Quantitative and Qualitative Research PDF

Quantitative and Qualitative Research DR. VLADIMIR V. KATALBAS JR., PhD  Quantitative and Qualitative Research The method to be used in conducting research will determine the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data, and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in...

Quantitative and Qualitative Research DR. VLADIMIR V. KATALBAS JR., PhD  Quantitative and Qualitative Research The method to be used in conducting research will determine the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data, and collecting and analyzing the information gathered in the research. Choosing either a quantitative or qualitative approach will affect the components of the research.  Contact time – the period when the researcher interacts with the research subjects or participants to obtain For you to easily relevant information understand the Hypothesis – a statement usually predicting the similarities and relationship between variables that can be tested by differences between scientific research the two research Research instrument – a measurement tool designed to methods, here is a obtain, measure and analyze data from research subjects around the research topic short definition of terms that you have to Sample size – the number of subjects to be taken from the target population of the study be familiar with. Trend – an assumed development in the future that will have a long-term and lasting effect; prevailing style or preference Validity – the functional quality of research instrument on obtaining data and producing results based on the purpose of the study Variable – any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may vary across research participants Generally, quantitative and qualitative research differ in the type of data they produce. The former dwells on the collection of numerical data analyzed by statistical analysis, while the latter deals with descriptive, in- depth, and holistic data analyzed by summarizing, categorizing, and interpreting. Example: Here is a simple example on how you can apply two methods differently on the same research question, “How satisfied are students with their studies?” In qualitative research, you may conduct in-depth interviews with 15 students and ask them open-ended questions such as: “How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is the most positive aspect of your study program?”, and “What can be done to improve the study program?” Based on their answers, you can ask follow-up questions to clarify things. Furthermore, you can transcribe all interviews and try to find patterns and commonalities.  As cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017) from the Social Science Research Extension Institute (SSREI), University of the Philippines (UP)-Baguio (2009). Quantitative Research 1.Aims to characterize trends and patterns 2.Usually starts with either a theory or hypothesis about the relationship between two or more variables 3.Uses structured research instruments like questionnaires or schedules 4.Uses large sample sizes that are representatives of the population 5.Has high output replicability 6.Used to gain greater understanding of group similarities 7.Uses structured processes 8.Methods include census, survey, experiment, and secondary analysis Qualitative Research 1.Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and the how’s) and produces in- depth and holistic data 2.Usually concerned with generating hypothesis from data rather than testing a hypothesis 3.Uses either unstructured or semi structured instruments 4.Uses small sample sizes chosen purposely 5.Has high validity 6.Used to gain greater understanding of individual differences in terms of feelings, motives, and experiences 7.Uses more flexible processes 8.Methods include field research, case study, and secondary analysis  What to use? On this note, you need to use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test a theory or hypothesis and use qualitative research if you want to understand concepts, thoughts and experiences.  Quantitative Research Question Domains: Who, What, When, Where Common Sample Size: 150 to 200+ Contact Time: 10 to 20 minutes Validity: Must be true of most of the data or nomothetic (law oriented) Variables: Define relationships and establish general case Research Instrument: Surveys, numerical counts, statistical analyses, mathematical modeling  Qualitative Research Question Domains: How, What, Why Common Sample Size: For phenomenological studies, Creswell (1998) recommends a sample size ranging from 5 to 25 participants Contact Time: 1-2 hours (Creswell, 2013) Validity: Must be true of each case or ideographic (case- oriented) Variables: Describe relationship and establish meaning structures and contexts Research Instrument: (next slides)  Research Instrument in Qualitative Research 1. Interviews Structured Interviews: Predetermined questions asked in a fixed order. Semi-structured Interviews: A mix of prepared and open-ended questions. Unstructured Interviews: Free-flowing conversations with minimal structure. 2. Focus Groups - Group discussions guided by a facilitator to explore shared experiences and perspectives. 3. Observation Participant Observation: The researcher actively participates in the setting. Non-Participant Observation: The researcher observes without involvement. 4. Field Notes Descriptive and reflective notes recorded by the researcher during or after observation. 5.Document Analysis Examination of existing texts, records, photos, videos, or other artifacts relevant to the study. 6. Audio/Video Recordings Recordings of interviews, discussions, or events for detailed transcription and analysis. 7. Diaries and Journals Personal or group narratives maintained by participants about their experiences. 8. Case Studies In-depth exploration of a specific case, such as an individual, group, or event. 9. Artifacts Physical items like tools, artworks, or objects that provide cultural or contextual insight. 10. Questionnaires (Open-Ended) Open-ended questions were designed to gather detailed qualitative responses. 11. Narratives or Storytelling Personal accounts or stories that reveal experiences and emotions. 12. Ethnography Tools Instruments specific to ethnographic research, such as cultural mapping.  Aspect Qualitative Research Quantitative Research To explore and understand subjective To measure and analyze numerical data for Purpose experiences, behaviors, and meanings. patterns, relationships, or trends. Non-numerical (e.g., words, images, Numerical (e.g., statistics, counts, percentages, Data Type narratives). etc). Research Questions Focus on "how" and "why." Focus on "how many," "how much," or "what is." Data Collection Interviews, focus groups, observations, textual Surveys, experiments, tests, or numerical Methods analysis. records. Thematic or content analysis (identifying Statistical analysis (descriptive or inferential Analysis Approach patterns/themes). statistics). In-depth understanding or insights into a Generalizable findings and quantifiable Outcome phenomenon. outcomes. “What is the average score of students in a math Examples “What are the challenges faced by LWDs?” test?” Nature of Results Descriptive and interpretative. Objective and numerical. Sample Size Smaller, focused on depth. Larger, aimed at breadth and generalization. Audio/video recordings, transcripts, field Questionnaires, statistical software, Typical Tools notes, etc. measurement tools.