The Future of Quantum Computing and its Potential Applications PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375794385 The Future of Quantum Computing and its Potential Applications Article · November 2023 CITATIONS...

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375794385 The Future of Quantum Computing and its Potential Applications Article · November 2023 CITATIONS READS 6 7,731 4 authors, including: Patel Hiral B. Sejal Mishra Ganpat University Dr. C. V. Raman University 18 PUBLICATIONS 79 CITATIONS 8 PUBLICATIONS 34 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Rahul Jain Marwadi University 77 PUBLICATIONS 144 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Patel Hiral B. on 22 November 2023. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 The Future of Quantum Computing and its Potential Applications Prof. Hiral B. Patel*1, Sejal Mishra2, Rahul Jain3, Prof. Nirali Kansara4 1 Acharya Motibhai Patel Institute of Computer Studies,Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujrat,India 2 Dept. Of Computer Science & Engineering,Chouksey Engineering college,Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India 3 Dept. of Computer Engineering, UVPCE, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujra, Indiat 4 JG College of Computer Applications, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India Abstract: Quantum computing is a burgeoning field that has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of science, technology, and society. Quantum computing is poised to revolutionize the world of computing by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that are practically impossible for classical computers. This research paper aims to examine the future of quantum computing and its potential applications. It explores the underlying principles of quantum mechanics and highlights the challenges faced in the development of practical quantum computers. By evaluating recent advancements and ongoing research initiatives, this study seeks to provide insights into the future prospects of quantum computing and the transformative impact it may have on multiple industries. This research paper explores the current state of quantum computing, the underlying principles, and the potential applications that could reshape industries ranging from cryptography to drug discovery. We delve into the challenges that still need to be overcome and discuss the future prospects of this emerging technology. Keywords: quantum, supercomputer, processing, qubit, classical, protocol. 1. INTRODUCTION When experts encounter a challenge, they resort to supercomputers which aren't always that super because occasionally the scope and intricacy of the issues prove too great for them to handle. Here's where quantum computers can help by using the principles of quantum physics, they can solve puzzles that are beyond complex for conventional computing methods. The three fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics are quantum superposition, entanglement, and interference that a quantum computer possesses are remarkably similar, which accounts for its incredible capability. Comparing quantum computers to classical computers, the latter often handle instructions differently. Quantum computing measures electrons or photons. These subatomic particles are known as quantum bits, or “qubits.” While quantum computers employ qubits to transmit information, traditional computers use binary bits. The fundamental component of quantum computing is the ability of qubits to exist in superposition, which exhibits enormous analytical power. Quantum computers operate by using superposition, interference, and entanglement to perform complex calculations. Since a number of scientific discoveries in the late 19th century, quantum mechanics has been actively developed as a field of study within physics. The majority of people will say that scientists first began to really investigate computing using quantum systems in the 1980s.In 1982, Richard Feynman proposed to use quantum computing to model quantum systems. He also describes theoretical model of quantum computer This paper explores Quantum Computer work flow with its processor and circuit, its potential applications in various fields, the future of quantum computing and challenges facing for its development. Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 513 Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 2. How QUANTUM COMPUTER WORK Compared to classical computers, quantum computers process information fundamentally differently. Quantum computers perform observations and measurements using a range of algorithms. After the user enters these methods, the computer generates a multidimensional space that holds individual data points and patterns. The quantum computer would measure the combinations of folds; this combination would be the solution to the challenge, for instance, if a user wanted to solve the protein folding problem to find the least amount of energy to use. A real quantum computer is physically composed of three major components. A conventional computer and its supporting hardware do programming and communicate commands to the qubits in the first section. A technique for sending signals from the computer to the qubits is covered in the second section. The qubits must, at last, be stored somewhere. Certain demands or conditions must be satisfied, and this qubit storage unit must be able to stable the qubits. These can include the vacuum chamber housing or requiring temperatures close to zero. Figure 1. Qubits super positioning' electrons. One physical problem with qubits is that their quantum properties fade after performing a few operations. Most quantum computer applications need thousands or millions of qubits working together without losing their quantum behaviour. This is one of the key challenges the technology presents. Figure 2. High-level structure of a quantum computer Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 514 Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 3. QUANTUM PROCESSOR The quantum processor is the key component that powers a quantum computer. Similar to classical processors, quantum processors come in various flavors, including photonic, spintronic, ion trap, and others. More recently, it has been demonstrated that ion trap quantum processors offer improved qubit isolation. Furthermore, when compared to other processors, they offer higher processing power with fewer qubits. An array of interconnected qubits is contained in a physical (fabricated) chip known as a quantum processing unit (QPU) or quantum chip. A quantum computing chip serves as the processor for quantum computers. These quantum computing chips contain quantum bits, or “qubits". Quantum annealing, as well as quantum circuit and quantum logic gate- based computing models, can serve as the foundation for QPUs. One way to use quantum computing to discover the best answer to a problem with multiple answers is to use quantum annealing. With the power of 433 qubits, IBM's Osprey is the most advanced quantum processor in the world by a large margin. Figure 3: IBM’s Quantum Processor 4. QUANTUM CIRCUITS An n-qubit register and a series of quantum gates connected by "wires" form the basis of a quantum circuit, which is a model for quantum computation. The fixed "width" of the circuit is determined by the quantity of qubits being processed. Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 515 Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 Figure 4: Quantum Circuit Superconducting circuits are used to feed back the input and output data from a quantum processor to a readout device. It is necessary to cool these interface and readout circuits to around 10 mK. In order to collect data, these circuits ultimately connect back to a readout system 5. APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING - Financial Services: Quantum computing may enable financial firms to create investment portfolios for institutional and individual customers that are more successful and efficient. They might concentrate on developing enhanced fraud detection and trading simulators. - Cryptography: Cryptography plays a major role in modern communication networks, such as the internet and secure financial transactions. As of right now, data encrypted with techniques used by conventional computers is decrypted by a quantum computer. - Optimization: Complex optimization problems and those needing massive amounts of processing power, such modelling protein folding and simulating intricate chemical processes, can be solved with quantum computing. - Drug Discovery: The comparison of far larger molecules will become feasible when quantum computing hardware and techniques proliferate. This can significantly cut down on the time and expense associated with drug development, enabling researchers to uncover treatments for a wider range of illnesses earlier than anticipated. - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Quantum computing holds great promise in transforming AI and machine learning. It offers exponential speedup for specific calculations, particularly in optimization tasks where finding the best solution from numerous options is crucial. Quantum computing accelerates optimization, leading to faster and superior solutions. Moreover, it allows for quicker data classification and expedites machine learning model training, ultimately reducing the time needed for developing AI applications. - Supply Chain and Logistics: Quantum computers offer optimization benefits for transportation and logistics. They can calculate fuel-efficient routes, reduce travel time, and aid inventory management by predicting demand. This minimizes stock outs and waste, while also enhancing supply chain efficiency by predicting and mitigating risks, improving visibility, and optimizing logistics processes. Overall, quantum computing can significantly improve freight transportation and last-mile deliveries. - Climate Modelling: The enormous volumes of data that quantum computers can gather quickly have the potential to improve weather system modelling. This can greatly increase the speed and accuracy of weather pattern prediction, which is important when considering climate change. Accurate weather forecasting is difficult because it depends on many complicated parameters, such as temperature, air density, and air pressure. These problems can be addressed by quantum computing, which gives meteorologists the ability to analyze more intricate climate models for a better comprehension of climate change and the development of practical mitigation techniques. - Aerospace and Quantum Communication: Air traffic controls and traffic coordination systems can likely be made safer using quantum computing. And military intelligence can also benefit from the vast power of quantum computing. Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 516 Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 - Traffic Control: Quantum computers can also help tackle the problem of traffic control, which is a result of the increasing population. Technology using quantum computing can be used to mitigate traffic jams and thus shorten waiting periods. - Advertising and Marketing: Through the interpretation of associations that impact purchasing patterns, quantum algorithms can aid in the creation and delivery of more effective advertisements. Rather than relying solely on browser history to deliver ads, quantum algorithms take into account factors such as the emotional response users get from an advertisement and the kinds of ads that could foster long-term relationships with their customers. - Manufacturing: Quantum computers can run more accurate and realistic prototyping and testing. In the manufacturing space, this could help reduce the cost of prototyping and result in better designs that don't need as much testing. - Batteries: Manufacturers may find it easier to incorporate novel materials into semiconductors and batteries if they use quantum computing. This might provide additional light on how to maximize the lifespan and efficiency of batteries. Additionally, manufacturers can benefit from a greater understanding of lithium compounds and battery chemistry thanks to quantum computing. For instance, quantum computing may be able to access and comprehend the functioning of protein docking energy, leading to improved electric vehicle batteries. 6. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS Although quantum computing has a lot of potential, there are a few obstacles that need to be overcome, which academics and developers are working to solve. - Qubit Stability and Decoherence: Qubits are highly sensitive to external influences, leading to decoherence, where qubits lose their quantum state and become classical bits. For accurate quantum processing, maintaining qubit stability and minimizing decoherence are essential. - Error Correction and Fault Tolerance: Quantum computers are prone to errors due to the inherent fragility of qubits. Reliable quantum computation requires the use of fault- tolerant quantum circuits and error correction. Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 517 Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 - Hardware and Scaling Limitations: The construction of practical, large-scale quantum computers is still a significant challenge. The current hardware implementations face limitations in qubit count, connectivity, and error rates. Developments in quantum hardware are required to create scalable and potent quantum systems. It is challenging to engineer and program quantum computers. - Software Development: Quantum algorithms and software development tools are still in their infancy, and there is a need for new programming languages, compilers, and optimization tools that can effectively utilize the power of quantum computers. - Classical Computers Interfaces: Quantum computers won’t replace classical computers; they will serve as complementary technology. Developing efficient and reliable methods for transferring data between classical and quantum computers is essential for practical applications. - Standards and Protocols: As the field of quantum computing matures, there is a need for standards and protocols for hardware, software, and communication interfaces. In order to guarantee compatibility and interoperability across various quantum computing platforms, certain standards must be developed. We should also include benchmarking, as the field of measuring performance criteria for the design, development, and use of quantum computing is still in its infancy. - Trained Talent: There are not many people in the globe who have received the necessary education and training to enter the quantum workforce. Hiring the appropriate employees is difficult. In a classic case of chicken and egg, more individuals will be driven to join the quantum workforce before there are more practical quantum computers, and more practical quantum computers won't exist until there are more people motivated to join the quantum workforce. - Overall Expense: Perhaps this is an obvious outcome of all the above challenges, but expense remains a huge roadblock or stumbling block for quantum computing. The likelihood that two Steves will be slapping together quantum computers in their garage is an unlikely scenario. Quantum talent is expensive. Quantum hardware is expensive. Supply chains are complex, vulnerable and you guessed it expensive to establish and maintain. Dealing with these expenses and finding investments to offset these costs will likely be a standard duty of institutional scientists and commercial entrepreneurs for the foreseeable future. - Competition in Quantum Research and Development: The field of quantum computing is highly competitive, with major tech companies and research institutions vying for breakthroughs. Collaboration and open research initiatives are crucial for advancing quantum technologies efficiently. Quantum computers with enough qubits to solve meaningful problems. Even now, quantum computing is a very new technology. Although many industry executives regard it as the standard in the future, it is not yet the norm. It certainly has a lot of potential. However, more work needs to be done before it may become widely Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 518 Journal For Basic Sciences ISSN NO : 1006-8341 accepted. The future of quantum computing is both exciting and uncertain. Making practical quantum computers that outperform classical computers for a range of applications is still challenging, despite the fact that quantum computing has already achieved ground-breaking breakthroughs. Nevertheless, more funding and ongoing research and development are propelling quantum technologies' capabilities forward. We could see major advancements in quantum hardware, error correction methods, and new quantum algorithms in the next five to ten years. As these developments take place, researchers, businesses, and eventually society at large may find quantum computing more accessible. Widespread use of quantum computing will have significant effects on enterprises, encryption techniques, and scientific research. As quantum computing develops, addressing ethical and security issues will be critical to guaranteeing its responsible and advantageous application. 7. CONCLUSION Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, it has the potential to drastically alter computing and provide solutions to issues that traditional computers are unable to handle. There will probably be major developments in both the theory and actual uses of quantum computing as research goes on. Its potential applications are vast, ranging from optimization problems and drug discovery to artificial intelligence and climate modelling. However, to harness the full potential of quantum computing, researchers must address significant challenges such as noise and stability, as well as work towards achieving quantum advantage for practical applications. Governments, research institutions, and private sector players must continue their support for quantum research and development to unlock the full potential of quantum computing. REFERENCES Tamanna Shaikh, “Quantum Computing: The Future” April 6,2023 www. https://thequantuminsider.com https://builtin.com/hardware/quantum-computing https://www.thebroadcastbridge.com/content/entry/14159/instant-answers-from- the-universe https://octopart.com/pulse/p/what-will-quantum-computer-components-look-like https://www.newsroom.ibm.com/ https://www.tudelft.nl/over-tu-delft/strategie/vision-teams/quantum- computing/what-is-quantum/quantum-circuits https://knowledgezone.co.in/posts/5a8562494cbd612c0cf88c18 https://medium.com/@pwaveino/the-future-of-quantum-computing-potential- applications-and-challenges- 733f2158aa6c#:~:text=Quantum%20computers%20have%20the%20potential,dis covery%2C%20and%20understanding%20quantum%20phenomena. https://thequantuminsider.com/2023/03/24/quantum-computing-challenges/ https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/tip/Explore-future-potential- quantum-computing-uses Volume 23, Issue 11, 2023 PAGE NO: 519 View publication stats