Based on their movement mechanisms (cilia, flagella, pseudopods) What are some unique characteristics of fungi? Can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold), are decomposers, most grow in warm moist places What is the main difference between yeast and mold forms of fungi? Yeast is unicellular, used for foods, and causes diseases Mold is multicellular, used for pharma and causes allergies What are helminths? Multicellular parasitic worms, associated with microscopic eggs and larvae that causes diseases What makes up the structure of a virus? Why are viruses not considered alive? Virus consist of DNA or RNA, not considered alive because they don’t reproduce nor carry out metabolism What are some subfields of microbiology? Bacteriology - study of bacteria Mycology – study of fungi Protozoology – study of protozoa Parasitology – study of helminths and other parasites Virology – study of viruses Immunology – study of the immune system Chapter 3.1 What is abiogenesis? Explain how the experiments of Francisco Redi and Louis Pasteur disproved the theory. How did these experiments differ from each other? Life can spontaneously form from non living matter Francisco Redi disproved by proving decaying meat came from fly eggs Louis Pastuer disproved by microorganism don’t grow in sterile broth unless exposed by air Chapter 3.2 What does the cell theory state? All cells only come from other cells What was Robert Hooke’s important discovery when observing cork under the microscope? Discovered cells on cork and called them “cells” What does the germ theory state? Diseases may result from microbial infection What was the key finding of Ignaz Semmelweis during his inquiry into the births at Vienna General Hospital? Handwashing in lime solutions reduced the mortality rate in childbirth How was John Snow able to pinpoint the source of a cholera outbreak in 1848? Mapped cases and traced them to a contaminated water pump as the source of the outbreak What was Joseph Lister’s solution to the issue of deaths from postoperative infections? Carbolic acid to wrap wounds What was Florence Nightingale’s major contribution to the field of epidemiology? Used statistics to demonstrate preventable causes of death with infections, sanitation and hygiene What are the four Koch’s postulates? 1. The microbe must be present in every sick case 2. The microbe must cultured outside the body 3. Microbe must cause disease when given to same healthy species 4. Microbe must be reisolated from the experimental host What are some exceptions to Koch’s postulates? 1. Microbe not always isolated outside body 2. Some pathogens cause many diseases 3. Some pathogens may cause disease in specific host What is the modern focus of the germ theory of disease? 1. Antibody resistance 2. New diseases, and diseases with multiple organisms 3. Mechanism of microbial agents