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HISTORY Chapter - 1 : Advent of Europeans to India TOPIC-1 The Trade and Commerce Relationship of India with the Europeans Quick Review ¾¾ Trade and commerce relationship between India and Europe existed since ancient times. ¾¾ Indian...

HISTORY Chapter - 1 : Advent of Europeans to India TOPIC-1 The Trade and Commerce Relationship of India with the Europeans Quick Review ¾¾ Trade and commerce relationship between India and Europe existed since ancient times. ¾¾ Indian spices such as pepper, cardamom, ginger and various others were in great demand in Europe. ¾¾ Constantinople of Eastern Roman (Byzantium) Empire was the centre of international business and considered as the ‘Gate of European Trade’. ¾¾ In 1453, the Ottoman Turks captured the city of Constantinople and therefore all the trade routes which connected the city of Constantinople came under the control of the Turks. ¾¾ Spain and Portugal were making efforts to break the monopoly of the Italian traders, so they started encouraging courageous sailors to find a sea route to India. ¾¾ The invention of Compass, Astrolabes and Gunpowder provided further momentum to this. ¾¾ The Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama left Lisbon and reached Kappadu near Calicut on the East coast of India in 1498. ¾¾ By this, he became successful in discovering the new sea route to India. Know the Terms ¾¾ Commerce: The activity of buying and selling. ¾¾ Merchandise: Goods for sale. ¾¾ Monopoly: The right solely possessed by an individual or organization to buy or sell at a place. ¾¾ Compass: An instrument containing a pointer which shows the direction of magnetic North.CHAPTER ¾¾ Astrolabes: Instruments formerly used in navigation and for measuring the altitude of the stars. ¾¾ Gunpowder: An explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpetre, sulphur and charcoal. ¾¾ Impetus: The force that makes something happen. TOPIC-2 The Arrival of Europeans to India for Trade Quick Review ¾¾ With the success of the Portuguese many Dutch, French and English arrived in India for trade. ¾¾ Portuguese were the first to arrive in India for trade and were also the last to leave India on the sea route. ¾¾ After Vasco da Gama, Francisco de Almeida arrived in India as the Viceroy of India. ¾¾ He implemented the ‘Blue Water Policy’ to establish supremacy over the sea. ¾¾ Alfonso de Albuquerque is considered to be the real founder of Portuguese Empire in India. ¾¾ Alfonso waged a battle against the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510, won Goa, and Goa became the administrative centre of Portuguese administration in India. ¾¾ Dutch are from Holland or Netherlands. They established United East India Company in 1602 to do business with eastern countries and entered countries such as India, Java, Sumatra, Indonesia and spice rich islands. ¾¾ The Dutch broke the monopoly of the Portuguese by establishing warehouses in Surat, Broach, Kambe, Kochin, Nagapatanim, Masulipatanam, Chinsor and at other places in India. ¾¾ On 31st December 1600, Queen Elizabeth issued a royal charter authorizing the East India Company to trade with the eastern countries for 15 years. 2] Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ The East India Company started the business formally in the year 1613. ¾¾ The Mughal Emperor Jahangir issued a royal permission to the English to establish their first warehouse of factory at Surat. ¾¾ In 1617, Sir Thomas Roe arrived at Jahangir’s court as the royal ambassador from the court of James I and sought permission to establish factories in other places of the Mughal Empire. ¾¾ English established factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach. ¾¾ In 1639, English took Madras from the King of Chandragiri and established the St. George Fort. ¾¾ In 1668, Charles II, the Prince of England gave Bombay at an annual rent of ten pounds a year to the East India Company. ¾¾ In 1690, the English purchased three villages, namely- Sutanauti, Kalikata and Govindapura on the banks of Hugli River and built Fort William. ¾¾ By 17th century, the English had established Bombay, Madras and Calcutta as the centres of their Presidencies. ¾¾ By the later part of the 18th century, the English made Calcutta as their capital city. ¾¾ The French East India Company started as a government owned company in 1664 and started its first factory in Surat in 1668. ¾¾ Later, they established their factories in Machalipatanam, Chandranagara, Mahe, Karaikallu, Cossimbazar and Balasur. ¾¾ In 1674, the French took Valikandapuram from a local Muslim official and developed it as a major trade center named Puducheri or Pondicherry. ¾¾ Dupleix, who arrived in India as the Governor General of the French was ambitious of establishing French as the major power in South India and his ambition led to Carnatic wars with the English. Know the Terms ¾¾ Warehouses: Large buildings to store raw materials or manufactured goods (merchandise). ¾¾ Charter: An official document stating that a ruler or government allows an institution to exist and setting out its rights. ¾¾ Ambassador: A person sent by a state as its permanent representative in a foreign country. ¾¾ Presidencies: The offices of the President and various associated administrative and policy-making agencies. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1510: Alfonso de Albuquerque waged a war against the Sultan of Bijapur and won Goa. ¾¾ 1600: The East India Company was established. ¾¾ 1602: The United East India Company was established by the Dutch. ¾¾ 1613: The East India Company started the business formerly. ¾¾ 1617: Sir Thomas Roe arrived at the court of Jahangir as the royal ambassador from the court of James I. ¾¾ 1639: English took Madras from the King of Chandragiri and established a strong fort named St. George Fort. ¾¾ 1664: The French East India Company started as a government owned company. ¾¾ 1668: Charles II, the Prince of England gave Bombay at an annual rent of ten Pounds to the East India Company; French East India Company started its first factory in Surat. ¾¾ 1674: The French took Valikandapuram from a local Muslim official and developed it as a major trade center named Puducheri or Pondicherry. ¾¾ 1690: English purchased three villages, namely- Sutanauti, Kalikata and Govindapura on the banks of Hugli River and built Fort William. TOPIC-3 The Carnatic Wars in the backdrop of European Political Developments Quick Review ¾¾ The Portuguese and Dutch had withdrawn from India by the 18th century, as they were unable to face competition from French and English. ¾¾ French and English now resorted to show strength in order to establish their respective dominance in India. ¾¾ Political volatility which emerged in the Hyderabad and Carnatic (Eastern part of Tamil Nadu) regions led to three Carnatic wars. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [3 ¾¾ First Carnatic War was fought from 1746 to 1748. This was ended with the “Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle” in Europe between France and England. ¾¾ Second Carnatic War was fought from 1749 to 1754 ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry. The French recalled Dupleix. ¾¾ The Second Carnatic War brought laurels to English while French suffered a political setback. ¾¾ Third Carnatic War was fought from 1756 to 1763. Sir Eyre Coote of the English Army defeated the French in this war. ¾¾ With all these developments, the French lost their importance in India. Know the Terms ¾¾ Volatility: Liability to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse. ¾¾ Exploit: Make full use and derive benefit from a resource. ¾¾ Treaty: A formally concluded and ratified agreement between states. ¾¾ Laurels: Honours and awards. ¾¾ Besiege: Surround a place so that no one can come or go. ¾¾ Surrender: Stop resisting to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority. ¾¾ Unconditionally: Not subject to any conditions. ¾¾ Consolidating: Make something physically stronger or more solid. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1724: Hyderabad Kingdom was established by Asaf Jha. ¾¾ 1742: Dupleix was named the Governor General of French regions in India. ¾¾ 1746-48: First Carnatic War. ¾¾ 1748: The Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jha, died. ¾¾ 1749: The combined forces of French, Chandasaheb and Mujaffar Jung defeated Anwaruddin and killed him in Ambur battle. ¾¾ 1749-54: Second Carnatic War. ¾¾ 1760: Comte de Lally of French attempted to besiege Wandiwash. ¾¾ 1756-63: Third Carnatic War. ¾¾ 1763: Treaty of Paris. TOPIC-4 The Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar and Dual- Government System Quick Review ¾¾ After gaining political control upon Southern India, the British made efforts to gain control of the rich Bengal province in the later 18th century. ¾¾ The East India Company was obtaining rich profits from Bengal province which had achieved significant growth in the spheres of agriculture, commerce and industry. ¾¾ The dastakaths (licence) issued by the Mughal ruler Farrukh Siyar was the main reason for this. ¾¾ These Dastakaths were misused by the company’s individual officials which resulted into huge loss to the Bengal Government. ¾¾ So, all the Nawabs from Murashid Ali Khan to Alwardi Khan opposed such misuses. This led to confrontation between the Nawabs and the company and resulted into two major wars, namely- Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar. ¾¾ Battle of Plassey took place between Siraj-ud-Daula and the British in 1757. ¾¾ Misuse of Dastakaths, mending of the fort by the British without permission and Black Room Tragedy in which 123 English men who were imprisoned by Siraj-ud-Daula had died were the major reasons for the Battle of Plassey. ¾¾ Outcome of the Battle of Plassey: (i) This war exposed the lack of unity among the Indians and the greed of Indian businessmen. (ii) Mir Jaffar became the Nawab of Bengal. (iii) The company obtained exclusive rights to trade in Bengal. (iv) Mir Jaffar paid rupees seventeen crores and seventy lakh as relief amount. 4] Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ The Battle of Buxar was fought between the combined forces of Mir Qasim and the British Army led by Hector Munro at Buxar in 1764. ¾¾ In this battle, Mir Qasim was defeated and he ran away from the battlefield and Shah Alam II surrendered. ¾¾ Outcome of the Battle of Buxar: (i) Shah Alam II accorded the Diwani rights of Bengal to the British. (ii) Shah Alam II gave away all the rights of Bengal to the British for an annual fee of 26 lakh rupees. (iii) The Nawab of Awadh paid a fine of 50 lakh rupees for waging war against the British. (iv) After the death of Mir Jaffar, his son was given pension and the company obtained complete administration of Bengal. ¾¾ The Battle of Buxar provided complete power to the British in Bihar, Bengal, Odisha and Awadh. ¾¾ In 1765, Robert Clive introduced the concept of ‘Dual Government’. According to this, the British had the right to collect taxes and the Nawab had power over administrative issues such as justice, etc. ¾¾ In this way, the British obtained political control upon India to protect their business self interest. Know the Terms ¾¾ Province: A main administrative division of a country or empire. ¾¾ Dastakath: A license that provides the right to anyone to import and export without paying any tax and transport goods anywhere. ¾¾ Tragedy: A very sad event or situation. ¾¾ Treasury: The funds or revenue of a state, institution or society. ¾¾ Bankrupt: Officially declared not to have money to pay off debts. ¾¾ Loyal: Firm and faithful to a person or organization. ¾¾ Dethroned: To remove a ruler from power. ¾¾ Dewani Rights: The right to collect taxes. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1756: Aliwardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal, died. ¾¾ 1757: Battle of Plassey was fought between Siraj-ud-Daula and the British. ¾¾ 1764: Battle of Buxar fought between the combined forces of Mir Qasim and the British Army. ¾¾ 1765: Robert Clive introduced the concept of Dual-government. rr Chapter - 2 : The Extension of the British Rule TOPIC-1 Anglo Maratha Wars and Subsidiary Alliance Quick Review ¾¾ The Marathas and Mysore states were dominant in the southern and western parts of India. Therefore the hold of British was restricted to Bengal and Bombay regions only. ¾¾ The British waged continuous wars from the mid of 18th century to mid of 19th century to extend their empire in India. ¾¾ First Anglo-Maratha War took place from 1775 to 1782 between the Marathas and the British. ¾¾ The Maratha federation was unable to sustain in the war and the British entered ‘Salbai Agreement’ and ended the war. Madhav Rao II was named as the Peshwa. ¾¾ Lord Wellesley, the Governor General of India, introduced the Policy of Subsidiary Alliance in 1798 to bring Indian states under control. ¾¾ Hyderabad was the first state to enter the subsidiary alliance, followed by Mysore, Awadh, Tanjavore, Maratha, Poona, Birar, Gwalior and other states. ¾¾ The differences between the Maratha chieftains led to the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805). Lord Wellesley defeated the Marathas in the war. ¾¾ Although Lord Wellesley won the Second Anglo-Maratha War, yet his battle thirstiness increased financial burden on the Company and being criticized for his policies, he was forced to resign and return to London. Due to this, peace prevailed in the region. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [5 ¾¾ Third Anglo-Maratha War was fought between 1817 and 1818. The British suppressed various Maratha rulers cruelly and abolished the post of Peshwa, granting pension to Baji Rao II. ¾¾ The British installed Pratapa Simha as the ruler of Satara and named him as the traditional leader of the Marathas and suppressed the Maratha resistance. Know the Terms ¾¾ Impediments: Hindrances or obstructions in doing something. ¾¾ Formidable opponent: A rival inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable. ¾¾ Federation: The action of forming states or organizations into a single group with centralized control. ¾¾ Subsidiary Alliance: Subsidiary Alliance is a system of ruling a nation that is under the rule of king. An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces in his territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1775-1782 : First Anglo-Maratha War. ¾¾ 1782 : Lord Wellesley introduced the policy of subsidiary alliance. ¾¾ 1798-1805 : Lord Wellesley remained the Governor General of India. TOPIC-2 The Consolidation of British Power (1818-1857): Anglo-Sikh Wars and the Doctrine of Lapse Quick Review ¾¾ The British completed their plan of ruling across the entire India from 1818 to 1857. ¾¾ A political turmoil aroused in Punjab after the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and the British attempted to invade Punjab by violating the Continuous Friendship Pact which they had performed with the erstwhile king. ¾¾ In December 1845, a war took place between the British and Punjab. Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims joined hands together to confront the British. ¾¾ They were defeated due to the treachery committed by a few leaders and were forced to sign a humiliating Lahore Agreement. With this, the British Resident became the actual ruler of Punjab. ¾¾ As Punjab became the dependent state of East India Company, the Sikhs opposed the attempts of the British to directly rule upon Punjab. ¾¾ This opposition was led by Chattar Singh Attariwala in Lahore and Moolraj in Multan. ¾¾ This time again, the people of Punjab were defeated and Lord Dalhousie merged the Punjab state with the British Empire. ¾¾ Dalhousie arrived in India as the Governor General in 1848. ¾¾ He attempted to integrate Indian princely states with the British Empire by adopting the Doctrine of Lapse. ¾¾ Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Jaipur came under the Policy of Doctrine of Lapse. ¾¾ Severe implementation of this policy resulted into arousal of rebellion among the common people which finally transformed into the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Know the Terms ¾¾ Agenda: Plan, scheme. ¾¾ Anarchy: A state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems. ¾¾ Pact: A formal agreement between individuals or parties. ¾¾ Humiliating: Making someone feel ashamed and foolish by injuring their dignity and pride. ¾¾ Doctrine of Lapse: The ‘doctrine of lapse’ was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India before 1858. The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. ¾¾ Loyalty: A strong feeling of support or allegiance. 6] Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X Know the Dates ¾¾ 1780: Ranjit Singh was born. ¾¾ 1818-1857: The British consolidated their power in India. ¾¾ 1839: King Ranjit Singh of Punjab died. ¾¾ 1845: A war broke out between the British and Punjab. ¾¾ 1848: Lord Dalhousie arrived in India as the Governor General. Chapter - 3 : The Impact of British Rule in India TOPIC-1 Administrative and Judicial System- Civil Services, Judicial System, Police System, Military System Quick Review ¾¾ Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of Civil Services. ¾¾ The East India Company granted permission for private workers to trade by which its employees made money and became corrupt. To control this, the Government of England implemented Regulating Act in India. ¾¾ In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta for the aspirants of the Civil Services. ¾¾ Lord Cornwallis believed that all the natives of India were completely corrupt. So, only lower grade jobs were given to the Indians. ¾¾ After the Battle of Buxar, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the Diwani Rights to the British. With this, Dual Administration, also called Dual Governance, became effective in Bengal region. ¾¾ Under the Dual Administration System, the authority to collect land taxes, civil and judiciary were given to the Indian officials, while the British retained the authority of managing the revenue collected. ¾¾ By implementing new judicial system in India, the British overtook the authority of Mughals and established their supremacy in India. ¾¾ Warren Hastings who became the Governor in 1772 advised that a Dewani Adalat as a civil court and a Faujdari Adalat as a criminal court needed to be established in each district. ¾¾ Civil courts were under the control of European officers and the criminal courts were under the control of the Qajis, who functioned under the supervision of European officers. ¾¾ Lord Cornwallis implemented the Police System in India and created the post of Superintendent Police (SP). He divided every district into many ‘Stations’ and each station was put under a Kotwal. Every village was put under a Chowkidar. ¾¾ The Police Law was implemented in 1861. ¾¾ The British appointed the Indians for the military and an Indian could reach the rank of Subedar. ¾¾ The Military system was redesigned on the recommendations of Peel in 1857. Know the Terms ¾¾ Divide and Rule Policy: The strategy of Divide and Rule was employed by most imperial powers in Indian subcontinent. The British and French backed various Indian states in conflicts between each other, both as a means of undermining each other›s influence and consolidating their authority. ¾¾ Civil Services: The permanent professional branches of a state’s administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians. ¾¾ Judicial System: The Judicial System (or court system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. ¾¾ Dual Administration/Dual Governance: This granted the authority to collect land taxes, civil and judiciary to the Indian officials, while the British retained the authority of managing the revenue collected. ¾¾ Dewani Adalat: Civil court. ¾¾ Faujdari Adalat: Criminal court. ¾¾ Subedar: The highest rank granted to Indians in the Military System introduced by the British. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [7 Know the Dates ¾¾ 1770: A severe drought occurred in India. ¾¾ 1772: Warren Hastings took over the administration as Governor. ¾¾ 1773: The government of England implemented the Regulating Act in India. ¾¾ 1781: The system of appointing British Magistrates was started. ¾¾ 1800: Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College at Calcutta for aspirants of the Civil Services. ¾¾ 1857: The British government accepted the recommendations of Peel. ¾¾ 1861: B Police Law was implemented in India. ¾¾ 1902: The Police Commission Law allowed the appointment of Indians on the basis of suitable qualification for the post of police officers. TOPIC-2 Land Tax Policies- Permanent Zamindar System, Mahalwari System, Ryotwari System Quick Review ¾¾ The East India Company had to pay four lakh Pounds to the British Government for its control upon the Bengal province. To fulfill this commitment, the Company had to strengthen its financial position in a secure way. Therefore, it implemented various new land policies. ¾¾ Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy called the Permanent Zamindari System in Bengal and Bihar regions during 1793 to generate steady revenue for the company every year. ¾¾ R. M. Bird and James Thomson implemented the Mahalwari System (Mahal means ‘taluk), under which the Company entered into an agreement at the level of ‘Mahals’ in context to payment of land tax in Uttar Pradesh, in many parts of Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi. ¾¾ In 1792, Alexander Reed implemented the Ryotwari System, firstly in Baramahal region. ¾¾ The Ryotwari System was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Monroe in 1801. ¾¾ Impact of British Land Tax System: ¾¾ A new class of Zamindars was created and it exploited the farmers. ¾¾ The farmers became landless gradually due to this exploitation. ¾¾ Land became a commodity and loans could be raised against its mortgage. ¾¾ Many zamindars were also forced to mortgage their land to pay land taxes. ¾¾ The agricultural sector became commercialized and crops were grown to fulfill the requirement of raw materials needed by the industries situated in England. ¾¾ The money lenders attained a strong position. Know the Terms ¾¾ Revenue: A state’s annual income from which public expenses are met. ¾¾ Zamindar: A landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers. ¾¾ Mahal (Taluk): An administrative district for taxation purposes, typically comprising a number of villages. ¾¾ Tiller: A person who works in the fields. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1792: Ryotwari System first implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed. ¾¾ 1793: Permanent Zamindari System introduced by Lord Cornwallis. ¾¾ 1801: Ryotwari System further implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Monroe. 8] Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X TOPIC-3 The Modern Education System: Lord Macaulay, Wood’s Commission (1854) Quick Review ¾¾ New changes took place in the Indian educational system during the British rule in the 18th century. ¾¾ Warren Hastings facilitated the expansion of modern education in India. But it was Charles Grant who emphasized for the universalization of British education in India. ¾¾ After William Benedict was appointed the Governor General of India, British education in India expanded significantly. ¾¾ Macaulay was appointed as the member of Governor General’s Executive Committee and also as the Chairperson of the Committee on Education. ¾¾ The report on education submitted by him became the basis of the modern education in India. ¾¾ Governor General Lord Dalhousie established universities in various Indian cities on the recommendation of Charles Wood’s Commission. ¾¾ Impact of British Education in India: ¾¾ The Indians were able to develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality. ¾¾ Local literature and languages received impetus. ¾¾ Periodicals were available now. These checked the policies of the government and helped the Indians develop a critical attitude. ¾¾ New social and religious reform movements started. ¾¾ The thoughts of scholars such as Rousseau and Montesquieu brought renewed thinking among the Indian educated youth. ¾¾ The freedom struggles taking place across the world influenced the Indians also. ¾¾ Indians were able to understand and appreciate their rich and glorious tradition. Know the Terms ¾¾ Secularism: The principle of separation of the state from religious institutions. ¾¾ Rationality: The quality of being based on or in accordance with reason or logic. ¾¾ Impetus: The force or energy with which a body moves. ¾¾ Periodicals: Magazines or newspapers published at regular intervals. ¾¾ Perception: The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1781: Warren Hastings started ‘Calcutta Madarasa’. ¾¾ 1792: A British individual named Jonathan Duncan started Sanskrit College in Banaras. ¾¾ 1828: William Benedict was appointed as the Governor General of India. ¾¾ 1854: Charles Wood’s Commission submitted its recommendations. TOPIC-4 Laws during British Rule- Regulating Law, Pitts India Law, Charter Laws Quick Review ¾¾ The British made efforts to create and implement different rules in the form of laws. ¾¾ Corruption emerged after the implementation of Dewani Rights in 1765. ¾¾ Edmond Burk, a member of the British Parliament, termed the tax payment received by the British Government from the East India Company as ‘Criminal Tax’. The Regulating Act was implemented in such circumstances in 1773. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [9 ¾¾ Pitts India Act was implemented to rectify several inconsistencies in the Regulating Act of 1773 and to clearly outline the powers of the East India Company and the British Government. ¾¾ The Board of Controllers which was constituted had the powers to direct and control the issues associated with land taxes, military and civil areas. ¾¾ Major objective of the Charter Acts was to renew the license of the East India Company. ¾¾ The Charter Act of 1813 licensed the East India Company to stay for further twenty years in India. ¾¾ The Charter Act of 1833 aimed at improving the Indian situation and this act also licensed the East India Company to remain in India to another twenty years. ¾¾ The Sepoy Mutiny took place in 1857 due to maladministration of the East India Company and anti-Indian acts. As a result, the administration of India fell into the hands of the British crown. During this period, various Indian Government Acts were implemented. ¾¾ The Indian Government Act of 1858 brought India under the direct administration of the Queen. ¾¾ Along with the implementation of Indian Councils Act of 1861, the Indians were allowed to participate in the process of creating laws. ¾¾ Indian Councils Act of 1892 further extended the participation of Indians in the legislative bodies. ¾¾ Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as ‘Minto-Morley Reformation Act’, was used to divide and rule India. ¾¾ Indian Councils Act of 1919, also known as ‘Montague-Chelmsford Reformative Act’, was formulated by accepting the report of Lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague. ¾¾ Indian Government Act of 1935 acted as a base for the formation of the Indian Constitution. ¾¾ Though, the acts formed by the British served the purpose of their interest, yet they also included the aspirations of the Indians for self-governance. Know the Terms ¾¾ Alleviate: Make suffering, deficiency or problem less severe. ¾¾ Reformations: The action or process of reforming a process or an institution. ¾¾ Evolution: The gradual development of something. ¾¾ Corruption: Dishonest of fraudulent conduct by those in power. ¾¾ Criminal Tax: The tax payment received by the British Government from the East India Company. ¾¾ Inconsistencies: Lacking the harmony in different parts or elements. ¾¾ Rectify: Put right, correct. ¾¾ License: Permit (someone) to do something. ¾¾ Missionaries: people sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country. ¾¾ Diplomatic: Dealing with others in a sensible and tactful way. ¾¾ Viceroy: Viceroy was the name of the changed post of Governor General. ¾¾ Ordinances: Authoritative orders. ¾¾ Legislative: Having the powers to make laws. ¾¾ Electorate: All the people in a country or area who are authorized to vote in election. ¾¾ Bicameral: (Of a legislative body) having two chambers. ¾¾ Diarchy: Government by two independent authorities (especially in India). ¾¾ Constitution: A set of rules that govern the country. ¾¾ Federal: Having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs. ¾¾ Principalities: States ruled by respective princes. ¾¾ Autonomy: The right or condition of self-government. ¾¾ Aspirations: Ambition of achieving something. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1765: Implementation of Diwani Rights in India. ¾¾ 1773: Implementation of The Regulating Act. ¾¾ 1793, 1813, 1833, 1853: Various Charter Acts were formed and implemented in India. ¾¾ 1857: Sepoy Mutiny took place in India. ¾¾ 1858, 1861, 1892, 1909, 1919, 1935: Various Indian Government Acts were implemented. rr 10 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X Chapter - 4 : Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka TOPIC-1 Hyder Ali and First and Second Anglo-Mysore War Quick Review ¾¾ The 18th century in Indian History is considered as “The century of political problems”. ¾¾ Many political challenges were created in Mysore state due to the death of Chikkadevaraj Wodeyar in 1704. ¾¾ Hyder Ali joined Mysore Army as an ordinary soldier and won the hearts of soldiers with his shrewd political moves and became famous as Nawab Hyder Ali. ¾¾ Hyder Ali weakened the power of Dalawayee with his swift actions and sidelined the King Krishnaraja Wodeyar and established the control over the administration. ¾¾ The British saw Hyder Ali as impedance for the expansionist ideas so they started devising cunning plans to defeat him. ¾¾ The First Anglo – Mysore War was started in 1767 and it was fought between Hyder Ali and the alliance of the King of Arcot with the British. ¾¾ The First Anglo – Mysore War ended in 1769 by signing the ‘Madras Treaty’. ¾¾ The British went against the ‘Madras Treaty’ by capturing Mahe which was a French colony under Hyder Ali and this became the reason for the Second Anglo – Mysore War. ¾¾ The Second Anglo – Mysore was started in 1780 when Hyder Ali captured Arcot. ¾¾ Hyder Ali was defeated and killed in a battle held in Port Novae by the British. ¾¾ The Second Anglo – Mysore War ended in 1784 with the ‘Treaty of Manglore’. Know the Terms ¾¾ Shrewd: Having or showing sharp powers of judgment; astute ¾¾ Swift: Happening quickly or promptly ¾¾ Sidelined: Removed from the centre of activity or attention ¾¾ Impedance: The effective resistance of something ¾¾ Anglo: White, English-speaking people of British or northern European origin ¾¾ Alliance: A union or association formed for mutual benefit ¾¾ Treaty: A formally concluded and ratified agreement between states. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1704 : Chikkadevaraj Wodeyar died ¾¾ 1707 : Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died ¾¾ 1767 : The First Anglo – Mysore War started ¾¾ 1769 : The First Anglo – Mysore War ended and ‘Madras Treaty’ was signed ¾¾ 1780 : The Second Anglo – Mysore War started ¾¾ 1784 : The Second Anglo – Mysore War ended and ‘Treaty of Mangalore’ was signed TOPIC-2 Tippu Sultan and Third and Fourth Anglo-Mysore War Quick Review ¾¾ Tippu Sultan became the ruler of Mysore after the death of Hyder Ali. ¾¾ Tippu Sultan tried to drive out the British seriously as he felt that they are the major obstacle for his policy of expansion. ¾¾ Throughout his 17 years of rule, Tippu Sultan waged war against the British. ¾¾ Tippu Sultan tried to break the monopoly of the British over the trade with India as he knew that hurting their business interest would weaken their political strength. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 11 ¾¾ British went against the Mangalore Treaty and helped the king of Travancore built a fort in Kochi and captured Aayakota and Kanganoor forts from the Dutch and all this led to the Third Anglo – Mysore War. ¾¾ Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of India in 1798. ¾¾ The Fourth Anglo: Mysore War started in 1799 and it was fought between Tippu sultan and the British. ¾¾ The Fourth Anglo: Mysore War ended with the death of Tippu sultan. Know the Terms ¾¾ Expansion: The action of becoming larger or more extensive ¾¾ Waged: Carried on a battle or war Know the Dates ¾¾ 1792 : End of the Second Anglo-Mysore War with the Treaty of Srirangapatnam ¾¾ 1799 : End of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War; Tippu Sultan died TOPIC-3 Dondiya Wagh Quick Review ¾¾ After the death of Tippu Sultan many rebellions took place against the British and the rebellion led by Dondiya Wagh is a major rebellion among them. ¾¾ Dondiya was born in a Maratha family in Chennagiri. He was called Wagh (the tiger) due to his bravery. ¾¾ Dondiya built his own Army and fought along with Tippu Sultan but he was imprisoned due to differences with Tippu. ¾¾ After being released by British, Dondiya organized an Army with the unhappy soldiers of Tippu’s Army and the feudatory rulers who had lost their powers. ¾¾ Dondiya captured Bidanoor and Shivamogga forts but his attempt to capture Chitradurga fort was unsuccessful. ¾¾ Lord Wellesley organized an attack on Shivamogga, Honali, Harihara and other places under the control of Dondiya in order to check his rebellion. ¾¾ When Dondiya left Raichur, he was caught in between the Maratha Army and Nizam’s Army. The British attacked him near Yelaparavi and killed him at Konagal. Know the Terms ¾¾ Rebellion : An act of armed resistance against an established government or leader ¾¾ Feudatory : Owing feudal allegiance to another ¾¾ Check : Stop or slow the progress of something undesirable Know the Date ¾¾ 1800 : Dondiya Wagh rebellion took place TOPIC-4 Rebellion of Kittur-Queen Chennamma and Sangoli Rayanna Quick Review ¾¾ Queen Chennamma was the queen of Kittur. She led a rebellion against the law denying the right of adopted children over the throne. ¾¾ Shivalingarudrasarja took over reign of the Kittur after the death of Mallasarja. Shivalingarudrasarja was the elder son of Queen Chennamma. ¾¾ Chennamma adopted a boy named Shivalingappa after the death of Shivalingarudrasarja and started ruling Kittur as a queen regent. 12 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ Thackeray was the collector and political agent of the British in Dharwad. He sent a report to the Governor of Bombay and attempted to take over the kingdom of Kittur under the Doctrine of Lapse Policy. ¾¾ This led to a war between Queen Chennamma and the British. Thackeray was shot dead in this war and many British were taken as the prisioners of war. ¾¾ Under the leadership of Colonel Deak, the British attacked Kittur again. Queen Chennamma was captured in this war and she was imprisoned at Bylahongala Fort. She passed away in the prison. ¾¾ Sangoli Rayanna was a brave soldier in Chennamma’s Army. He fought with Rani Chennamma and was imprisoned along with her. But later he was released by the British. ¾¾ Sangoli Rayanna developed a sense of nationalism and went on organizing an army. He aimed at looting Taluk offices and the treasury of the British. ¾¾ The British shifted Chennamma to Kusugal prison from Bylahongala as they thought that Rayanna was being instigated by her. ¾¾ The British cunningly captured Rayanna and declared him as an offender and he was hanged till death. Know the Terms ¾¾ Reign: The period of rule of a monarch ¾¾ Regent: A person appointed to administer a state because The monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated ¾¾ Nationalism: Patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts ¾¾ Offender: A person who commits an illegal act Know the Dates ¾¾ 1824: Rebellion of Kittur under the leadership of Queen Chennamma ¾¾ 1829-30: Rebellion of Sangoli Rayanna TOPIC-5 Rebellion of Amara Sulya, Puttabasappa Quick Review ¾¾ This rebellion was basically a farmers’ rebellion which needs to be understood in the backdrops of political situations prevalent in costal Karnataka and Kodagu regions during 1835-37. ¾¾ In 1834, the British dethroned the ruler Chikkaveerarajendra of Haleri Dynasty and transferred him to Vellor through Bangalore and later to Kashi. ¾¾ Swami Aparampura, Kalyanaswami and Puttabasappa organized a rebellion against the political instability created by the British in Kodagu. ¾¾ Swami Aparampura was captured in 1834 and shifted to Bangalore. Similarly Kalyanaswami was captured in 1837 and placed in Mysore prison. ¾¾ Amara Sulya constituted Bellare, Puttur, Sulya and the major places of Canara region. ¾¾ A farmer named Puttabasappa as Kalyanswami. The same Puttabasappa later presented himself as Swami Aparampura. ¾¾ Puttabasappa led the rebellion and performed several acts of courage. ¾¾ The British captured Puttabasappa and he was hanged until death along with his companions. Know the Terms ¾¾ Dethroned: Removed a monarch from power ¾¾ Chieftains: The leaders of people or clans ¾¾ Brutality: Savage physical violence; great cruelty ¾¾ Treasury: The funds or revenue of a state, government or institution Know the Dates ¾¾ 1834: The British dethrone the ruler of Kodagu, Chikkaveerarajendra of Haleri dynasty ¾¾ 1834: Swami Aparampura captured and shifted to Bangalore ¾¾ 1837: Kalyanaswami captured and placed in Mysore prison Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 13 TOPIC-6 Rebellion of Surapura and Koppal and Rebellion of Bedas of Hulagali Quick Review ¾¾ Surapura is situated at a distance of fifty kilometers from the present day Yadgir. This was an important place since the rule of the Mughals. ¾¾ Surapura became a vassal state during the reign of Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas. ¾¾ Surapura raised a rebellion against the British during the reign of Venkatappa. Venkatappa Nayaka was born in 1834 and came to throne after the death of his father Krishna Nayaka. ¾¾ Venkatappa’s ascendance to throne was opposed by his father’s brother Peddanayaka. This resulted in internal struggles. ¾¾ The British appointed Medes Taylor as their political agent and gained proxy power over Surapura in 1853. ¾¾ Medes developed Surapura in a princely state and appointed Peddanayaka as the Dewan of the state. ¾¾ The British appointed an officer named Campbell to report the various activities of the King of Surapura as it came in the notice of government that some of the representatives of Nana Saheb were present in Surapura. ¾¾ Campbell submitted a report that the King is involved in misadministration to the resident of Hyderabad. ¾¾ The British army captured Surapura in 1858 but there are confusions regarding Venkatappa’s death. ¾¾ The rebellion of Koppal is an important armed rebellion against the British. The region of Koppal was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad. ¾¾ Veerappa was a zamindar who rebelled against the British and occupied Koppal and other forts in the vicinity. ¾¾ The British captured back the fort of Koppal and Veerappa died fighting the British army. ¾¾ Hulagali is a small village of Belgaum district and it was a part of the Mudhol principality. ¾¾ The Bedas rebelled against the British when they were asked to surrender their firearms as the British banned the usage of weapons in 1857. ¾¾ The British army entered Hulagali in order to suppress the rebellion. All the rebels were hanged till death. Know the Terms ¾¾ Vassal: A region in a subordinate position to another. ¾¾ Ascendance: Governing or controlling influence. ¾¾ Proxy: The authority to represent someone else. ¾¾ Dewan: The chief administrative officer. ¾¾ Vicinity: The area or near surrounding a particular place. ¾¾ Firearms: Rifles, pistols, portable guns. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1834: Venkatappa was born ¾¾ 1842: Medes Taylor was appointed as the political agent of Surapura ¾¾ 1857: The British banned the usage of weapons ¾¾ 1858: The British Army captured Surapura rr Chapter - 5 : Social and Religious Reformation Movements TOPIC-1 Establishment of Brahmo Samaj and Reformations and Young Bengal Movement Quick Review ¾¾ The nineteenth century is considered as the reformation and new awakening time in the Indian history. ¾¾ Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Athmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta and this Sabha aimed at eradicating socio-religious maladies from the society of Bengal. 14 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Brahmo Samaj’ in 1828 as he wanted to purge Hinduism by removing caste system and superstitions. ¾¾ Brahmo Samaj’ opposed meaningless rituals, advocated Monotheism and also opposed child marriage. ¾¾ ‘Brahmo Samaj’ intended to assure equality to woman by opposing Polygamy. ¾¾ Governor General William Bentinck brought in a law prohibiting the Sati System in 1829 due to the efforts of Ram Mohan Roy. ¾¾ Raja Ram Mohan Roy published a journal named ‘Samvada Komudhi’ in Bengali language and tried to develop rationality among the common people through journalism. ¾¾ Rabindranath Tagore has called Ram Mohan Roy as the harbinger of modern India, progenitor of Indian Social Reformation Movement and ‘the Prophet of Indian Nationalism’. ¾¾ When the wave of modernization started moving across North India, many new movements started arising during 1820s and 1830s and Calcutta was the centre of this new thinking. ¾¾ Henry Louis Vivian Derozio started ‘Young Bengal Movement’. Henry was an Anglo – Indian. He was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination. ¾¾ Henry Derozio was a professor at Hindu College of Calcutta from 1826 to 1831. He was influenced by the various movements of Europe and tried to instill the spirit of free enquiry in the mind of his students and colleagues. ¾¾ The Young Bengal Movement held discussions and debates on issues like nature, humanism, God, etc. ¾¾ Derozio died at a young age of 22 years due to cholera. Know the Terms ¾¾ Maladies: Serious diseases or problems. ¾¾ Superstitions: Widely held but irrational belief in supernatural influences, especially as leading to good or bad luck, or a practice based on such a belief. ¾¾ Rituals: Religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order. ¾¾ Monotheism: The belief that there is only one God. ¾¾ Polygamy: The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. ¾¾ Journalism: The activity or profession of writing for newspapers, magazines, or news websites or preparing news to be broadcast. ¾¾ Progenitor: A person who originates a cultural or historical movement. ¾¾ Prophet: A person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God. ¾¾ Cholera: An infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1772: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born ¾¾ 1809: Henry Louis Vivian Derozio was born ¾¾ 1828: Brahmo Samaj was founded ¾¾ 1829: Sati System was prohibited ¾¾ 1831: Henry Derozio died ¾¾ 1833: Raja Ram Mohan Roy died TOPIC-2 Establishment of Arya Samaj and Reformations, and Reforms Led by Prarthana Samaj and Ideas Of Satyashodhak Samaj Quick Review ¾¾ The Arya Samaj was started in the year 1875 by Dayanand Saraswati in Kathewad. ¾¾ Dayanand Saraswati outlined his ideas in a book titled “Satyartha Prakasha”. ¾¾ He opened the head office of Arya Samaj in Lahore in 1877. ¾¾ ‘Shuddhi Movement’ was one of the important programmes of Arya Samaj. ‘Cow Protection Associations’ were started for the protection of cows. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 15 ¾¾ After the death of Dayanand Saraswati, ‘Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College’ was started in 1886 and ‘Gurukula Vidyalaya’ was started in Haridwar. ¾¾ Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr. Athma Ram Panduranga in 1867 in Bombay with the objective of finding solutions to various problems faced by women and lower caste groups. ¾¾ Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and N. G. Chandravarkar were the prominent leaders of the Prarthana Samaj. ¾¾ Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule in 1873 to provide equal rights to non-Brahmin class and women. ¾¾ In order to build a philosophical base for the movement, Jyotiba Phule wrote books titled “Gulamagiri” and “Shetkarayacha Aasud”. ¾¾ Ambedkar was one of the prominent persons who were inspired by the work of the Phule couple. Know the Terms ¾¾ Renaissance: A revival of or renewed interest in something. ¾¾ Authentic: Of undisputed origin and not a copy; genuine. ¾¾ Polygamy: The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. ¾¾ Radical: A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims. ¾¾ Rehabilitation: The action of restoring something that has been damaged to its former condition. ¾¾ Endeavour: An attempt to achieve a goal. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1824: Dayanand Saraswati was born in Gujarat ¾¾ 1867: Prarthana Samaj was started by Dr. Athma Ram Panduranga in Bombay. ¾¾ 1873: Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. ¾¾ 1875: Dayanand Saraswati started the Arya Samaj ¾¾ 1877: Head office of Arya Samaj opened at Lahore ¾¾ 1886: Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College was started TOPIC-3 Aligarh Movement; Ramakrishna Mission’s Ideologies Quick Review ¾¾ Mohammedan Liberty Society established in 1863 started debates on various social, religious and political issues. ¾¾ Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared that the Quran is the authoritative book and other works on Islam are the derived ones. ¾¾ He founded the Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh. ¾¾ The movement created by Syed Ahmad Khan is called the Aligarh Movement. ¾¾ Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur near Karnataka. ¾¾ Sri Ramakrishna was the spiritual guru of Swami Vivekananda. ¾¾ The Westerners were able to understand the cultural richness of India with the help of the speech delivered by Swami Vivekananda at Chicago city in World Religious Conference in 1893. ¾¾ Swami Vivekananda wrote books on Jnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga. Know the Terms ¾¾ Authoritative: Able to be trusted as being accurate or true; reliable. ¾¾ Superstitions: A widely held but irrational belief in supernatural influences, especially as leading to good or bad luck, or a practice based on such a belief. ¾¾ Moksha: (In Hinduism and Jainism) Release from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma. ¾¾ Impetus: Something that makes a process or activity happen or happen more quickly. 16 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X Know the Dates ¾¾ 1817-1898: Life journey of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ¾¾ 1834-1886: Life journey of Ramakrishna Paramhamsa. ¾¾ 1863-1902: Life journey of Swami Vivekananda. ¾¾ 1875: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh. ¾¾ 1897: Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission. ¾¾ 1893: World Religious Congress held in Chicago city. ¾¾ 1900: Congress of Religions held at Paris. TOPIC-4 Theosophical Society; Narayan Guru Dharamaparipala Yogam; Periyar Quick Review ¾¾ Theosophical Society was basically founded by Madam Blavatsky and Colonel H. S. Olcott. ¾¾ This society basically tried to reform the Hindu religion. ¾¾ The Irish lady Annie Besant arrived in India by 1893 and the movement of the Theosophical Society grew more. ¾¾ Annie Besant was called as “Shwetha Saraswathi”. ¾¾ Ms. Besant was active in the Indian freedom struggle movement and she became the first woman President of the INC. ¾¾ Sri Narayana Guru started the Reform Movement in 1903. This movement aimed at strengthening the backward and exploited communities. ¾¾ One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru. ¾¾ Narayana Guru and his companions started ‘Viakom Movement’, a temple entry movement. ¾¾ By the beginning of the twentieth century, a Non-Brahmin Movement started in south India. ¾¾ This movement took a new shape under the Justice Party. ¾¾ E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker started the Self Respect League in 1926. ¾¾ He was called ‘Periyar’ (Senior Person) out of love by people. ¾¾ The ideological Non- Brahminical Movement started by Ayonthidas and T. M. Nayar was turned into a cultural movement by Periyar. Know the Terms ¾¾ Universal brotherhood: This is a concept to think the whole world as your own family. Love everyone as your brothers. ¾¾ Materialism: A tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values. ¾¾ Periodical: A magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals. ¾¾ Prohibitions: The actions of forbidding something; especially by law. ¾¾ Census: An official count or survey; especially of the population. ¾¾ Racial: On the grounds of or connected with difference in race. ¾¾ Patronized: Treated with apparent kindness. ¾¾ Ideological: Based on or relating to a system of ideas and ideals, especially concerning economic or political theory and policy. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1854-1928: Life journey of Narayana Guru. ¾¾ 1886: Head office of Theosophical Society established near Madras. ¾¾ 1889: Ms. Annie Besant became an active member of the Theosophical Society. ¾¾ 1893: Irish lady Annie Besant arrived in India. ¾¾ 1898: Ms. Annie Besant started Central Hindu Banaras College. ¾¾ 1903: Sri Narayana Guru started Reformation Movement. ¾¾ 1916: Ms. Annie Besant started the Home Rule League;The Justice Party formed. ¾¾ 1926: E. V. Ramaswamy started the Self Respect League. ¾¾ 1939: E. V. Ramaswamy became the President of the Justice Party. rr Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 17 Chapter - 6 : The First War of Indian Independence TOPIC-1 Reasons for the First War of Independence Quick Review ¾¾ The Indians were upset by the British for various reasons and this unhappiness erupted in the form of a major protest against the British in 1857. ¾¾ Due to the Doctrine of Lapse implemented by the British, many Indian kings were forced to lose their kingdoms. This was a major political reason of the revolt. ¾¾ Due to the development of industrialization in England, various Indian handicrafts and industries declined and many people became unemployed. This became a major economic reason of the revolt. ¾¾ The British implemented various civil and criminal laws which were against the Indians. This was a major administrative reason of the revolt. ¾¾ Indian soldiers did not have the status, salary and promotion prospects as that of British soldiers. This became a major military reason of the revolt. Know the Terms ¾¾ Subsidiary Alliance: Subsidiary Alliance was basically a treaty between the British East India Company and the Indian princely states, by virtue of which the Indian kingdoms lost their sovereignty to the English. It also was a major process that led to the building of the British Empire in India. ¾¾ Doctrine of Lapse: Doctrine of Lapse was the pro-imperialist approach to expand the realm of British Kingdom in India. It was introduced by Dalhousie. ¾¾ Administration: The management of public affairs; government. ¾¾ Dethroned: Removed a monarch from power. ¾¾ Industrialization: Industrialization is the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labour is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines. ¾¾ Pathetic: Miserably inadequate. ¾¾ Customs: Taxes that people pay on exporting and importing goods. ¾¾ Overseas: In or to a foreign country, especially one across the sea. ¾¾ Resentment: Bitter indignation at having being treated unfairly. Know the Date ¾¾ 1857 : Major protest of the Indians against the British; termed by Indian historians as the ‘First Indian Freedom Struggle’ and by English historians as the Sepoy Mutiny. TOPIC-2 Immediate Resons for the Mutiny and Spread of the Mutiny Quick Review ¾¾ The immediate cause of the mutiny was a rumour which spread saying that the bullets of the Royal Enfield guns provided by the British were smeared in the fat of pig and cow. ¾¾ The Indian soldiers stationed at Meerut, a major military base of the British, refused to use the bullets of the new guns. ¾¾ Many soldiers were arrested due to this which led to mutiny in Meerut. ¾¾ The soldiers barged into the prison and released their fellow soldiers. This sowed the seeds of the Indian Freedom Movement. ¾¾ Nana Saheb of Kanpur rose in revolt; Tatya Tope was his assistant. ¾¾ Rani Lakshmi Bai provided leadership to the revolt in Jhansi. ¾¾ Rani Lakshmi Bai died as a martyr struggling bravely against the shrewd British. 18 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X Know the Terms ¾¾ Smeared: Coated with a sticky or greasy substance. ¾¾ Rumour: Circulated as an unverified account. ¾¾ Trial: A formal examination of evidence by a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings ¾¾ Mutiny: An open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers ¾¾ Barged: Moved forcefully ¾¾ Annals: Historical records TOPIC-3 Reasons for the Failure of the Mutiny and Results of the Mutiny Quick Review ¾¾ As the first war of Indian independence was not a planned struggle, it could not achieve success. ¾¾ The unity of the British and the disunity of the Indian soldiers resulted in its failure. ¾¾ The Indian soldiers lacked military strategies and skills and many Indian kings also did not support the freedom fighters. ¾¾ As a result of the mutiny, the governance of the East India Company came to an end and it went under the control of the Secretary of Indian Affairs of the British Parliament. ¾¾ The Queen of Britain passed a declaration in 1858 which had many provisions. ¾¾ The British now realized that unless they win the hearts of the Indians, ruling India would be a difficult proposition for them. ¾¾ Therefore, they decided to involve the Indians in the process of legislation and implemented the Policy of Association. ¾¾ The first war of Indian independence highlighted the need of searching for alternative channels to undertake future struggles against the British. Know the Terms ¾¾ Strategies: The art of planning and directing overall military operations and movements in a war or battle ¾¾ Loyalties: Strong feeling of support or allegiance ¾¾ Plundering: Stealing goods, using force, and in time of disorder ¾¾ Tolerance: The ability or willingness to tolerate the existence of opinions or behaviour that one dislikes or disagrees with ¾¾ Proposition: A suggested scheme or a plan of action ¾¾ Legislation: The process of making or enacting laws ¾¾ Pursue: Continue or proceed along Know the Date ¾¾ 1858: The Queen of Britain passed a declaration containing various provisions of governance in India rr Chapter - 7 : Freedom Movement TOPIC-1 Rise of Nationalism and the Indian National Congress Quick Review ¾¾ Before the Indian Freedom Movement, many Indian kings fought against the foreign occupation, which can be regarded as the beginning of nationalism. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 19 ¾¾ Indians who suffered in the hands of the British put up a strong resistance in the form of the First War of Indian Independence. ¾¾ This ended the rule of East India Company in 1858 and started the rule of the Queen of England in 1858. ¾¾ Participation of the Indians in the process of legislation was provided by the Act of 1961. ¾¾ As a result of all this, the educated Indian youth started sharing the idea of nationalism with common people. ¾¾ ‘The Hindu Mela’, ‘All India Association’, ‘Poona Public Sabha’ and ‘The Indian Association’ were some of those important associations with nationalistic outlook to which many Indian youth provided leadership after the First War of Indian Independence. ¾¾ During the reign of Lord Lytton, the Vernacular Press Act was introduced to curb the independence of press. ¾¾ All these developments led to the formation of the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ The Indian National Congress was founded in a national convention held in Bombay in 1885. ¾¾ W.C. Banerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ A.O. Hume played an important role in the establishment of the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ The British adopted ‘Divide and Rule’ policy to break the unity emerging among the Indian people with the development of nationalism. Know the Terms ¾¾ Nationalism: Patriotic feelings, principles or efforts. ¾¾ Journalism: The activity or profession of writing for newspapers, magazines, or news websites or preparing news to be broadcast. ¾¾ Stance: the stand. ¾¾ Convention: An agreement, covering particular matters. ¾¾ Vernacular: The language spoken by ordinary people of a country. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1857: First War of Indian Independence. ¾¾ 1858: End of the rule of East India Company in India and start of the rule of Queen of England. ¾¾ 1885: Indian National Congress founded TOPIC-2 Moderates, Radicals and Revolutionaries Quick Review ¾¾ During the later part of the nineteenth century, differences of opinions emerged in the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ Due to their ideological differences, beliefs and styles of execution, they are identified as Moderates and Radicals. ¾¾ The first twenty years of the Indian National Congress is called the Age of Moderates. ¾¾ W. C. Banerjee, M. G. Ranade, Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale were major moderate leaders. ¾¾ Moderates had faith in the rule of British and the judiciary. ¾¾ They raised their demands through prayers and requests. ¾¾ Moderates explained the drain of resources of India into England through scientific statistics and termed it ‘Drain Theory’. ¾¾ The period of Moderates is called as the Age of Liberal Nationalism. ¾¾ The period between 1885 and 1905 is called as the Age of Moderates. ¾¾ Unhappy group within the Congress called the Moderates as ‘Political Beggars’. ¾¾ The group of congressmen who criticized the soft stance of the Moderates are called as Radicals. ¾¾ Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak are the main radical members. ¾¾ To suppress the Anti-British sentiment in India, Lord Curzon thought of division of Bengal in the name of administration. ¾¾ The British divided Bengal in 1905. ¾¾ The Indian National Congress opposed the division of Bengal. ¾¾ The division of Bengal resulted into nationwide protests and the British Government withdrew the Bengal division in 1911. ¾¾ Tilak declared ‘Swaraj is my birth right. I would definitely get it back.’ ¾¾ Muslim League was formed in 1906 to protect the Muslim identity. 20 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ Tilak published ‘Kesari’ in Marathi and ‘Maratha’ in English language. ¾¾ Tilak also wrote a book titled ‘Geetharahasya’ which fuelled the freedom fervor further. ¾¾ Revolutionaries dreamed of attaining complete freedom. ¾¾ They established secret organizations across the country and started collecting weapons to drive the British out through armed struggle. ¾¾ A secret organisation named ‘Lotus and Dagger’ was formed in England. ¾¾ ‘Abhinav Bharat’ and ‘Anushilan Samiti’ were two major secret organizations in India. ¾¾ Aurobindo Ghosh, V. D. Savarkar, Ashwini Kumar Datta, Rajanarayan Bose, Rajguru, Chapekar Brothers, Vishnu Shastri, Champukar, Shyamji Krishna Varma, Rash Behari Bose, Madam Cama, Khudiram Bose, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Jatin Das were prominent revolutionaries. ¾¾ Many of the radicals such as Aurobindo Ghosh later became revolutionaries and their role is considered very important in the annals of Indian history. Know the Terms ¾¾ Moderates: That group of Indian National Congress which adopted constitutional and peaceful means to achieve the objectives. ¾¾ Judiciary: The branch of the central authority of a country concerned with the administration of justice. ¾¾ Memorandums: Written messages. ¾¾ Statistics: The practice or science of collecting and analysing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample. ¾¾ Radicals: The radicals were the political leaders of Indian National Congress who adopted the method of passive resistance, boycott and swadeshi. ¾¾ Fervour: Intense and passionate feeling. ¾¾ Revolutionaries: Engaged in or promoting political revolution. ¾¾ Sedition: Conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch. ¾¾ Materialize: Become actual fact; happen. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1905: The British divided Bengal. ¾¾ 1906: Formation of the Muslim League. ¾¾ 1911: The British government withdrew the Bengal division order. rr Chapter - 8 : Era of Gandhi and National Movement TOPIC-1 Life of Gandhiji, Gandhiji’s beginning Struggles in India and the Achievements of Gandhiji’s Inner Life Quick Review ¾¾ The period between 1920 and 1947 is known as the Gandian Era. ¾¾ Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (popularly called Bapu) was born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar of present day Gujarat’s Kathiawar district. ¾¾ Gandhiji lived in South Africa for twenty long years. ¾¾ He opposed the Apartheid Policy which discriminated between the dark skinned and pale skinned people and invented a new tool of protest called ‘Satyagraha’. ¾¾ Gokhale was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi. ¾¾ He established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to give institutional shape to his struggles. ¾¾ In 1917, Gandhiji launched the Champaran Movement in support of Indigo farmers. ¾¾ In 1918, he started a movement in support of the mill workers of Ahmedabad. ¾¾ In the same year, a protest was held in Kheda village of Gujarat to oppose land taxes. ¾¾ He employed ‘Passive Resistance’, ‘Non-Violence’ and ‘Satyagraha’ as his major strategies in his struggles. ¾¾ The word ‘Satyagraha’ means ‘the assertion of truth’. ¾¾ Gandhiji firmly believed that one should face violence with Ahimsa and Satyagraha. ¾¾ Gandhiji said that Hindus and Muslims are two eyes of India. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 21 Know the Terms ¾¾ Deewan: A Chief Treasury Officer, Finance Minister or Prime Minister. ¾¾ Apartheid: (In South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. ¾¾ Satyagraha: A policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India. ¾¾ Non-Violence: The use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change. ¾¾ Ahimsa: (In the Hindu, Buddhist, and Jainist tradition) respect for all living things and avoidance of violence towards others. Know the Dates ¾¾ 2nd October 1869: Birth of Mahatma Gandhi ¾¾ 1920 – 1947: The Gandhian Era ¾¾ 1916: Foundation of Sabarmati Ashram at Porbandar in Gujarat ¾¾ 1917: Gandhiji launched the Champaran Movement ¾¾ 1918: Gandhiji started a movement in support of mill workers of Ahmedabad and also launched another protest at Kheda village of Gujarat to oppose land taxes TOPIC-2 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement, Non- Cooperation Movement Quick Review ¾¾ The British started controlling the nationalists by implementing the Rowlatt Act in 1919. ¾¾ Gandhiji formed an association named ‘Satyagraha Sabha’ to oppose the provisions of the Act of 1919. ¾¾ Gandhiji had called for one day hartal due to which various leaders were arrested in Punjab. ¾¾ To protest these arrests, people peacefully gathered in Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919, the Baisakhi festival day. ¾¾ General Dyer fired at the peacefully assembled crowd there and killed almost 380 protestors. ¾¾ This became the reason for the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji. ¾¾ The Sultans of Turkey were also the religious leaders of Turkey and were known as ‘Caliph’. ¾¾ During the First World War, the British harassed the Caliph and this was protested by the Muslims worldwide. ¾¾ In India, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in support of Turkey in 1919. ¾¾ Gandhiji extended support to this movement. ¾¾ The Congress passed a resolution to conduct Non-cooperation Movement in a special national convention held in Calcutta on 4th September 1920. ¾¾ It aimed at creating awareness among common Indians regarding the misrule of the British. ¾¾ As an impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement, the freedom movement of India became a people’s movement. ¾¾ On 5th February 1922, a group of almost 3000 farmers assembled in front of the police station to protest against a British officer who had beaten the Congress workers when they were protesting in front of an arrack shop. The police started shooting from inside the police station. ¾¾ Agitated by this, the Indians torched the police station and all the 22 policemen were charred to death. Similar incidents occurred in other places also. ¾¾ As a result of this, Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on 12th February, 1922. ¾¾ This decision of Gandhiji led to a political vacuum. ¾¾ Swaraj Party was founded by Motilal Nehru and C. R. Dass. Know the Terms ¾¾ Rowlatt Act: This was a legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India which allowed certain political cases to be tried without juries and permitted internment of suspects without trial ¾¾ Boycott: A punitive ban on relations with other bodies, cooperation with a policy, or the handling of goods ¾¾ Massacre: An indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of many people ¾¾ Knighthood: The title, rank or status of a knight ¾¾ Caliph: The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad who ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk. 22 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ Khilafat Movement: This was a pan-Islamist, political protest campaign launched by Muslims of India to influence the British Government not to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate ¾¾ Non-Cooperation Movement: This was a significant phase of the Indian Independence Movement from British rule led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ¾¾ Handloom: A manually operated loom ¾¾ Khadi: An Indian homespun cotton cloth ¾¾ Torched: Set on fire ¾¾ Charred: Partially burnt ¾¾ Vacuum: A space entirely devoid of matter; empty ¾¾ Impediments: Hindrances or obstructions Know the Dates ¾¾ 1919: The British implemented the Rowlatt Act ¾¾ 13th April 1919: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place ¾¾ 1919: Khilafat Movement started in India ¾¾ 4th September 1920: The Congress passed a resolution to conduct Non-Cooperation Movement ¾¾ 5th February 1922: The Chauri-Chaura incident took place ¾¾ 12th February 1922: The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji ¾¾ 1923: Swaraj Party was established by Motilal Nehru and C. R. Dass ¾¾ November, 1923: Elections to the legislative assemblies were held TOPIC-3 Civil Disobedience Movement, Round Table Conference, Quit India Movement, Farmers’ and Workers’ Protest, Tribal Movements Quick Review ¾¾ The British appointed the Simon Commission to study the effects of Government of India Act of 1919 (Montague- Chelmsford Act). ¾¾ This Commission received nationwide protest and opposition. ¾¾ The British Government asked the Indians to draft a Constitution that can be acceptable to all the political parties and communities of India. ¾¾ In this context, Motilal Nehru formed a committee and this Nehru Report advocated for dominion status for India along with internal federal structure. It also made various other recommendations. ¾¾ In Lahore Congress Convention under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, a resolution was adopted demanding for “Poorna Swaraj” (complete independence). ¾¾ In 1930, the working committee of the Congress met at Sabarmati Ashram and passed a resolution to conduct Civil Disobedience Movement. ¾¾ Gandhiji put some demands in front of the Viceroy and told that if these demands were not fulfilled, he would conduct the Civil Disobedience Movement. ¾¾ As the Viceroy rejected the letter written by Gandhiji, he led the Dandi March (Dandi is a place in Gujarat) and broke the Salt Law there. ¾¾ After this, National Movement Week was observed from April 6 to 13. ¾¾ Several leaders who had participated in the Dandi March were arrested and slowly the movement spread to other places of India. ¾¾ The First Round Table Conference refers to the meeting of the Indian legislative representatives which was held in London in 1930. ¾¾ Various approvals were made in this conference. ¾¾ As the Indian National Congress did not participate in this conference, it was incomplete. ¾¾ In order to make this conference a success, a pact named ‘Gandhi-Irwin Pact’ was signed between Viceroy Irwin and Gandhiji. ¾¾ As a result of this pact, the Congress agreed to stop the Civil Disobedience Movement and participated in the Second Round Table Conference. ¾¾ In the Second Round Table Conference, a dispute emerged between Ambedkar and Gandhiji due to which it ended without any conclusion. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 23 ¾¾ Under the ‘Poona Pact’, few constituencies were reserved for the untouchables among general constituencies. ¾¾ The Congress did not participate in the Third Round Table Conference, and the Government of India Act, 1935 was passed as a result of these three conferences. ¾¾ The Stratford Commission sent by the British Government to India had several such provisions which were opposed by the Congress and it called for Quit India Movement. ¾¾ Gandhiji gave a call to the Indians saying “Do or Die”. ¾¾ As a result of this, various Congress leaders were arrested and non-Congress organizations took the lead in this movement. ¾¾ Jayaprakash Narayan provided new leadership to this movement. ¾¾ The Socialists brought a document called as “The Freedom Struggle Front” and performed revolutionary activities. ¾¾ After the elections held in 1937, the Muslim League was kept out from government formation. ¾¾ The Muslim League did not participate in the Quit India Movement and it demanded for the division of India. ¾¾ During the British rule, many farmers protested against the British planters and zamindars. ¾¾ The Indian National Congress tried to organize the farmers as part of the National Freedom Struggle. ¾¾ Many farmers’ protests were organized under the banner of Kisan Sabha. ¾¾ Workers’ struggle started in Calcutta. ¾¾ Taxation and forest policies of the British were the reasons of tribal revolts. Know the Terms ¾¾ Constitution: A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed. ¾¾ Dominion Status: Supremacy and controlling status. ¾¾ Constituencies: Groups of voters in specific areas who elect a representative to a legislative body. ¾¾ Resolution: A firm decision to do or not to do something. ¾¾ Federal Government: Having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs. ¾¾ Socialist: A person who believes in socialism- a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. ¾¾ Commendable: Deserving praise. ¾¾ Labour Union: A group of people who represent workers in different occupations, and work to protect the rights of workers. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1927: The British appointed the Simon Commission ¾¾ 3rd February 1928: Simon Commission visited India ¾¾ 26th January 1950: The Constitution of India was adopted ¾¾ 1930: A resolution to conduct Civil Disobedience Movement was passed ¾¾ 6th April to 13th April 1930: National Movement Week was observed ¾¾ 1930: First Round Table Conference ¾¾ 1932: Communal Award implemented by the British ¾¾ 1919, 1935: Government of India Act ¾¾ 1942: Quit India Movement started TOPIC-4 Subhas Chandra Bose, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Jayaprakash Narayan, Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah Quick Review ¾¾ Subhas Chandra Bose, popular as ‘Netaji’, along with Jawaharlal Nehru, founded the Congress Socialist Party within the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ He became the President of Haripur convention of the Indian National Congress with the support of Gandhiji. ¾¾ But, Gandhiji’s soft approach towards the British War Policy clashed with Bose’s hardline approach for the same. 24 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X ¾¾ Subhas quit the congress and formed the Forward Bloc. ¾¾ Due to his opposition towards the British, he was arrested but he escaped from house arrest and reached Germany. ¾¾ Bose organized the prisoners of war from India and broadcasted his speeches over Azad Hind Radio. ¾¾ Rash Behari Bose founded Indian Independence League in Tokyo, Japan. ¾¾ Its military wing was called as Indian National Army. ¾¾ Subhas Chandra Bose died in an air crash when a fierce battle was continuing between INA and the British Army. ¾¾ In order to prove that the untouchables have been deprived of their rights, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar organized Mahad Tank and Kalaram Temple movements. ¾¾ Dr. Ambedkar never joined the Indian National Congress and founded the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha and Swatantra Karmika Party. ¾¾ He published periodicals such as Prabuddha Bharat, Janata, Bahishkrut Bharat and Mooknayak. ¾¾ Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was elected as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly. ¾¾ He became the first Law Minister of independent India. ¾¾ He was posthumously awarded with the highest civilian honour- Bharat Ratna. ¾¾ Jawaharlal Nehru played an important role during the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920. ¾¾ He was the President of the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ His goal of Poorna Swaraj was declared in this session. ¾¾ Nehru was the President of the 49th and 50th session of the Indian National Congress. ¾¾ As the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru is admired as the architect of industrialization and modern India. ¾¾ Nehru was instrumental in staying away from power politics by adhering to Panchsheel Principles. He died in 1964. ¾¾ Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress in 1906 and worked as a Private Secretary to Dadabhai Naoroji. ¾¾ He joined the Home Rule League and resigned from the Central Advisory Committee opposing the implementation of Rowlatt Act. ¾¾ He was successful in creating Pakistan during the declaration of independence of India. ¾¾ In the Lahore Session of Muslim League in 1940, Jinnah declared that Hindus and Muslims cannot make one nation. ¾¾ Due to the differences between Muslim League and Indian National Congress on the issue of formation of coalition government, Muslim League called for ‘Direct Action Day’ on 16th August 1946. ¾¾ As a result of this, communal clashes took place in various parts of India. ¾¾ In 1946, Lord Mountbatten, the Viceroy of India, held discussions with Gandhiji, Jinnah and other leaders to form a plan for the partition of India. ¾¾ Two nations- India and Pakistan- were born on 15th August, 1947. ¾¾ Radcliffe Brown Commission marked the boundaries of the two nations. Know the Terms ¾¾ Communism: A theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs. ¾¾ Socialism: A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. ¾¾ Leftist: A person with left-wing political views. ¾¾ Regiment: A permanent unit of an army typically commanded by a lieutenant colonel and divided into several companies, squadrons, or batteries and often into two battalions. ¾¾ Hierarchical: Arranged in order of rank. ¾¾ Unshackle: Liberate; set free. ¾¾ Electorate: All the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in elections. ¾¾ Viceroy: A ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign. ¾¾ Marxism: The political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis of communism. ¾¾ Imperialism: A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. ¾¾ Holistic: Characterized by the belief that the parts of something are intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole. ¾¾ Instrumental: Serving as a means of pursuing an aim. ¾¾ Litigations: The process of taking legal action. ¾¾ Coalition: A temporary alliance for combined action, especially of political parties forming a government. ¾¾ Interim: Provisional. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 25 Know the Dates ¾¾ 1906: Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress ¾¾ 1934: Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru founded the Congress Socialist Party ¾¾ 16th August 1946: Direct Action Day of the Muslim League ¾¾ July 1947: The Bill of Indian Independence took shape of an Act ¾¾ 15th August 1947: Indian and Pakistan were formed rr Chapter - 9 : Post Independent India TOPIC-1 Effects of Partition of India, Refugees’ Issues Quick Review ¾¾ On 15th August 1947, India gained independence but the partition of the country had created a lot of problems. ¾¾ On one hand, the country was burnt on communal lines, and on the other hand, the integration of princely states into the Indian union was a tedious task. ¾¾ The states of Kashmir, Junagarh and Hyderabad did not agree to join the federal structure easily. ¾¾ Partition had also damaged the economic condition of India severely. ¾¾ India had also a challenge of framing its own Constitution. ¾¾ India had to protect its freedom from its enemies. ¾¾ As gender and caste based discrimination was natural in the Indian society, there was a need to strengthen the social structure of India. ¾¾ India is diverse in terms of religions and this diversity was used by the British to frame ‘Divide and Rule’ policy. ¾¾ When India was partitioned in 1947, north India had to face a lot of problems. ¾¾ Soon after the partition, refugee crisis emerged as a major problem in front of India. ¾¾ Around 6 million refugees arrived into India. ¾¾ By 1951, most of the refugees who came from West Pakistan were settled down. ¾¾ The crisis of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) continued for a longer time period. ¾¾ The Bengal Vimochana Movement was finally successful in liberating Bangladesh. ¾¾ The war resulted into the arrival of 10 lakh Bangladeshi refugees into India. ¾¾ The Tibetans arrived in India as refugees during the time of Nehru. Know the Terms ¾¾ Integration: To mix with, and join. ¾¾ Executive: The branch of a government responsible for putting decisions or laws into effect. ¾¾ Legislative: Having the power to make laws. ¾¾ Judiciary: The system of courts which interprets and applies the laws in the name of the state. ¾¾ Secular: Not connected with religious matters. ¾¾ Refugee: A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. ¾¾ Native: Associated with the place or circumstances of a person’s birth. ¾¾ Humanitarian: Concerned with or seeking to promote human welfare ¾¾ Princely State: A princely state, also called native state (legally, under the British) or Indian state (for those states on the subcontinent), was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj Know the Dates ¾¾ 15th August 1947: India gained independence. ¾¾ 1960s and 1970s: India faced economic crisis. 26 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X TOPIC-2 Problem of Formation of New Government, Integration of States, Reorganization of States Quick Review ¾¾ An Interim Government was formed after India attained independence. ¾¾ Lord Mountbatten became the Governor General of India. ¾¾ The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26th January 1950. ¾¾ Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India. ¾¾ The Constitution declared India as a Sovereign, Democratic Republic. ¾¾ Later, by the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, the terms ‘Secular’ and ‘Socialist’ were added. ¾¾ The British had kept three options open for the independent princely states: (i) Joining India. (ii) Joining Pakistan. (iii) Remaining independent. ¾¾ India, through its ‘Instrument of Succession’, offered an opportunity for the princely states to join the federal structure of India. ¾¾ After the independence of India, the demand for the formation of states on the basis of language intensified further. ¾¾ After the death of Potti Shramulu, who died after 54 days of hunger strike demanding for Vishal Andhra, the demand for language based state reorganization was put. ¾¾ In 1953, Andhra Pradesh was formed. In the same year, ‘Reorganization of State Commission’ was also formed. ¾¾ On 14th October 1947, Mysore state came into existence. ¾¾ Now, there are 29 states and 7 union territories in India. Know the Terms ¾¾ Sovereign: Possessing supreme power. ¾¾ Democratic: A country, government, or political system is governed by representatives who are elected by the people. ¾¾ Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. ¾¾ Royalty: Compensation, consideration, or fee paid for a license or privilege to use an intellectual property or a natural resource, computed usually as a percentage of revenue or profit realized from the use. ¾¾ Truce: An agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting or arguing for a certain time. ¾¾ Union Territory: A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories ruled directly by the union government (central government), hence the name “union territory”. Know the Dates ¾¾ 14th October 1947: Mysore state came into existence ¾¾ 1948: Hyderabad integrated into India ¾¾ 1949: Junagarh joined the Indian federation ¾¾ 1953: Andhra Pradesh was formed ¾¾ 1963: Pondicherry became the union territory of India ¾¾ 1973: The state of Mysore renamed as Karnataka qq Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 27 Chapter - 10 : The Political Developments of 20th Century TOPIC-1 First World War, Russian Revolution, the Rise of Dictators Quick Review ¾¾ Prior to 1914, the powerful countries of Europe- England, Germany, France, Italy, Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia were in continuous war in context to establishing control upon colonies. ¾¾ These issues were upsetting the power balance between the European countries. ¾¾ As a result of all this, various alliances of different countries were formed. ¾¾ The First World War divided the countries into 2 groups- A Triple Entente of England, France and Russia, and a Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Later, Italy joined the opposite camp. ¾¾ The immediate cause of the First World War which took place between 1914 and 1918 was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the Prince of Austria. ¾¾ USA remained neutral in the beginning of the war, but it joined the group of England and France, which changed the entire scenario. ¾¾ The Russian Revolution took place in November 1917, and along with this, it entered into an alliance with Germany and withdrew from the war. ¾¾ Germany had to face defeat in this war. ¾¾ The Triple Entente forced Germany to sign the insulting Treaty of Versailles in 1919. ¾¾ The League of Nations came into existence in 1919 to avoid any future war. ¾¾ Russia was ruled by the Tsars in the 19th century. People were fed up with the administration of the Tsars. ¾¾ When Japan defeated Russia in 1905, this made the people agitate more and they resisted against the Tsars. ¾¾ Vladimir Ilich Lenin guided the revolution of the farmers and the workers and when this revolt became intense, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to flee from the country. ¾¾ This is known as the February 1917 Revolution. ¾¾ The power was shared by the ‘Menshiviks’ (the moderates) and they declared Russia as a republic. ¾¾ Lenin returned to Russia at this time and was supported by the workers and farmers. ¾¾ The Bolsheviks (the party of the workers) created the October Revolution in 1917. ¾¾ Lenin joined the party and declared Russia as a Socialist Republic Union on 7th October. This is known as the October Revolution. ¾¾ Lenin became the President of the government. ¾¾ Lenin was the first to implement Karl Marx’s scientific communism in practice. He died in 1924. ¾¾ Joseph Stalin became the President after the death of Lenin and he made USSR as a hardcore opponent of USA. ¾¾ After the Second World War, USSR took the leadership of Communist countries. ¾¾ Joseph Stalin was opposed for his policies and various reformations such as ‘Glasnost’ in 1985 and ‘Perestroika’ in 1987 were introduced. ¾¾ Gorbachev, the then President of USSR, implemented these reforms and communism collapsed there and USSR was disintegrated. ¾¾ The situations which emerged after the end of the First World War brought Hitler into power in Germany and Mussolini into power in Italy. ¾¾ Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany, and after the death of President Hindenburg, he became the dictator. ¾¾ Hitler declared the Nazi Party as the only party of Germany. ¾¾ He forwarded the supremacy of German race theory and said that the Jews, Communists, Socialists and Catholics are unfit to remain alive. This was the theory of Nazism. ¾¾ Hitler implemented mass killings of people, which is known as Holocaust. ¾¾ In 1935, Hitler implemented Nuremberg Laws and imprisoned the Jews in Concentration Camps where they were starved to death. ¾¾ This action of Hitler resulted into the Second World War. ¾¾ The impact of the First World War and emergence of social movements in Europe resulted into the growth of the Fascist Party of Mussolini in Italy. ¾¾ Mussolini remained the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and he founded the National Fascist Party. ¾¾ In 1925, he legally dismissed the democracy of Italy and became the dictator. He established one part dictatorship. ¾¾ He joined Hitler to cause the Second World War and was responsible for the death of thousands of people. He was assassinated in 1945. 28 ]  Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X Know the Terms ¾¾ Industrialization: The development of industries in a region or country on a wide scale. ¾¾ Colony: A country or area under the full or partial political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country. ¾¾ Hostility: Unfriendliness or opposition. ¾¾ Alliance: A union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations. ¾¾ Entente: A friendly understanding or informal alliance between states or factions. ¾¾ Tsar: An emperor or Russia before 1917. ¾¾ Traitor: A person who betrays someone or something. ¾¾ Formidable opponent: Someone who competes with others inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable. ¾¾ Glasnost: Liberal. ¾¾ Perestroika: Re-organizing. ¾¾ Chancellor: A senior state or legal official. ¾¾ Dictator: A ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force. ¾¾ Fuhrer: A tyrannical leader. ¾¾ Regressive: A less-developed stage. Know the Dates ¾¾ 1905: Japan defeated Russia ¾¾ 1914-1918: First World War took place ¾¾ 1917: The Russian Revolution took place ¾¾ 1919: The Triple Entente forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles; The League of Nations was formed ¾¾ 1922-43: Tenure of Mussolini as the Prime Minister of Italy ¾¾ 1924: Lenin passed away ¾¾ 1925: Mussolini became the dictator of Italy ¾¾ 1935: Hitler implemented the Nuremberg Laws ¾¾ 1945: Assassination of Mussolini ¾¾ 1985: Glasnost formed in Russia ¾¾ 1987: Perestroika formed in Russia TOPIC-2 Second World War, Chinese Revolution, Cold War and the Rise of America Quick Review ¾¾ The Second World War started with Germany’s occupation of Poland on 1st September 1939. ¾¾ This was took place between 1939 and 1945. ¾¾ As the rich countries spent immense money in this war, it resulted into the Great Economic Depression during the 1930s. ¾¾ Axis and Allies were the two groups that emerged during the Second World War. ¾¾ Italy, Japan and Germany were part of Axis, while England, France, Russia and other countries were part of Allies. ¾¾ Russia entered into a Non-War Pact with Germany on 24th August 1939. ¾¾ In 1941, Hitler turned his attention towards Russia which forced Russia to re-enter the war. ¾¾ USA dropped the first atomic bomb of the world on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan. ¾¾ Japan surrendered on 15th August 1945 and with this the Allies emerged victorious in the war. ¾¾ After the Second World War, the United Nations Organization was formed and it replaced the League of Nations. ¾¾ Nuclear arm race now started between the powerful countries. ¾¾ China is one of the ancient countries of the world with a rich history. ¾¾ An anti-imperialistic democratic revolution took place under the leadership of Sun-Yat-Sen in China in 1911. ¾¾ The Communist Party was formed in China in 1925. ¾¾ During the Second World War, Japan attacked China and Japan accepted its defeat in 1945. ¾¾ People’s Republic of China was formed on 1st October 1949. Oswaal SSLC Karnataka Chapterwise Quick Review, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-X [ 29 ¾¾ After the Chinese Revolution, Leap Forward programme was introduced and in order to rectify several mistakes in its implementation, Deng Xiaoping introduced many reforms in 1979. ¾¾ China has now adopted the Principles of Capitalism along with the framework of communism and is rapidly becoming a major economic force. ¾¾ Cold War refers to the mistrust which emerged between the two factions of the Second World War. It is a war between the Capitalist Block led by USA and the Communist Block led by USSR. ¾¾ Military organizations such as NATO, SEATO and CENTO were formed under the leadership of USA. ¾¾ Military organization named Warsaw was formed by the USSR. ¾¾ Many crises emerged due to the Cold War. ¾¾ The Cold War which continued on equal basis leaned in favour of USA after 1985. ¾¾ The Great Economic Depression that influenced USA in 1927 resulted into various changes in the politics of USA. ¾¾ Today, USA is the only superpower of the world. Know the Terms ¾¾ Heinous: Utterly wicked ¾¾ Devastating: Highly destructive and damaging ¾¾ Great Economic Depression: The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s ¾¾ Axis: One group formed during the Second World War comprising Germany, Italy and Japan. ¾¾ Allies: Another group formed during the Second World War comprising England, France, Russia and other countries. ¾¾ Feudal: Society that is organized according to rank. ¾¾ Warlord: Military commander, especially an aggressive regional commander with individual autonomy. ¾¾ Rectify: Put right; correct. ¾¾ Superpower: A very powerful and influential nation (used especially with reference to the US and the former Soviet Union when these were perceived as the two most powerful nations in the world). Know the Dates ¾¾ 1911: Anti-imperialistic revolution took place in China ¾¾ 1930s: The Great Economic Depression took place ¾¾ 1st September 1939: Germany occupied Poland ¾¾ 1939 – 1945: The Second World War took place ¾¾ 1942: Russia defeated German forces in Stalingrad ¾¾ 1943: Germany faced various defeats in Eastern Europe ¾¾ 1945: Hitler committed suicide ¾¾ 15th August 1945: Surrender of Japan ¾¾ 1956: Suez Canal crisis took place ¾¾ 1962: Cuban Missile crisis took place rr POLITICAL SCIENCE Chapter - 1 : The Probl