Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom PDF

OBJECTIVES Describe atomic orbitals; Describe the quantum model of an atom; Describe the behavior of electrons using the quantum numbers and electron configuration; Explain how electron configuration and quantum numbers are important to describe an atom; and Illustrate the electron co...

OBJECTIVES Describe atomic orbitals; Describe the quantum model of an atom; Describe the behavior of electrons using the quantum numbers and electron configuration; Explain how electron configuration and quantum numbers are important to describe an atom; and Illustrate the electron configuration and orbirtal diagram of elements. What is the chance of finding an electron in the nucleus? Erwin Schrodinger & Louis de Broglie They proposed that light and atoms might exhibit the same properties since electrons may also have wave characteristics at times. Schrodinger used mathematical concepts to come up with a new model for the hydrogen atom, which maybe applicable to other atoms. Quantum Mechanical Model The Quantum Mechanical Model - tells us that electrons orbit the atom in random ways and pictures the atom as being surrounded by an electron cloud containing all the possible places that the electron might be. Werner Heisenberg He formulated his uncertainty principle which states ’’ It is impossible to determine both momentum and the position of an electron at the same time accurately. Electron - It is believed to be the most mysterious particle in an atom because of its location. Ground State - Lowest energy level or energy state that electron normally occupies. Excited state - Highest energy state farthest from the nucleus. Valence Shell - Location of the highest occupied energy level or the last distributed electron. Valence Electron - These are electrons that occupies shell. - Valence electron are important in determining how the atom reacts chemically with other atom. - Atoms complete valence electrons (meaning it has an electron configuration) tend to be stable. Closed Shell - Atoms with completely filled with assigned electrons Atomic Orbitals Orbitals -It is a region around the nucleus of an atom where you can find electrons with higher probability. -It is usually illustrated as electron clouds. -Also known as sub levels, have characteristics shapes, size and energy. -The different atomic orbitals are s,p,d,f Sharp (s) orbital It is spherical cloud that becomes less in density as electron creates a greater distance from the nucleus. Principal (p) orbital It is a dumbbell-shaped cloud with two lobes on opposite sides of the nucleus Diffused (d) orbitals It is a four leaf clover, an hour and a ring orbital which appears to be more complicated than the first two orbitals. Fundamental (f) orbitals The f orbitals are difficult to represent and too complex to visualize among them. There are seven f orbitals that have complex appearances. Electron Configuration It is a shorthand representation of how electrons are located within orbitals, levels and sublevels. It describe the probability distribution of electrons around the nucleus. Mnemonic It is a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas or association that aids in information retention or simply helps you remembering Rules serve as guides for electon’s location 1. Pauli exclusion Principle – This principle states that only a maximum of two electrons can occupy an orbital, and an excess of two is excluded. 2. Hund’s Rules - This states that for a set of orbitals, one electron must fill up each other until all the orbitals contain one electron with parallel spin. Paramagnetism – It is the atom that contains unpaired electrons that are drawn to a magnetic field. Diamagnetic if all electrons in an atom are paired, that is weakly repelled by magnetic field 3. Aufbau Principle - States that electron fills first the orbitals of the lowest energy until any added electrons occupy the available orbitals of higher energy. Quantum numbers - Are used to describe the position and energy of electrons in an orbit. 1. Principal Quantum numbers 2. Azimuthal Quantum numbers 3. Magnetic Quantum Numbers 4. Spin Quantum Numbers END OF PRESENTAION ☺