Quarter-1-Reviewer.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE A claim is a statement, and further examination is HUMAN PERSON (STEM 7-12) required to establish whether it is true or false. First Quarter...

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE A claim is a statement, and further examination is HUMAN PERSON (STEM 7-12) required to establish whether it is true or false. First Quarter In Philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help DOING PHILOSOPHY determine truth. This means that every statement, claim, Philosophy – It refers to the study of the fundamental evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed. nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. means “love of wisdom” came from 2 Greek words: Arguments are a series of statements that provide philos – love reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or sophia – wisdom opinion is truthful. Elenchus – the art of questioning and answering to The branch of Philosophy that focuses on the arrive at the truth. correctness of reason is the Logic. Aesthetics – a branch of philosophy that focuses on the Fallacies are the errors in reasoning. beautiful in its various manifestations FALLACIES The main purpose of doing philosophy is to develop Argumentum Ad Hominem - attacking the person’s critical thinking skills and obtain a broad perspective character instead of the argument itself. of life. Example: Why would I believe you, you’re not even the smartest person in class? In terms of obtaining a broad perspective in life, Philosophy helps individuals understand different Argumentum Ad Baculum - use of threat or force to perspectives and think critically. advance an argument. Example: If you will not help in this project, I will not Socrates said that the beginning of wisdom is “docta include your name in the list! ignoratia” which means, acknowledging one’s own ignorance. Argumentum Ad Populum - An attempt to influence the judgment of people by appealing to the prejudices “Reality is essentially complex” and requires nuanced and attitudes or as endorsed; many believed in it, so I understanding, that is why it is important to develop would. complex ways of thinking. Example: Our make up brand is the best in the market because a lot of girls are buying it. Philosophy involves a critical examination of one’s own beliefs and values because it is “not blind Argumentum Ad Misericordiam - It occurs when obedience.” someone evokes sympathy or guilt in an attempt to gain support for their claim, without providing any logical Aristotle said: “All men by nature desire to know.” reasons to support the claim itself. Example: I know that the phone is not mine. I never The object of this knowing, by its very essence, is the owned and had one ever since. I just want to know how truth. it feels to have it. Please forgive me for keeping it without your permission. This discovery of truth, for it to be called wisdom, must lead to a life of virtue. Appeal to Tradition - an idea is acceptable because it has been practiced for a long time. Partial thinking - focuses on a limited or specific aspect Example: Chinese people will only marry Chinese of a situation people. Example: She bought the same mobile brand because her friends bought the same. Fallacy of Equivocation - use of a word with equal sound but with different meanings in an argument Holistic thinking - takes into account all aspects and Example: A king is a ruler factors of a situation A ruler is a measuring device. describes as looking at the “big picture” A king is a measuring device. Example: I bought the latest Iphone, but before buying it, I considered a lot of factors such as my allotted budget. Fallacy of Hasty Generalization - This fallacy arises as the result of the conclusion “what is true of the whole Plato - He traced man’s need to philosophize to his is true of the parts.” sense of wonder Example: You came from a rich family. I believe, you are rich too and have a lot of money. Rene Descartes - He traced man’s need to doubt Fallacy of Composition - This fallacy arises as the METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING result of the conclusion “what is true of the parts is true Philosophy was born out of man’s desire to know, to of the whole.” interpret, and to understand the world. It came from Example: Sonny is a very intelligent person. I believe being persistent to arrive at the real knowledge, hence, he belongs to a family of intelligent people at TRUTH. Fallacy of Composition- Many arguments rely on an Scientifically, the basis of determining truth are analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or observation and facts. situations. If the two things that are being compared aren't really alike in the relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one, and the argument that relies on it commits  the fallacy of weak analogy. Most of the time, it uses Anthropocentrism - Human-centric terms such as “like, the same as” - Believes that humans are free to transform the nature and Example: In this house, doing household chores is like its resources. Example. If you want to see wild animals, a pizza, it should have different parts and be divided. go to the zoo. I have chickens in the farm, I’m going to sell them for my business. THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT Man - is the general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race Human - refers to man as a species – Homo sapiens or modern human beings Biocentrism - Life-centric - Believes that humans are not the only significant species Human nature refers to the characteristics of humans on the planet and that all organisms have inherent value such as thinking, feeling, and acting. and should be protected. Example: Instead eating meats, you will eat fruits or Person is a much more complex term which generally vegetables. refers to a human being granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity, above all. Characteristics/Traits of Human Person 1. Self-awareness - refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions. This awareness of the Ecocentric/Ecocentrism – ecosystem -centric self also enables us persons to experience an ― inner - Believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological world that is defined by our personal thoughts and ideas system or community and that we have a significant role (interiority). as stewards or guardians of nature. Example: Tree-planting 2. Self determination - refers to the capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their Sustainable development – Is a concept derived from own preferences (free will), monitor and regulate their environmentalism as it focuses on the harmonious actions, and be goal-oriented and self-directed. Morality activities of persons, and the economic activities of the refers to the conditions actions whether they be country in the protection and preservation of the considered good or evil. environment. 3. Externality - is the capability to reach out and interact Scientists monitor the changes in the environment like with others and the world. **Philosophers consider man climate change. Their studies show that our world is as a social being, and that a person never exists in changing not for the better but for the worst, and isolation. **“No man is an island.” - Our interactions humanity is responsible for this. with others define our existence as persons *************NOTHING FOLLOWS************* 4. Dignity - refers to the innate right to be valued and respected. **Philosophers consider all humans as having an inherent worth or value. Note: Our body is not the only thing that defines us. Spirit - The intangible element which enables us to exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority, and the REMINDERS: capacity to reach out to the outside world and other ✓ This reviewer is FOR YOUR EYES ONLY. persons. ✓ With respect to other blocks, strands, section’s teachers, DO NOT SHARE this reviewer. Transcendence - Refers to the ability to surpass limits. ✓ This is an INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY personally made buy your teacher, and you are not Embodiment - Enables us to do and experience all the allowed to share this without my consent and thingsthatmakeus human persons. permission. **BODY (purely physical being) ✓ This is a REVIEWER which will be used as a +SPIRIT(mind,will,and emotions) = reference BEFORE exam proper and not a copy EMBODIEDSPIRIT DURING exam. ✓ This reviewer is for ACADEMIC PURPOSES The Human Person and The Environment only and NOT FOR SALE. Environmental Philosophy/Ethics -The discipline in Philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings with their environment and its non-human contents. - It advocates that us as person, it is our responsibility to take care of the environment.)