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GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 1: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF IV. PERSONALITY TRAITS OUTLINE...

GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 1: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF IV. PERSONALITY TRAITS OUTLINE Defined as consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I. Introduction to Self-Understanding II. Personality The Five-Factor Model of Personality (OCEAN) III. Determinants of Personality most widely used system of traits IV. Personality Traits includes five broad traits: V. Who Am I? ○ Openness - creativity and willingness to try new things. ○ Conscientiousness - organization, dependability, and discipline. I. INTRODUCTION TO SELF-UNDERSTANDING ○ Extraversion - Sociability and enthusiasm for essential to understand behaviors and beliefs social interaction. that affects ourselves and others specifically in becoming ○ Agreeableness - Cooperation and concern for effective and successful person in life, work, and others relationship. ○ Neurotism - Tendency to experience negative Moreover, self-understanding emotions and stress. 1. provides a sense of purpose; 2. leads to healthier relationships; trait high scores low scores 3. helps harness your natural strength; and 4. promotes confidence. openness Imaginative, Conventional, curious, open to resistant to change new experiences II. PERSONALITY combination of traits that define an individual's conscientiousness Organized, Careless, consistent behavior. reliable, spontaneous, disciplined disorganized Etymology: "Persona" (theatrical mask worn by romans in greek) and two latin words "per" + "sonare" extraversion Outgoing, Reserved, prefers (to sound through) energetic, enjoys solitude encompasses the interaction between individuals and being with others their environment agreeableness Compassionate, Competitive, critical It includes physical self, intelligence, character traits, cooperative attitudes, habits, interests, personal discipline, and moral values. neuroticism Anxious, moody, Emotionally stable, Self -represents individual perceptions and beliefs sensitive calm about oneself. III. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY V. WHO AM I? Personality refers to the total person in his/her overt and self-concept covert behavior. The determinants of factors of personality a collection of beliefs one holds about oneself and the are as follows: responses of others 1. Environmental Factors of Personality Individual perceptions of behavior and unique surroundings of an individual characteristics. Influences from surroundings (e.g., family, friends, ○ Examples: "I am a good friend" or "I am kind." culture). ○ More malleable in youth; becomes stable and detailed with age. 2. Biological factors of personality hereditary factors or genetic make-up - Inherited self-understanding - understanding what your motives traits from parents. are when you act physical features - Height, weight, and body language can evolve with changes. appearance can influence Essential Social Psychology by Richard Crisp and self-perception and behavior. Rhiannon Turner brain - Studies of the brain may provide insights into individual self - unique traits and characteristics. (e.g., personality. introversion). 3. Situational factors of personality relational self - defined by relationships (e.g., sibling, Temporary changes in behavior due to specific friend). circumstances. collective self - based on group memberships (e.g., 4. Cultural factors nationality, ethnicity). major determinants Shared beliefs and values that shape an individual's behavior and identity.  GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 2: THE SELF ACCORDING TO PHILOSOPHY self is not tied to any particular body or substance but exists through memory of the experiences OUTLINE I. Philosophy 6. DAVID HUME II. 13 Philosopher’s view on self scottish philosopher, empiricist There is no self - Self is a fictional construct based on perceptions. I. PHILOSOPHY Study of knowledge (philo = love, sophia = 7. SIGMUND FREUD wisdom) latin Australian psychologist; father of psychoanalysis. Known as "The Queen of All Sciences"; every Dualistic view of self: discipline has philosophical foundations. ○ Conscious Self: Rational, mediates impulses. 1. SOCRATES ○ Unconscious Self: Driven by pleasure principles. Athens, Greece. Subconscious - repository of past experiences, Socratic/dialectic method—asking questions to seek repressed memories, fantasies, and urges answers. Three levels of mind: “Know Thyself” emphasizes understanding beyond ○ Id: Demands immediate the physical body. satisfaction. Human is dichotomous: ○ Ego: Balances id and ○ Physical realm (body): always changing, superego. experienced through senses. ○ Superego: Morality based on ○ Ideal realm (soul/self): unchanging, encompasses upbringing. concepts like beauty and truth. Instincts: Eros (life instinct) and Self: An immortal, unified entitythat is consistent over Thanatos (death instinct). time; the soul survives death. 8. GILBERT RYLE 2. PLATO British analytical philosopher Three-part Soul/Self: Self is a pattern of behavior, indicating a person’s ○ Reason: Deep thinking, wise choices, understanding tendency to behave in specific circumstances truths. Category mistake - Confusion in treating self as ○ Physical Appetite: Basic biological needs (hunger, independent from the body: a purely mental entity thirst). existing in time but not space ○ Spirit/Passion: Basic emotions (love, anger). Analogy of Chariot (phaedrus): Reason controls the 9. IMMANUEL KANT black horse (appetite) and white horse (spirit). German philosopher, a great contribution to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics 3. ST. AUGUSTINE Self is a product of unified experience, enabling a person to make sense of everything through First Christian theologian; merges philosophy and consciousness religion. the kingdom of God is within man. God is manifested viewed body as "spouse" of the soul, driven by natural in people’s lives therefore man has to move toward appetite. perfection Two Realms: ○ God: Source of all reality and truth. 10. PAUL AND PATRICIA CHURCHLAND ○ Human Sinfulness: Result of free will American philosopher interested in the fields of true happiness found in loving God. philosophy of mind, science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology, and perception 4. RENE DESCARTES Neurophilosophy - by patricia churchland, modern French philosopher/mathematician; father of modern scientific inquiry that looks into application of philosophy. neurology to age-old problem in philosophy Famous quote: "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I Self is a product of brain activity exist). self is a thinking entity, different from the body 11. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY soul and the body are independent of one another and French philosopher and phenomenologist each can exist and function without the other self is experienced as a unity in which the mental physical self: part of nature, governed by the physical and physical are seamlessly woven together laws of the universe, and available to scientific analysis Interconnectedness of consciousness, body, and the and experimentation world Conscious self (mind, soul): part of spiritual realm, The division between "mind" and "body" is a result of independent of the physical laws of the universe, confused thinking, and the world and the sense of governed only by the laws of reason and God’s will. self are emergent phenomena in the ongoing process of human becoming 5. JOHN LOCKE english philosopher and physician “Tabula Rasa” or Blank Slate - our experiences shapes ourselves as we are born in a blank slate.  GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 3: SELF ACCORDING TO SOCIOLOGY Urbanization AND ANTHROPOLOGY ○ Moves people to cities, increasing specialization and creating complex social networks that shape identity. OUTLINE Money ○ Gives freedom for self-expression but trivializes I. Sociology and Anthropology emotional connections to people and things. It II. George Herbert Mead: Theory of the Social Self fosters a culture of calculation over intimacy III. The Self as a product of modern society among Consumption other constructions Georg Simmel ○ Individuals create self-image through material IV. The Self and Person in the Contemporary goods, but the dynamic nature of markets leads to a Anthropology superficial identity. V. The Self Embedded in the Culture Clifford Geertz Primary Group: ○ Based on affection (family). Secondary Group: I. SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY ○ Temporary, goal-oriented (e.g., work), leading to role Sociology conflicts. socius (associate, companion) logy (the study of) Blasé Attitude: The study of society ○ Emotional detachment and indifference in response Focuses on the self as a product of modern society, to overstimulation in urban life. studying human development, structure, and IV. THE SELF AND PERSON IN THE CONTEMPORARY interaction. ANTHROPOLOGY 4 Subfields of Anthropology Anthropology Archeology: Broad study of humanity, including culture (both ○ Studies the past to understand how humans past and present), focusing on human diversity and adapted and shaped current societies. similarities. Biological Anthropology: ○ Explores how human biology affects behavior, II. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD: focusing on adaptation and health. THE SOCIAL SELF Linguistic Anthropology: George Herbert Mead ○ Examines how language reflects and shapes social interactions and cultural worldviews. American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist Cultural Anthropology: one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. ○ Focuses on cultural determinism, where culture shapes human behavior and identity well-known for his theory of self. Cultural manifestations: ○ Symbols: Objects, gestures, or words with cultural The Social Self meanings. Self is a product of social interaction, not biological ○ Heroes: Important figures (real or fictional) that or innate. embody cultural values. Development of self through social experience: ○ Rituals: Group activities that fulfill cultural objectives ○ Preparatory Stage: Children imitate behaviors (e.g., weddings). around them. ○ Values: Core cultural beliefs, often unspoken but ○ Play Stage: Children role-play, assuming the role guiding behavior. of others. ○ Game Stage: They start to see the perspectives of others, not just their own, and respond V. CLIFFORD GEERTZ: accordingly. THE SELF EMBEDDED IN CULTURE two key phases: Clifford Geertz ○ "Me": Social self, reflecting societal norms and American anthropologist who studied the relationship expectations. between culture and the self. ○ "I": Active response to the "me," showing individuality. In Geertz's study of Bali, individuals avoided displaying personal uniqueness, instead enacting roles determined by cultural expectations. III. GEORG SIMMEL: THE SELF IN MODERN SOCIETY Georg Simmel German sociologist, philosopher, and critic who explored how modern, objective culture impacts individual subjective experiences. The Self in Modern Society Subjective vs. Objective Culture: ○ Subjective Culture: Personal experience and engagement with culture. ○ Objective Culture: Cultural elements (e.g., art, money) that exist outside individual control, growing more influential in modern society.  GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 4: SELF ACCORDING TO PSYCHOLOGY OUTLINE V. GREGG HENRIQUES’ TRIPARTITE MODEL: MULTIPLE VS. UNIFIED SELF I. Psychology Multiple Selves Theory: Different aspects of self arise II. Dr. Bruce A. Bracken: The Self as Cognitive depending on the situation. Construction III. William James: Me-SEelf and I-Self Gregg Henriques' Tripartite Model: IV. Carl Rogers: Real and Ideal Self 1. Experiential Self: Felt experience of being; tightly V. Gregg Henriques' Tripartite Model: Multiple vs. connected to memory. Unified Self 2. Private Self: The narrator that makes sense of VI. Donald Winnicott: True vs. False Self VII. Albert Bandura: The Self as Proactive and Agentic experiences. 3. Public Self: The persona shown to others. Unified Self: Well-adjusted individuals integrate their I. PSYCHOLOGY multiple selves into a coherent whole. scientific study of mental processes and human behavior V. DONALD WINNICOTT: It aims to describe, analyze, predict, control human TRUE VS. FALSE SELF behavior in general True Self: Rooted in early infancy, representing a Self is an essential construct in psychology because it person’s genuine self. False Self: Developed to comply with societal fulfills the goals of the discipline in studying human expectations; can be healthy if functional, but and the reason for their action unhealthy if it suppresses the true self and leads to feelings of forced compliance. II. DR. BRUCE A. BRACKEN: THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION VI: ALBERT BANDURA: The cognitive aspect of the self is known as self-concept. SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC Self-concept - Refers to a person’s beliefs about their Self-efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to influence events traits, abilities, and identity. and outcomes. Dr. Bruce A. Bracken (1992) identified six domains of Social Cognitive Theory: Humans are proactive, self-concept: self-regulating, self-reflective, and agentic (they act 1. Social: Ability to interact with others. on the environment to achieve their goals). 2. Competence: Ability to meet basic needs. Proactive 3. Affect: Awareness of emotional states. ○ prepare for the future and actively prevent 4. Physical: Feelings about appearance and health. problems by taking initiative. 5. Academic: Success or failure in school. ○ anticipating and acting on future events 6. Family: Functioning within the family unit. Agentic ○ exert control over their lives, making intentional III. WILLIAM JAMES: decisions and actions to shape their personal and ME-SELF AND I-SELF external circumstances. ○ owning one’s actions and taking responsibility for William James outcomes Founder of functionalism High self-efficacy: Leads to better performance, Rose to fame through publication of ‘Principles of motivation, and emotional well-being. Psychology’ Low self-efficacy: Results in avoidance of challenges, low aspirations, and susceptibility to stress and I-Self (Knower): The self that experiences and acts; depression. pure consciousness. Me-Self (Known): Three aspects of self-concept: 1. Material Self: Everything an individual calls their own (body, possessions). 2. Social Self: Recognition from others. 3. Spiritual Self: Inner, subjective self. IV. CARL ROGERS: REAL VS. IDEAL SELF Real Self: The self-concept based on what you know about yourself. Ideal Self: What you aspire to be. Incongruence: A gap between the real self and ideal self indicates unhealthy personality. Psychologically healthy individuals have little discrepancy between their real and ideal selves.  GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 5: THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND IV. THE SELF AS EMBEDDED IN RELATIONSHIPS AND THROUGH SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT IN CONFUCIAN ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT THOUGHT OUTLINE Confucius' Philosophy: Humanistic, focused on social harmony and self-development through moral I. Western and Oriental/Eastern Thought principles. II. Individualistic versus Collective Self III. The Social Construction of the Self in Western Key confucian concepts: Thought ○ Ren (Humaneness): Core virtue of humanity, IV. The Self as Embedded in Relationships and guiding how individuals should interact in through Spiritual Development in Confucian relationships. Though ○ Li (Propriety): Rules and rituals that govern behavior, emphasizing self-control and I. WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT responsibility within social roles (e.g., family relationships like father-son, husband-wife). Western Thought: Focuses on individualism, ○ Xiao (Filiality): Reverence and respect for parents autonomy, and rationality. Individuals are seen as and family. The family is the foundation for moral independent entities. values and how one interacts with society. Eastern/Oriental Thought: Emphasizes collectivism, ○ Yi (Rightness): Acting morally right without selfish interdependence, and social harmony. The self is seen motives, based on principles of fairness and as embedded in relationships and communities. justice. II. INDIVIDUALISTIC VS. COLLECTIVE SELF Western Thought emphasizes individualism, autonomy, Individualistic Self (Western Thought) and rationality. The individual is the fundamental unit that thinks, Eastern Thought (Confucianism) emphasizes lives, and acts toward goals. collectivism, social harmony, and moral development Individuals can form independent judgments, act within relationships. based on personal values, and choose their own path. Key traits: ○ Self-reliance, independence, and personal success are prioritized. ○ Group membership is optional and not essential for identity. ○ Example: Western societies like the U.S. value individual success over group harmony. Collective Self (Eastern Thought) The group (family, society, or community) is the fundamental unit of thought and action. The individual’s identity and actions are closely tied to the well-being and success of the group. Key traits: ○ Group harmony, interdependence, and shared responsibility are valued. ○ Example: Asian cultures like Japan or China, where individuals prioritize family or societal duties over personal goals. III. THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT Descartes ("I think, therefore I am"): The self exists through the act of thinking, establishing a cognitive basis for identity. Kant: The self is autonomous and capable of moral decisions, deserving rights. Western Self Characteristics: ○ Analytic: Breaking down ideas for analysis. ○ Monotheistic: Belief in a singular supreme being influencing worldviews. ○ Individualistic: Emphasis on personal freedom and independence. ○ Materialistic and Rationalistic: Focus on science and rational thinking over spirituality or superstition  GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF WEEK 5: THE SELF IN THE WESTERN AND ○ Physical self evolves through stages of body awareness and cohesion. ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective: OUTLINE ○ Focuses on the perceptual and cognitive aspects of the physical self. I. The Concept of Physical Self ○ Differentiates between historical and proximal II. The Self as Impacted by the Body factors that influence body image. Feminist Perspective: I. THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL SELF ○ Social construction of the body, especially 1. Biological factors women’s dissatisfaction, is seen as a result of Heredity: Transmission of traits from parents to societal norms. offspring, containing genetic information within genes. ○ Women’s bodies are often linked to social Genotype: Genetic makeup; not all genotypes are expectations, leading to different experiences physically expressed. from men. Phenotype: Physical manifestation of genetic traits. Chromosomes: 23 pairs that carry genetic material, with the 23rd pair determining sex. DNA: Contains genetic instructions for biological VI. Factors Affecting development. Maturation: Completion of growth and unfolding of Perception of the Physical Self genetic traits. 1. Personal Factors: 2. Environmental Factors ○ Introspection and Self-reflection: Influences from social networks, societal Observing one's own behavior and expectations, and cultural practices shape one's internal states. perception of physical self. ○ Self-Perception Theory: Individuals infer their inner states by observing Self-Understanding (Santrock, 2014): their own behavior. Cognitive representation of the self, which evolves ○ Self-concept: Collection of beliefs throughout the lifespan. about oneself, including physical As children grow, their interests and physical appearance. appearance change, especially during adolescence. ○ Personal Identity: The concept of self, shaped by both inherent traits (e.g., Physical Characteristics family, gender) and personal choices (e.g., profession). Includes defining traits like facial features, hairstyle, 2. Social Factors: and body shape. ○ Attachment Process: Learning The physical self refers to the tangible, observable self-worth based on caregiver dimensions of a person. responses (Bowlby, 1969). ○ Looking-glass Self Theory: Puberty Self-image is shaped by others’ A period of rapid physical changes triggered by the perceptions (Charles Horton Cooley). neuroendocrine process. ○ Social Comparison (Festinger, 1954): Pituitary gland: Regulates growth and physical Comparing oneself with others to changes evaluate personal abilities. Girls: Experience menarche (first menstruation). Upward social Boys: Experience spermarche (first ejaculation). comparison: Comparing Puberty affects physical features like height, body oneself to others who are hair, and voice changes in boys and girls. better. Downward social II. THE SELF AS IMPACTED BY THE BODY comparison: Comparing Connectedness to the Body oneself to those in worse Can be positive or negative and varies between situations. individuals. ○ Social Identity Theory: Self-esteem is Physical body influences one’s self-assessment and linked to group membership (Tajfel & behavior. Turner, 1973). Perspectives in Understanding Physical Self: Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud): Body ego: The body and mental representations ○ form the self. Key Concepts to Remember:  GEd 101: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Heredity vs. Environment: Both shape the physical self. Puberty: Key period of physical changes. Body Ego: Freud’s theory on the body’s influence on self. Social Comparison: Understanding self through others’ opinions and societal interactions.