Blood PDF - جامعة الحلة

Blood Assistant Lecturer Ahmed Makki Blood is fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products, consisting of plasma, and The formed elements (blood cells, and platelets). Technically, blood is a transport liquid pumped by the heart t...

Blood Assistant Lecturer Ahmed Makki Blood is fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products, consisting of plasma, and The formed elements (blood cells, and platelets). Technically, blood is a transport liquid pumped by the heart to all body parts, after which it is returned to the heart to repeat the process.  Is specialized fluid of connective tissue Contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix  Functions of Blood 1. Transport of dissolved substances 2. Regulation of pH and ions 3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4. Defense against toxins and pathogens 5. Stabilization of body temperature  Physical Characteristics of Blood ❑ Color range : - Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red - Oxygen-poor blood is dull red ❑ pH must remain between 7.35–7.45 ( Slightly alkaline ) ❑ Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature ❑ 5-6 Liters or about 6 quarts /body which drop of blood is oxygen-rich ‫نشاط جماعي‬ A B Each group consists of 4 students. https://padlet.com/ahmedmekki9/my-terrific-padlet-kiz2ft2v07pwsomi/wish/94PGWnBykGRAWLRV  Blood Plasma Composed of approximately 90 percent water Includes many dissolved substances –Nutrients, Salts (metal ions) –Respiratory gases –Hormones –Proteins, Waste products  Plasma Proteins Albumin – regulates osmotic pressure Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured ◼ Albumins (60%) ◼ Globulins (35%) Antibodies –protect the body from antigens ◼ Fibrinogen (4%)  The formed elements The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).  Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) The main function is to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1  Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules  Leukocytes (White blood cells) Crucial in the body’s defense against disease These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues.  Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Normal levels =4,000 to 11,000 cells/ml Abnormal leukocyte levels Leukocytosis Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml Generally indicates an infection Leukopenia Abnormally low leukocyte levels Commonly caused by certain drugs  Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes ❑ Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained ❑ Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils  Granulocytes ❑ Neutrophils ❑ Basophils Multilobed nucleus with fine granules Have histamine-containing granules Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection Initiate inflammation ❑ Eosinophils Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms  Agranulocytes Lymphocytes The nucleus fills most of the cell Play an important role in the immune response Monocytes The largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection  Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation Occurs in red bone marrow All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) Thank You