Quarter 2 EAPP PDF

QUARTER 2 LESSON 1 : **OUTLINING READING TEXTS IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES** **Background Information for Learners** Be organized. Indeed, this is true to every individual. In every task that you do, whatever activity it is, be it at home, in school, or anywhere, organization of ideas is a requirement...

QUARTER 2 LESSON 1 : **OUTLINING READING TEXTS IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES** **Background Information for Learners** Be organized. Indeed, this is true to every individual. In every task that you do, whatever activity it is, be it at home, in school, or anywhere, organization of ideas is a requirement. No matter how compelling your ideas are, they will not be appreciated by the reader if these ideas are not well organized. Readers appreciate it when they see the relationship of one part of the next to the next. One of the most common ways to achieve it is by using an outline. **Defining an Outline** Domagsang (2016) defines an outline as a system that helps you see whether your ideas connect well with one another, whether you have sufficient evidence to support the points that you want to emphasize, and what order of ideas will work best in your essay or speech. There are two basic types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline. The topic outline is a systematic arrangement that consists of words and short phrases. It is useful when you want to arrange your ideas hierarchically to show which are the main points and which are the sub-points. The sentence outline on the other hand, functions like a topic outline. However, instead of simply identifying your main and sub-points using words and phrases, sentences are used to express specific and complex details. Using sentences instead of short phrases allows you to organize complete ideas for each section or portion of your speech or essay. Using an Outline **A formal outline has four uses:** 1\. It helps a writer to clarify his or her purpose; 2\. It offers a convenient way of testing the proposed organization of an essay; 3\. It serves as a means of communication in itself; 4\. It may be used as an aid to efficient reading. **A. Outlining to Clarify One's Purpose** An outline is similar to a plan. First, you list down the things that you want to do, making sense that you do not miss anything in doing so. Then, you execute your plan. In writing a story, you may list down first the essential data that you want to include in your story. Examples are the setting (place, time),characters, the mood of the story, the possible conflicts, and the type of ending that you would want to write about. In writing an essay, you may write down first the arguments or the points that you want to tackle. Maybe at first you can write the outline in any order putting down the thoughts that come from your mind. Then, later on review your notes and organize your final outline. Supposed that you are tasked to write about the advantages and disadvantages of modernization,particularly the advent of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Write down first anything that comes to your mind about the advantages or disadvantages of ICT. This may be done in random. Examples 1\. It is easy and convenient. 2\. You can get information fast. 3\. It is up to date and relevant. 4\. It gives you the recent facts. 5\. ICT can make you seem anti-social. 6\. You lose the chance for personal encounter. 7\. It relies heavily in the use of gadgets. 8\. You need systems services. 9\. It is costly. 10\. You are open to cyber-bullying. You can add some more to the list. Now, you go over the initial random outline that you have written. This time separate the advantages froom the disadvantages. You will see also items that are closely related; put them together. **B. Outlining to Test Organization** An outline serves as a skeletal view of your paper. You can clearly see at one glance if everything that you are saying in your outline fall into proper places. Your outline leads you to your beginning strategy, then, to the development of the topic, and lastly, to your conclusion. **C. Outlining as Complete Communication** Sometimes you get across essay questions that ask you to enumerate facts, to list down processes, or to summarize a story. In these instances, you are asked to present your answer in outline form. From your outline, your teacher will be able to gauge right away what you done in your mind. You do not need to elaborate further. Your outline communicates your thoughts. **D. Outlining as a Reading Text** When you read an article, making an outline of what you read gives you the chance to break down the thoughts of the author; and hence, get a clearer view of what he or she is trying to say. **Creating an Outline** Outlines help you to better understand the material you are reading and allow you to better remember the things that you have read. You can even use them as study guides. A reading outline is highly structured. Tiongson and Rodriguez (2016) suggested the following steps that you can follow in creating a reading outline: 1\. Read the entire text first. Skim the text forward. Having an overview of the reading's content will help you follow its structure. 2\. Locate the main idea or thesis of the whole essay. Look at the title of the text. Look for heading, if any. Look for information that answers the question, "What is the text talking about?" 3\. Look for key phrase in each paragraph of the essay. 4\. Locate the topic sentence of each paragraph of the essay. 5\. Depending on the length of the text, look at the topic sentences and group those with ideas together. See if they describe a process or are examples. 6\. To logically organize information, the contents of the reading are arranged according to levels. A level refers to the number of ranks in the hierarchy of information in the reading. Provide a general name for each group of topic sentences. These will be the main divisions of your outline, or the first level. Label these with a Roman numeral. The topic sentences will be the subtopics, or the second level. Label these with capital letters. 7\. Evaluate the supporting details provided. These will be the third level of your outline. Label these with Arabic numerals. 8\. Go back to the text after you have finished your outline. Check whether you have followed its sequence closely and that you have not missed any important information. Below are the parts of a formal outline. Title Purpose statement or thesis\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I. MAIN IDEA II\. MAIN IDEA Here is an example of a topic outline about the subject. **Topic Outline** **Thesis Statement** Entrepreneurship is the answer to the worsening unemployment problem among our graduates. I. What Entrepreneurship Offers II\. Opportunities for Entrepreneurship III\. Steps in Operating a Business IV\. The Future of Entrepreneurship Now, if you want to expand this into a sentence outline, you may have something like this. **Sentence Outline** **Thesis Statement** Entrepreneurship is the answer to the worsening unemployment problem among our graduates. I. Entrepreneurship is a possible solution to the ever-growing number of unemployed in our country. II. One can seek and analyze the opportunities in the environment that can generate A. One can engage in various types of food business. III\. There are several easy steps to follow in starting entrepreneurship. LESSON 2 : **CRITICAL APPROACHES IN WRITING A CRITIQUE** **Background Information for Learners** Writing a critique or reviews is a challenging task. It involves a process of summarizing and evaluating a work or concept. The main purpose of an evaluation is to assess the usefulness or impact of a work in a particular field. Critical Approaches, sometimes called lenses, are different perspective we can consider when looking at a piece or several pieces of literature. Criticism on the other hand, is an abstract, intellectual exercise. It is an exchange of informed opinion about a subject for review. It is considered to be a discourse. The common literary criticisms are presented below (Tandoc, 2016): **1. Formalist Criticism**. It regards the subject as a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examine on its own terms. In using formalist criticism, you need to focus your analysis on the formal feature of the subject not on the profile of the creator. You need to establish how one element works together with other elements to achieve the effect to the audience or spectator. **2. Biographical Criticism**. It asserts that a work of art is done by a person and understanding his/her life would be helpful to understand the work itself. By looking into the biography of the creator, you understand how his/her life shaped and influenced the work of art. **3. Historical Criticism**. It involves understanding the subject by using an analysis of social, cultural and intellectual context surrounding the work of art. In writing a historical criticism or review, you need to relate how the time and place of creation affected the meaning of the subject. **4. Gender Criticism.** It examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of the subject. Feminist critics carefully examine how the images of men and women reflect or reject the social forces that have historically kept the sexes from achieving total quality. **5. Psychological Criticism.** This focuses on the human being's unconscious mind, regrets fears, hidden desire, sexuality and repression. It involves analysis of three elements: (1) it investigates the creative process of the artist; (2) what is the nature of literary genius; (3) how does it relate to normal mental functions? **6. Sociological Criticism.** This criticism considers the cultural, economic and political context in which the subject is created. It explores the relationship between the subject and the creator. **Points to Remember in Writing a Critique** Like an essay, a critique has three parts: (1) introduction; (2) body and (3) conclusion. The introductory part should contain (a) the name of the work being reviewed, the date and the creator; (b) describe the main argument or purpose of the work; (c) explain the context in which works is created; (d) have concluding sentence that signposts what your evaluation of the work will be (positive, negative or mixed evaluation). The body should explain the summary and evaluation of the subject applying the different approaches. The conclusion should provide statement of the overall evaluation, summary of key reasons and give recommendation for improvement of the work. LESSON 3: **WRITING A BALANCED REVIEW OR CRITIQUE** **Background Information for Learners** One of the significant roles of Language teaching is to identify the strengths and the weaknesses of every learner, understanding how various information can lead to different expressions, understanding and versions, it is where students form arguments based on research, surveys, interviews and facts. It is a process that learners need to undergo to address problems in fluency, oral intelligibility, grammar, reading and vocabulary development A critique is a genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or concept. Critiques can be used to carefully analyze a variety of work such as: novels, film, exhibits, images, poetry. While a review is an academic essay, paper, or thesis argues a topic using credible sources to back up the argument. It can be an embedded introduction in your paper, or relevant parts of the review can appear in the sections of your paper. This session covers the objective/ balanced review of things or an event. Balanced Review/ Critique: What do I need to convey? Critiques are important rhetorical pattern in Academic Writing as they present a balanced view of things. Critiques should provide background information for the reader to grasp the issue raised. Your critiques, however, should be based not only on your personal perspective but should be grounded on actual observations. **You may want to consider the following tips in developing your critique.** 1\. Remember that the critique should be accessible to the audience. Therefore, providing background information for the readers will be helpful. Including the central ideas of the book, the concept, the event, or the movie to be critiqued is necessary. 2\. Relating your critique to greater realities will also help you as you ground your critique on the wider scheme of things. For instance, what subject? Theme does the movie, concept, book or event address? Are there questions that people constantly ask that this particular subject / theme you are reviewing can answer? **How will I make it powerful?** In general, the critique should be organized in the following manner. 1\. The first part should provide the readers a sense of ideas you want to tackle. (What are some problems people face in their daily lives? What are some healthy debated topics discussed among groups concerning the community? 2\. The next part should provide the summary of the concept. 3\. Strengths and weaknesses should be part of the critique. Remember that this is challenging and requires tact. 4\. The final section of the critique should include the final recommendations of the author. For instance, is the movie, book, gadget, event, or concept a good investment of time, effort, and money? What background knowledge does one need to see or use them? Will other activities help to appreciate these? Mechanics 1\. Identify what you most need help with 2\. Spot patterns and trends in your feedback 3\. Take what's useful and discard the rest 4\. Return the favor when you get writing help 5\. Get biased feedback slide off your back 6\. Quote statements properly, don't forget to acknowledge the sources. Grammar 1**. USING ACTIVE VOICE**- Remember the simple rule for your sentences: S+V+0 (Subject+ Verb+ Object). Using the active voice easily directs your message towards the readers laying the foundation of clear communication of thoughts. **2. AVOID DANGLING MODIFIERS**- avoid confusion and target clarification to make the meaning of the sentence in your review/ critique clear and complete. **3. DON'T MISS OUT ON PUNCTUATIONS** -- When it is comma, semi-colon, or any other punctuation mark, as a higher education student you must be able to display an ability to implement the use of various punctuations. 4**. INCORPORATE THE CORRECT TENSES**-Use correct tenses all the time. 5**. MAKE USE OF CONJUCTION WORDS**- if you are planning to convey your critique in a long and lengthy sentence make sure that more than two similar ideas presented should be joined together with a meaningful and adequate conjunction word. 6\. **CORRECT PRONOUN**-use correct pronouns to help you deliver your work without much time and effort and to produce a more conversational critique. 7**. PREPOSITIONS MATTER**- Prepositions though confusing allow you to locate and express movements as well as a lapse in time. They are as important as any other words in the English Language. LESSON 4: **WAYS TO ELUCIDATE ON A CONCEPT BY DEFINITION,** **Background Information for Learners** One of the most important academic papers that the students learn to write critically is the concept paper. The problem is many students find writing very difficult especially in elucidating on a concept because they could hardly express their ideas about a certain matter. In order for the students to write better, it is necessary for them to know the ways on how they can express their ideas and how they can write effectively. This session covers the three ways a writer can elucidate on a concept by definition, explication and clarification. What should the students know? **Three Ways a writer can elucidate on a concept:** A**. DEFINITION**: What are the ways to define a concept? Definitions are essential in writing as they serve as a frame of reference for discussions. Concepts in a respective subject are understood because terms are used in a specific concept or process. Definitions are used to provide the meaning of a particular word or term. Definitions may be formal, informal, or extended. **1. Informal definition**- is a definition which does not include distinguishing features but uses known words or examples to explain an unknown term. These definitions may be synonyms or antonyms introduced by or, in other words, referred to as, or like. Example: Poverty refers to what the poor people experience. Due to poverty, poor people have insufficient food, clothing, medicine and other basic needs for living. **2. Formal definition**- is a definition that includes the term (the word to be defined), class (the group where the term belongs) and distinguishing features or characteristics (qualities that make the term unique). Example: Poverty is defined as the "deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life, including food, clothing, shelter and safe drinking water, and may also include the deprivation of opportunities to learn, to obtain better employment to escape poverty, and/or enjoy the respect of fellow citizens. **3. Extended definition**- is a definition that generally has components of both formal and informal definitions. It is an essay length text that uses different rhetorical patterns to show the meaning of a particular term or concept. It does not only define but also describe, compare and contrast, provide examples, and show cause-and-effect relationships to provide the reader a holistic definition of a term. Example: Poverty is a complex problem. It is an inability to meet basic needs because food, clean drinking water, proper sanitation, health care and other social services are inaccessible. Poverty is hunger and lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school, not having a job, fear for the future and it is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom. **B. EXPLICATION: How to explain well a concept?** The term explication comes from the French for "explanation." It employs a critical interpretation of a concept. It refers to the analysis of a text that attempts to explain what the text means. It provides another perspective or interpretation by examining the concept presented. Through a critical analysis of points raised in the text, a richer explanation of the concept is provided. This may be done through comparison and contrast, description, cause and effect, providing examples and other rhetorical modes. Example: Capital Punishment was legal after independence in 1946 and increased in use under the Ferdinand Marcos regime. After the fall of Marcos, there was a moratorium on capital punishment from 1987-199, followed by a resumption in executions from 1999-2006 that was followed by a law ending the practice. Filipinos have mixed opinions about the death penalty, with many opposing it on religious and humanitarian grounds, why advocates see it as a way of deterring crimes. Although the Philippines officially does not have capital punishment, extrajudicial killings are very common.(Excerpt from Capital Punishment in the Philippines- https;//en.m.wikipedia.org) **C. CLARIFICATION: Why is clarification of concept important?** Clarification is a method of explanation in which the points are organized from a general abstract idea to specific and concrete examples. It entails the analysis of the concept by looking at the examples and specifying some of its characteristics to arrive at one working definition used throughout the paper. The central challenge in concept clarification is to understand how words create things. Clarifying a text or concept is important because in a given text, words and phrases do not appear in isolation but are embedded in the context of a narrative, an argument, an explanation, and so on. Accordingly, clarifying meaning questions test one's ability to identify contextually appropriate meaning of words and phrases. It also helps the readers to understand better the writer's concept. Example: Love is the most powerful emotion a human being can experience. The word love is used as an expression of affection towards someone else (I love you) but it also expresses pleasure (I love chocolate). To make it a little more complicated, the word "love" also expresses a human virtue that is based on compassion, affection and kindness. This is a state of being, that has nothing to do, with something or someone outside yourself. This is the purest form of love. The ancient Greek used seven words to define the different states of love but still, we use the same word. It is easy to understand that a confusion is easy made while communicating. One can say" I love you" to two different people (and mean it) but actually feeling in a different way. (An excerpt- What is Love? A Philosophy of Life by Adrian Catron, Contributor**)**