Qualitative Research Workshop 1 PDF

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DR ADHAM A. ABDULRAHMAN BDS, MSC, PHD  What is Research Research Health Research health  WHAT WhatISisQUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative Research Qualitative research is concerned with developing explan...

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DR ADHAM A. ABDULRAHMAN BDS, MSC, PHD  What is Research Research Health Research health  WHAT WhatISisQUALITATIVE RESEARCH Qualitative Research Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social p h e n o m e n a. T h a t i s t o s a y, i t a i m s t o h e l p us to understand the social world in which we live and why things are the way they are. What is Qualitative Research Key Characteristics Of Qualitative Research Include Exploratory Nature: Qualitative research explores motivations, attitudes, and behaviors. Holistic PerspectiveIt looks at the whole picture, not just separate parts, considering the context. Flexibility: Researchers can adjust their methods during the study, which is helpful for complex topics.  Subjectivity: Researchers accept that their views might affect the results Detailed Data: It gathers rich, detailed information like stories or quotes for deep understanding. Small Samples: Studies often use fewer participants, focusing on depth, not broad conclusions. Iterative Process: Researchers adjust their methods as they learn more during the study Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Research  Philosophical term Constructivism John Dewey (1933/1998) People actively build knowledge by reflecting on their experiences and adding new information to what they already know. Interpretivism: Researchers focus on understanding and interpreting human experiences, adding personal meaning to the study.  Philosophical term Positivism Focuses on gaining knowledge through observation, measurement, and the scientific method, similar to natural sciences. It focuses on phenomena that can be observed, measured, and subjected to scientific investigation. 1. Empiricism: Knowledge from experience. 2. Scientific Method: Structured investigation. 3. Objectivity: Avoiding personal bias. 4. Rejecting Metaphysics: Ignoring improvable ideas. 5. Quantification: Using numbers for analysis.  Qualitative research seeks to answer Why people behave the way they do How opinions and attitudes are formed How people are affected by the events that go on around them How and why cultures and practices have developed in the way they have Goals of Qualitative Research What happen when health system occupied only by private health care? What are the patient-orthodontist interactions in delivering a success treatment ? Goals of Qualitative Research What happen when health system occupied only by private health care? What are the patient-orthodontist interactions in delivering a success treatment ? What are the perspectives of the orthodontist when the treatment of difficult cases ignored in public dental health system? Goals of Qualitative Research What happen when health system occupied only by private health care? What are the patient-orthodontist interactions in delivering a success treatment ? What are the perspectives of the orthodontist when the treatment of difficult cases ignored in public dental health system? How repeated instruction increased child orthodontic patients compliances to have better oral hygiene measures?  Research questions (a) what makes patients to underestimate dental treatment from GDP in the public hospitals ? (b) why some dental patients do not seek treatment earlier? (c) What are the dental professionals’ views on more oral hygiene neglect among older patient? As a qualitative study progresses, the research question should be refined and may be reformulated Qualitative Methodologies  Grounded Theory is used in fields like sociology, psychology, nursing, and management. It’s great for studying complex topics with little prior research. Researchers create detailed theories based on data using: Theoretical Sampling: Selecting participants as the study develops. Concurrent Data Collection and Analysis: Collecting and analyzing data at the same time. Theoretical Sensitivity: Staying aware of patterns and meanings in the data. Ethnography has a background in anthropology. it is a methodology for descriptive studies of cultures and peoples. cultural parameters include: geographical - a particular region or country religious social / familial shared experience For example. How people in a remote area handle their health problem issues?  phenomenological, attempting to understand how participants make sense of their experiences For example: experiences of Dentists who changed their carrier. interpretation by the researcher. Preliminary findings are shared with participants to validate the accuracy of the interpretations.  people’s narratives/stories to uncover underlying meanings, patterns, and structures. For example: How do individuals construct and convey their experiences of overcoming a serious illness through personal narratives?  counting/frequency, where researchers would count occurrences of a word, phrase or theme.  studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. The purposes and effects of different types of language on a phenomenon.  Qualitative samplings Maximum variation sampling: here researchers identify cases with different characteristics to maximise diversity in the sample, usually to get the widest range of views possible. Intensity sampling: this is where researchers sample the same characteristics over and over. It tends to be used in interpretive phenomenological analysis. Snowball sampling: relies on referrals, one participant recruits others (e.g. drug users, victims of domestic violence)  Qualitative samplings Theoretical sampling: making possible generalisations about theoretical propositions and new cases are selected Convenience sampling: here researchers select those who are available and likely to participate, perhaps over a specific period. Typical case sampling: researchers choose cases that they believe to be especially important because of the position they hold. How do you know when you have an adequate sample? when you have reached theoretical saturation Theoretical saturation occurs when new data from new cases do not contribute to the development of emerging theory even after you have tried to ensure that your new cases are those most likely to extend or challenge your ideas.)  Qualitative Data Collections open ended questions in questionnaires  Interviews Structured semi-structured un-structured …………………… Topic guide Recording the session verbatim will be transcribed words by words  Interviews Researcher act as a interviewer (Mostly) A good interviewer needs to be able to: put an interviewee at ease needs good listening skills needs to be able to manage an interview situation so as to collect data which truly reflect the opinions and feelings of the interviewee concerning the chosen topic(s)  Focus groups A group of 4-6 participants Researcher act as moderator (Mostly) In a way focus groups resemble interviews, the researcher wants to explore the ways in which the participants interact with each other and influence each other’s expressed ideas. …………………… Topic guide Recording the session verbatim will be transcribed words by words  A good moderator Allow all participants to express themselves must cope with the added problem of trying to prevent more than one person speaking at a time Do not allow domination of the session by one participant Do not impose his idea  Observation To see how the participants actually behave Researcher act as an observer (Mostly) ……………….. Make notes all the time Observe carefully Sometimes video recording  Documents Letters, Diaries, Photographs (most common) annual reports, minutes of meetings, codes of conduct, web sites, series of letters or emails, case notes, health promotion materials (less common)  Open ended questions Open ended questions in questionnaires The open ended questions usually require that responses, which reflect the opinions of the respondents, be written in blank spaces.  Qualitative analysis Content Analysis Thematic analysis Framework analysis Qualitative Data Analysis Validity in Qualitative Research  Validity in qualitative research Credibility: Ensuring the findings are believable and accurately represent the participants' perspectives. This is similar to internal validity in quantitative research. Trustworthiness: Demonstrating the overall reliability and authenticity of the study, ensuring that the process and findings are rigorous. Dependability: Highlighting the consistency of the research process over time. It ensures that the findings are stable and repeatable under similar conditions. Confirmability: Ensuring that the results are shaped by the participants' data and experiences, not the researcher’s biases or opinions. It demonstrates objectivity in the findings. Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research  Ways to Validity in Qualitative Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research Research Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research Ways to Validity in Qualitative Research How to conduct a Qualitative Research What to do when conducting a Qualitative Research THANK YOU