Veterinary Entomology PDF

2024. 04. 02. Veterinary entomology The main pests of veterinary concern: sucking and biting lice, fleas, biting flies, It deals with arthropod pest and vectors of disease ag...

2024. 04. 02. Veterinary entomology The main pests of veterinary concern: sucking and biting lice, fleas, biting flies, It deals with arthropod pest and vectors of disease agents to livestock, poultry, pets, and nonbiting muscoid flies, myiasis-causing flies, mites and ticks (soft and hard). partly wildlife. Two primary categories of ectoparasites with the hosts: 1. Facultative: the parasite can develop in the absence of hosts (e.g., flies). 2. Obligatory: the parasite capable of developing only in one host species (e.g., blood feeding lice). Classification of arthropods based on their parasitism - permanent/stationary ectoparasites - temporary ectoparasites - only adults are parasites (only female or both sexes) - only larvae are parasites, e.g., myiasis-causing flies - subadults (larva, nymph) and adults are parasites, e.g., hard ticks 1 2 Reproduction of arthropods Impact of ectoparasites Sexual dimorphism can occur. Direct effects Females: - oviparous blood losses, hide/wool/tissues damage - ovoviviparous nuisance - losses in animal production - larviparous („pupipar”) paralysis, allergy Life cycle immunsuppression Hemimetabolic (incomplete metamorphosis) - no pupal stage Life cycle Indirect effects nuisance for workers and neighbours direct and indirect costs of control structural pests Holometabolic (complete metamorphosis) – there is pupal stage mechanical and/or biological vectors zoonosis 3 4 1  2024. 04. 02. Phylum: Arthropoda Order Phthiraptera Subphylum: Mandibulata Mandibules on the third head segment that are modified for feeding. Class: Insecta Order: Phthiraptera Order: Siphonaptera Order: Hemiptera Order: Coleoptera Order: Diptera Subphylum: Amandibulata (syn. Chelicerata) (no antennae and mandibles). Chelicerata: the first anterior appendages are feeding organs, chelicerae. Class: Arachnida Order: Astigmata Order: Prostigmata Order: Metastigmata Order: Mesostigmata 5 6 Lice infestation is called pediculosis. Chewing/biting lice Blood-sucking lice (from Greek mallos = wool, hair; phagein = feeding by gnawing) stout mandibules on the ventral side of the head piercing mouthparts consisting of 3 stylets Chewing lice feed on skin scales, lipids, bacteria, amblycera of birds ingest blood; endosymbionts provide digestion of keratin. Sucking lice feed on blood many times per day. 7 8 2  2024. 04. 02. Life cycle: hemimetabolic (3-4 weeks) Reproduction is usually sexual, some species also being parthenogenetic. Eggs are called as nits (0.5-1.0 mm, pale, translucent, rice-shaped), glued to hairs near the skin. adults are mostly 2-6 mm long, dorsoventrally flattened, wingless, eyes are mostly present sexual dimorphism is minor (males are smaller) antennae 4-segmented (amblyceran), 3-5 segmented (ischnoceran, blood-sucking) maxillary palps (2-4 segments) are only on amblyceran lice 3 pairs of legs (chewing lice of birds have two claws on each, leg), 1st pair of legs are shorter in lice of Linognathidae abdomen 11 segments, strong chitinised, laterally projecting so-called paratergal plates on the abdominal segments permanent (stationary), highly host-specific except for biting lice of sheep and goat. chewing and blood-sucking lice can survive for weeks 2-4 and 4-7 days away from the hosts. Spread of lice: - contact infestation (vertical and horizontal) - with grooming tools - phoresy 9 10 Factors caused fluctuations in the lice populations: - In temperate regions lice are most abundant during the colder months when the stock have longer and thicker coats - seasonality - the lice population decline due to the increased temperature, shedding of the winter hair coat - grooming activity - host immunity (animal and breed resistance) - young, sick malnourished or poorly kept animals usually harbour more lice. „INDICATOR DISEASE” 11 12 3  2024. 04. 02. EQUINES CATTLE Chewing lice: Bovicola equi (syn. Werneckiella equi) Chewing lice: Bovicola (syn. Damalinia) bovis Bovicola ocellatus the donkey biting louse the most abundant and clinically important, herd prevalences of 75–90%. parthenogenic, males are ocassionally seen on infested animals. Blood-sucking louse: Haematopinus asini (on donkey too) most abundant on the top of the head especially the hair of the poll and forehead, the neck, shoulders, back, rump infestations are associated in particular with lesions, called light spot and fleck Heavy lice infestations are usually seen in the winter. Clinical signs: anaemia, unthriftiness, loss of condition and hair, sores from rubbing of the irritation. The nits of H. asini above the hooves of some horses known as „the feathers”. 13 14 Blood-sucking lice SHEEP AND GOAT Linognathus vituli the long-nosed louse Chewing lice: Bovicola ovis the sheep biting louse Greater numbers on calves, preferred host sites: shoulder, back, neck and dewlap Bovicola caprae the goat biting louse Bovicola limbatus the angora goat biting louse Haematopinus eurysternus the short-nosed louse Preferred host sites: top of the neck, dewlap, on the tips of the ears Blood-sucking lice: Linognathus ovillus the sheep face louse Solenopotes capillatus the little blue louse Linognathus pedalis the sheep foot louse It is commonly mistaken for nymphs of the long-nosed cattle louse. Linognathus stenopsis the goat sucking louse Its clusters typically occur on the facial area (muzzle, checks, around of the eyes) Linognathus africanus the African blue louse on sheep and goat Haematopinus quadripertusus, the cattle tail louse in tropical areas Haematopinus tuberculatus the buffalo louse on Asiatic buffalo, cattle 15 16 4  2024. 04. 02. PIG DOG Chewing lice: Trichodectes canis It can be found in dog breeds that possess long ears (e.g., basset and spaniel). Blood-sucking lice: Linognathus setosus Haematopinus suis the hog louse CAT Chewing lice: Felicola subrostratus Blood-sucking lice: NO 17 18 POULTRY Only chewing lice species. Menacanthus stramineus the body louse - most important (haematophag) Menacanthus cornutus (may cause anaemia) Menopon gallinae the shaft louse - may occur on turkey, ducks Cuclotogaster heterographus the chicken head louse Lipeurus caponis the wing louse Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniodes dissimilis Turkey Menacanthus stramineus, Chelopistes melagridis Lousiness in dogs and cats is frequently overlooked. Goose Trinoton anserinum the goose body louse, Anaticola anseris Duck Trinoton querquedulae the large duck louse, Anaticola crassicornis Chewing and sucking louse infestations occur sporadically in most of Europe. Prevalent in old and young or immunocompromised animals. PIGEON Usually on the head, neck, and tail, larger numbers may be found in near body Columbicola columbae openings or skin abrasions where they are seeking moisture. RABBIT Sucking lice are found primarily on the neck and shoulders, especially under a collar. Haemodipsus ventricosus T. anserinum T. querquedulae C. columbae H. ventricosus 19 20 5  2024. 04. 02. Diagnosis of lice infestation Veterinary importance of lice Inspection of animals - biting lice between hairs/fathers Reduced weight gains, milk production - blood-sucking lice on thin skins (e.g., around eyes, perianal regions) - nits on hairs, at the base of fathers Hair/wool/feather loss might hinder thermoregulation Good lighting and a magnifying glass will also help to see lice. Hide damage due to dermatitis, allergic response Blood losses Secondary infection Vectors of pathogens (mechanical – mouthparts, biological – faeces) Trichodectes canis intermediate host of Dipylidium caninum Linognathus setosus intermediate host of Acanthocheilonema reconditum Collecting hair/wool samples Nits and/or empty eggshell can be found. Haematopinus suis - swine pox virus, Mycoplasma suis Molecular identifcation of B. ovis DNA from sheep fleece samples and have the capacity to be Lice of cattle, goats and pigs - Anaplasma spp. used for ongoing management and surveillance of B. ovis in Australian sheep focks. 21 22 Treatment and control Lice species of human Goal: eradication of lice All of the animals kept together plus surroundings (+grooming tools) must be treated. It is difficult to completely eradicate lice. (In Norway the eradication strategy was successful in 28 of 33 herds, but lice were still present in 5 herds 3 to 6 months after treatment). Several chemicals (e.g., OPs, pyrethroids, endectocides) and methods are used. - usually two treatments are needed at an interval of 7-14 days - resistance (e.g., pyrethroid resistance of B. ovis in Australia) Biological (e.g., entomopathogens, the toxins of various isolates of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis) and other (entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae) control. Pediculus humanus capitis Pediculus humanus corporis Pthirus pubis Giovanni et al.: Control of biting lice, Mallophaga − a review (2018). Acta Tropica 177, 211-219. 23 24 6  2024. 04. 03. Ca. 2500 species, 15 families, 220 genera ˃ 90% parasitize mammals Order Siphonaptera Fleas Majority (infesting rodents and bats) are nidicolous, living in nests or burrows. Syphon (G): tube; a- (G): without; pteron (G): wing. Haematophagous ectoparasites of mammals, birds and humans; they are especially Superfamily: Pulicoidea Family: Pulicidae Genus: Ctenocephalides important as parasites of dogs and cats, also as pests in humans and as vectors of various Ctenocephalides canis – the dog flea (C. connatus in Africa) pathogens. Ctenocephalides felis – the cat flea (4 subspecies) C. felis felis predominant in Europe and North America Historically, fleas are among the most important ectoparasites of humans in that several C. felis strongylus found in Asia species are the natural vectors of several important infectious diseases (e.g., plague caused by Yersinia pestis). C. felis orientis in Africa and the Middle East reclassified as C. orientis C. felis damarensis in Africa reclassified as C. damarensis Genus: Pulex Pulex irritans – the human flea Superfamily: Ceratophylloidea Family: Ceratophyllidae > 500 spp. Genus: Ceratophyllus Ceratophyllus gallinae – the hen flea, the European chicken flea Other species: Archaeopsylla erinacei (the hedgehog flea), Leptopsylla segnis (rodent flea), Xenopsylla cheopis (the oriental rat flea), Tunga penetrans (the sand flea), Spilopsyllus cuniculi (the rabbit flea), Echidnophaga gallinacea (the sticktight flea) 1 2 1-6 mm in length, laterally flattened, wingless, sexual dimorphism, yellow/brown three body parts covered with numerous, rear-facing bristles reduced compound eyes usually present, short antennae (3 segments) located in Combs (ctenidia) may be present on the ventral part of the head (genal ctenidium) antennal fossae on each side of the head and/or on the posterior margin of the first thorax segment (pronotal ctenidium). piercing and sucking mouthparts facing downwards sensilium present on abdominal tergum 9 or 10 which aids fleas in detection air Some species have no (e.g., Pulex irritans) or only one comb. movement, vibration, temperature and in host detection 3 4 1  2024. 04. 03. Resilin Third leg pairs called the jumping legs are well developed. Prior to jumping, the flea compresses its resilin pads. At takeoff the tergotrochanteral depressor muscle relaxes, allowing the resilin pads to expand rapidly, transferring energy to the hind legs. Acceleration of about 200g, catapulting fleas of some species more than 30 cm in about 0.02 sec. The Oriental rat flea can make up to 600 jumps per hour for 72 hr without rest (Rothschild. 1973). The average jumping distance is 20 cm (2-48 cm) for C. felis, 30 cm (3-50 cm) for C. canis. 5 6 Fleas are not host specific (Ctenocephalides felis - about 50 host species). Only adult females and males take blood meals. Fleas of pets are permanent parasites. They die within a few days off their hosts. Average lifetime is 15-30 days. The greatest part of the populations can be found around their hosts. Adult fleas on pets ‘visible part of the iceberg’, only 1–5% of the flea population is represented by the adults on a host. The remaining 95% is hidden as immature stages in the environment. 7 8 2  2024. 04. 03. The larvae hatch a few days later. They are very sensitive to dessication. Life cycle: holometabolic Humidity (% H2O)) 50 75 Fleas begin feeding within 30 minutes they acquire a host and mating. Egg production begins within 24-48 h of the females taking their first blood meal. % eggTemperature eclosion 31 22 %°C 77 25% °C 30-40 eggs/female per day (800-2000/life). % egg % development eclosion rate 1 %% 69,3 69 77%% Majority of eggs (0.2-0.5 mm, ovoid, whitish) fall off the host within a few hours and larvae-pupae Larvae % are wormlike, development rate eyeless, legless with head 50,4 % and 12 segments, numerous 70,5 %body accumulate in areas where pets sleep or rest by roaming hosts. setae, especially on pupae-adults % development their abdominal segments, rate 16,7 %well-developed head capsule 70,5 %armed with chewing mandibles. pupae-adults The larvae avoid light go deeply into the cracks on the floor, carpets. Positive geo- and negative phototaxis. There are three larval stages, 9 10 Most flea larvae feed on organic matter, several species void blood-rich fecal pellets Spilopsyllus cuniculi the European rabbit flea during feeding, which provide a food source for the larvae. Pregnancy (rising of oestrogens and corticosteroids) stimulate egg production of females. The mature L3 weaves a cocoon with mandibular silk glands and transforms into pupa within 2 weeks, if temperature and Tunga penetrans the sand flea (yigger, chigoe) humidity are favorable. They are in sandy soil. Females burrow into host dermal tissue, The cocoon is ovoid, about 5 mm long, whitish, debris usually coats. it. where their size increase up to pea size. The genital opening of Humidity (% H2O)) 50 75 the female protrudes through the pore in the host skin to facilitate % egg eclosion 31 % 77 % mating with the free-living males; fertilized eggs are likewise % development rate 1% 69 % extruded through this opening. larvae-pupae % Thedevelopment ratelast for 10-14 days 16,7 pupal stage may at 24 % ºC. 70,5 % pupae-adults Adult hatches from the pupal case but may remain in the cocoon for many months. Adults have positive photo- and negative geotaxis, visual and thermal cues to locate hosts (vibration, pressure, CO2). The entire development of C. felis in homes takes 3-4 weeks or longer. Echidnophaga gallinacea the sticktight flea It usually attaches semipermanently around the head, especially on Fleas cannot survive the cold season outdoors in northern areas. the wattle of chickens. Many additional hosts are also parasitized, including other domestic birds, dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. 11 12 3  2024. 04. 03. Veterinary and medical importance Flea-bite Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) Blood losses It is an immunological disease which is associated with allergy to flea bites. The most common dermatological disease of dogs. Nuisance, irritation Higher molecular weight (>20 kDa) antigens and a low molecular weight hapten (in Mechanical and biological vectors of pathogens: combination with dermal collagen) can cause allergic reactions (immediate-type and delayed type). A single flea bite can trigger an acute, sometimes chronic dermatitis in - Yersinia pestis (plaque) hypersensitive dogs or cats. - biological vector of Dipylidium caninum (tapeworm of dogs, cats, human) It is most prevalent in the age group 3-6 years. In dogs, lesions are usually concentrated on the rump and inner thighs, with - Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum (filarid nematode of dogs) accompanying fur loss from frequent scratching. - Rickettsia felis (zoonotic), Rickettsia typhi (murine typhus) - Bartonella henselae („cat scratch disease” in human), Bartonella clarridgeiae - Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus M. haemominutum - Feline Leukaemia virus (FeLV) - virus of myxomatosis 13 14 In cats, FAD usually manifests as purplish papules that are often covered with crusts Diagnosis (miliary dermatitis), sometimes also have a ring of crusts around the neck or a general pruritus, more often grooming, feline eosinophilic complex reactions with various clinical manifestations, granuloma, or cutaneous eosinophilic plaque, labial ulceration, Detections of adult fleas. lymphangitis. Detections of flea faeces (brown particles). If flea faeces are wetted with a drop of water on filter paper, a red-brown discoloration appears dues to the release of haemoglobin. Detection of eggs when inspecting the fur. 15 16 4  2024. 04. 03. Control of fleas Chemical control Main aims: On-animal flea control elimination of fleas on all of the host kept together, with non-residual or residual drugs with adulticides and/or ovicides control of immature stages in the environment application possibilities: shampoo, spray, foam, tablets, suspension, powder, injection, flea collar, spot-on Mechanical/Physical control insecticides: fipronil, spinosad, afoxolaner, fluralaner, lotilaner, sarolaner Resistance? IGRs: methoprene, lufenuron, diflubenzuron Vacuum cleaning the environment Washing of bedding In the environment Indoors or outside the house? conventional insecticides, mainly IGRs Combing of the animals - for many minutes, all parts of the body, particularly flea larvae escape most adulticide treatment indoors the neck area - the treatments fails to contact them at the base of carpet fibers Light traps - about 2.5 times more insecticide per gram body weight is required Ultrasound producing devices - no effective Biological control Entomopathogen nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae - Bio Halt – USA Spraying the flea breeding areas in shady and wet areas of the gardens. It is effective against larvae and cocoon for 4-6 wks. Integrated Flea Management 17 18 5  2024. 04. 05. The true bugs Ca 90 000 true bugs, most are phytophagus, a small number are predatory on Cimex lectularius the bed bug arthropods, smaller number feed on vertebrates. adult 5-7 mm long, dorsoventrally flattened, brow to reddish brown well-developed eyes visible, 4 segmented antennae piercing-sucking mouthparts, folded ventrally when the bug does not feed two pairs of wings, but forwings are reduced abdomen 11-segmented covered with short, golden hairs they give off a distinctive, musty, sweetish odour hemimetabolic life cycle, 5 nymph stages all instars can withstand up to 1 year without feeding temporer, endophilic parasite, all stages can be found in hidden places obligate blood feeders during the night Order Hemiptera predominantly affects humans, occasionally animals (e.g., chicken) Family Cimicidae (ca 80 species) Genus Cimex (16 spp. of which 13 spp. of bats) Cimex lectularius bedbug worldwide, in northern haemisphere Cimex hemipterus and Cimex rotundatus in tropical areas Cimex columbarius the pigeon bug Control of bedbugs is needed specialists. 1 2 Kissing bugs (barbeiro, bicudo, or chupao (Brazil), vinchuca (Bolivia, Uruguay, Family Reduviidae No in Europe! Paraguay, Chile, Argentina), bush chinch (Belize), chipo or pito (Colombia, Venezuela), chinchorro (Ecuador), chirimacho (Peru) Subfamily Triatominae kissing, cone-nose or assassin bugs Genus Triatoma spp. e.g., T. infestans most of them are 20-28 mm long, black-dark brown Genus Rhodnius spp. e.g., R. prolixus heads are narow forwards obligate blood feeders on vertebrate during the night Genus Panstrongylus spp. e.g., P. megistus two pairs of well-developed wings life cycle: hemimetabolic, 5 nymph stages biological vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi 3 4 1  2024. 04. 05. Alphitobius diaperinus the lesser mealworm, the darkling or the litter beetle Life cycle: holometabolic Order Coleoptera Family Tenebrionidae the adult female lays about 200 to 400 eggs, up to 2000 Worldwide distribution. No parasite! Pest of stored product! the eggs are narrow, whitish and about 1.5 mm long, deposited in litter, droppings, grain stores, or cracks in structures adult 5-7 mm long, oval, shiny dark brown-black, the colour changes with their age the larvae emerge within a week and take 40 to 100 days to reach maturity, the larvae the antennae are paler at the tips and are covered in tiny, yellowish hair grow well in high humidity, there are 6-11 larval instars they can fly larvae and adults are mainly nocturnal, becoming most active at dusk like warm (˃28 °C) and high moisture active at night its life is generally up to one year long eats everything (e.g., manure, dead bird) 5 6 Veterinary and economical importance Order Diptera Suborders Nematocera („thread-horn flies”) Vectors of >30 pathogens of birds (e.g. Campylobacter spp., E. coli) slender body of adults Structural pests, they destroy the insolation of the buildings. elongate, filamentous antennae, consist of six or more segments Poultry have difficulty digesting the beetle and larva (intestinal obstruction and gut only females take blood meals with piercing/sucking mouthparts lesions; broiler chickens and turkey have slower weight gain). males often possess densely plumose antennae They produce benzoquinone causing headache, rhinitis, dermatitis in human. life cycle: holometabolic many species inhabit aquatic or semiaquatic environments during immature stages. female Treatment/Control Complete eradication is almost impossible. larvae few mm/cm long, head capsule Killing the beetle with insecticides in empty buildings, IGRs against larvae. most species have 4 larval stages Biological control with e.g., entomopathogen nematodes. 7 8 2  2024. 04. 05. Mosquitoes 9 10 Adult 4-10 mm long, slender, with dark grey to black coloring. Family Culicidae Mosquitoes (little flies) The one pair of wings are long and narrow. There are about 3600 spp., in Europe about 100 species The compound eyes are distinctly separated from one another. Subfamily Culicinae The females have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Genus Culex (800 spp.) The 15-segmented antennae usually plumose in male, short with short hair in females. Genus Aedes (1000 spp.) Aedes aegypti Genus Mansonia Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito Aedes japonicus Asian bush mosquito Aedes koreicus Subfamily Anophelinae Genus Anopheles (400 spp.) Anopheles gambiae complex of species The maxillary palps of males are long and bushy, those of the females short (exception: Anopheles) and sparsely hairy. 11 12 3  2024. 04. 05. Life cycle: holometabolic The egg, larval and pupal stages are aquatic. Females lay 50-300 eggs singly (Anopheles and Aedes) or in batches (Culex) on water, in water holding containers, on damp soil, tree holes. There are 4 larval stages. The aquatic stages may last from 5-14 days or longer, depending on temperature and species. Life cycle: 8-21 days. 13 14 Veterinary and medical importance Male mosquitoes emerge from the pupa first and rest near the breeding site. They feed on nuisance, blood lost nectar from flowers. They use their feathery antennae to hear the wings of the newly emerged females. allergic dermatitis Mating usually within a few days after emerging. biological or mechanical vectors After they mate and the female will look for a blood meal. arboviruses e.g., West Nile, Chikungunya, Dengue fever, The females will rest a few days while the blood is digested, and eggs are developed. myxomatosis Females use a wide variety of cues (odours, visual) to find a suitable host. protozoa e.g., Plasmodium spp. Hosts: mammals, birds, reptiles nematodes e.g., Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens Brugia timori, B. pahangi in Indonesia, Malaysia Most species are crepuscular and some nocturnal (e.g., the common house mosquito [Culex Wuchereria bancrofti (lymphoid filariosis) pipiens] or tropical fever mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles). Grouping of the feeding of females: endophilic or exophilic, endophagic or exophagic. Dengue haemorrhagic fever 15 16 4  2024. 04. 05. Control methods The black flies Against adults: e.g., spray (residual, space), fogs, bednet), genetic control (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) Against larvae: - reduction of breeding sites, - covering the water surface, - microbiological (e.g., B. thuringiensis toxins), - biological (e.g., fish, nematodes) the desert killifish guppy mosquito fish 17 18 Family Simuliidae Life cycle: holometabolic Genus Simulium (>1800 species) Most species prefer rapidly flowing water. Mating occurs soon after hatching of the adults. Simulium damnosum complex in Africa (55 cytology forms) After blood-feeding, females deposit 150-500 creamy-white eggs in or near the edge Simulium ochraceum in America of flowing water. Larvae (6-9 stages) most often are found just beneath the surface of water. Simulium equinum, S. ornatum, S. erythrocephalum, S. reptans in Europe The last larval stages spin a reddish-brown, basket/cone-like cocoons. Simulium columbaschense in Balkan peninsula Mature larvae pupate underwater and emerging adults ride bubbles of air to the surface and fly away. adults 2-6 mm long, short legs, dark in clour, dorsally humped thorax Most species overwinter as eggs, some species as larvae. 9-12 segments of antennae like a row of pearls, without bristles only females are blood-suckers they are diurnal, exophilic, exophagic 19 20 5  2024. 04. 05. Veterinary and medical importance Flight period from March to November, the main risk for domestic animals in spring. painful bites can cause nuisance for animals and humans Activity from early morning until evening, depending on temperature, light intensity and humidity. They are most active in the morning of warm and cloudy days. simuliotoxicosis by salivary toxins (antihaemostatic factors and immunomodulatory activities (inhibition of proliferation of T-cells, induction of apoptosis) Black fly bites are very painful because of the hole that is cut in the skin. Anticoagulants injected into the feeding site can cause mild to severe allergic reactions Clinical signs: numerous petechial haemorrhages in the skin, severe subcutaneous in sensitive individuals. Strong reactions include fever, nausea and allergic dermatitis. oedema and oedema of organs (larynx, lung, abomasum, brain), swelling of lymph Large black fly populations and strong bite reactions can be life threatening and have nodes, petechial haemorrhages in the serous membranes, in the peri- and endocardium, been reported to kill domestic animals. heart- lung symptoms with increased pulse rate and tachypnoea. Deaths are possible in case of mass infestation (>10,000 bites/cattle) within a few hours. Females of black flies mainly prefer cattle, also sheep, horses, etc., select certain parts of the body depending on the host. One of the worst attacks in recorded history killed about 22,000 animals in 1923 along Danube River in the southern Carpathian Mountains. In cattle approaching swarms of black flies excite the animals, even to panic reactions. mechanical and biological vectors The bites cause pinprick-like bleedings in the skin, which are conspicuous mainly at less Viruses: equine encephalitis, vesicular stomatitis, myxomatosis hairy body parts (including ears, udder, vulva, scrotum, inner surface of the hind leg). Protozoa: Leucocytozoon smithi, L. simondi Nematodes: Onchocerca gutturosa, O. cervicalis in horses O. volvulus in human causing river blindness 21 22 The biting midges (~ 5000 spp.) known as nosee-ums, moose flies in Alaska, knotts in Norway, no-no´s in Polynesia. Therapy and control Diseased animals must be put in stables and promptly treated. Treatment of animals (e.g., pour-on, spray) only lasts a few days and offers only partial protection against blackflies. Prophylaxis: during the peak risk period in spring, night pasture or limiting day pasture to rainy, chilly days. Insecticide ear tags do not provide sufficient protection. 23 24 6  2024. 04. 05. Family Ceratopogonidae Life cycle: holometabolic Genus Culicoides (~ 1000 spp.) ca 30-40 Culicoides species are believed to attack warm-blooded animals. They have specialised habitats! The breeding habitats can vary widely, ranging from tree holes, muddy puddles, wet Culicoides brevitarsis - cattle areas in marshland, rice fields, sandy beaches and mangrove forests. Culicoides imicola complex (10 spp.) – horse Some European species (e.g., C. dewulfi) use cattle and horse manure as larval habitats. Culicoides obsoletus complex Culicoides pulicaris complex Females lay their eggs (30-450), autogenous females tend to produce fewer eggs. There are 4 larval stages. adults 1-3 mm in length, slender, humped thorax, wings bright/dark mottled and hairy Greater part of the life is spent in larval stage. most species are diurnal In temperate climates usually only one generation per year. only females feed on vertebrate blood, primarily on mammals (members of only 4 genera from warm-blooded animals) In areas with hot summers: 6 or more generations per year. Overwintering occurs in the larval stage. 25 26 Feeding Veterinary and medical importance The flight radius of Culicoides spp. is just a few 100 m around the breeding place. nuisance Long-distance drifts by wind are possible. allergic dermatitis with pustules and alopecia (mainly of the immediate type, mediated Activity after sunset, during the night, particularly an hour before to an hour after by specific IgE antibodies to allergens). sunrise and sunset. Typically occurs in horses as a seasonal dermatitis affecting the withers, mane, tail, Many species feed primarily on mammals, whereas others feed preferentially on and ears, the back, ventral midline, and other body regions also can be affected. birds, reptiles, or amphibians. Originally described as sweet itch in horses (Queensland itch in Australia), Cattle are approached mostly on the back and abdominal areas as well as on the limbs, summer dermatitis, summer eczema, Kasen disease (in Japan). horses preferably dorsally from the neck to the tail head. In Scandinavia, eczema in horses develops for the first time after 3-5 grazing seasons, disappears at the end of the grazing period. Icelandic horses are particularly prone to suffer from summer eczema. 27 28 7  2024. 04. 05. In Scotland, the highland biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus is a major tourism problem. mechanical and biological vectors (ca 50 species) Viruses (>35) (e.g., bluetongue vírus) Schmallenberg virus has been described in Europe as the cause of fetal malformation. Protozoa: Leucocytozoon spp., Haemoproteus spp. Nematodes: Onchocerca reticulata, O. cervicalis, O. volvulus Therapy and control Horses can be protected against biting midges with so-called eczema blankets which cover most parts of the body. Prophylactic weekly applications of pyrethroid solution can be used. Summer eczema is treated with antihistamines and corticosteroids. Avoid the peak biting periods of troublesome species is advisable. Animals such as horses can be stabled at night to protect them from species which do not readily enter buildings and shelters to feed. 29 30 Phlebotomine sand flies Family Psychodidae (moth flies) Subfamily Phlebotominae (sand flies) correctly termed phlebotomine sand flies They are principally found in the warm parts of the world including southern Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central and South America. Genus Phlebotomus (Larroussius, Adlerius) > 50 species in Old World P. papatasi, P. perniciosus, P. tobbi, P. ariasi, P. perfiliewi Of more than 50 Phlebotomus species described in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and the Caucasus, 11 are confirmed or suspected vectors of L. infantum. Genus Lutzomyia 30 species in New World (e.g., L. longipalpis, L. longipes) Genus Sergentomyia feed on reptiles and amphibians in the tropics 31 32 8  2024. 04. 05. adults 1.5-3.5 mm in length, very hairy, grayish, brownish, or yellowish blood-sucking mouthparts in females the compound eyes are big and black long antennae with 12-16 segments, palpes have 4 segments Behaviour the thorax curves backside They do not disperse far from breeding sites (100-300 m). legs are long the abdomen has 6-8 segments Both male and female sand flies feed on natural sources of sugar. they can be distinguished from other small flies by their wings, which are hairy and Females of most species suck blood on exposed skin such as on the ears, eyelids, nose, extend at a 40° angle over the body when the fly is at rest or blood-feeding feet, or tail at dusk (crepuscular) and during the night (nocturnal), when temperature falls and humidity rises; their attack is silent. Females of most species are predominantly exophagic and exophilic At daytime they stay in resting places include houses, cellars, stables, caves, rocks etc. The active season in Europe spans from April to November depending on the latitude, with warmer regions having longer seasons and up to three generations between May and September. 33 34 Life cycle: holometabolic Veterinary and medical importance rarely biting nuisance Female usually lay 30-70 eggs during a single gonotrophic cycle, which are deposited in cracks and holes in the ground or in buildings, animal burrows and among tree roots allergic dermatitis There are 4 larval stages. mechanical and biological vectors Larval development takes at least 3 weeks. Viruses: e.g., papatasi fever, vesicular stomatitis Minimum of six weeks are required to complete a life cycle. There are 1-3 generations per year in the temperate areas. Protozoa: Leishmania spp. Nematodes: Onchocerca spp. Control (on dog) collar Deltamethrin-impregnated, waterproof collars (Scalibor®) are available for dogs that offer an effective protection (up to 90%) against sandfly bites. spot-on Permethrin or a combination of permethrin and imidacloprid reduce phlebotome landings in the first week by 80-90%. kept indoor at night 35 36 9  2024. 04. 09. Suborder Brachycera („short-horn flies”) Brachys (G): short; keras (G): horn Life cycle: holometabolic Adults Many dipteran species inhabit aquatic or semiaquatic environments during immature Stout-bodied, short antennae, composed of three main segments, the eyes of males stages. typically meet along the dorsal midline of the head (holoptic), the eyes of females are The females of many hematophagous flies produce a batch of eggs before obtaining a more widely separated (dioptic). blood meal; known as autogeny. Those species that must feed on blood prior to their producing eggs are referred to as anautogenous. Muscamorph larvae known as maggots. Most muscoid Diptera pass through three observable larval instars, with a fourth The head capsule of larvae is reduced or absent. instar, the prepupa, occurring cryptically inside the pupal case. At the narrow, anterior end of the larva is the cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The caudal end of the maggot is broader and bears the posterior spiracular plates, like the cephalopharyngeal skeleton, they often are valuable for identification. 1 2 Family Tabanidae > 4000 spp. Some common names reflect times or places where they are found (e.g., March fly, The Horse and Deer flies May fly). Other common names: breeze fly, bulldog fly, gadfly. Genus Tabanus spp. horse flies (10-24 mm) T. bromius,T. bovinus (pale giant horse-fly) Genus Haematopota spp. clegs (8-12 mm) H. pluvialis (common horse fly) Genus Chrysops spp. deer flies (9-13 mm) Adults 8-25 mm long, robust, grey-black, yellowish, greenish, coloured spots or strips. Large compound eyes are green, yellow, orange, or violet 3-segmented, short antennae, the most enlarged apical segment carries a striped „pen”, which is composed of 4-8 fused segments. Strong mouthparts project downward, adapted for cutting, piercing, sucking. Only females can take blood meals (anautogen, facultative autogen, autogen). Strong fliers, most species feed on large mammals such as cattle, horses, and deer. 3 4 1  2024. 04. 09. Activity period of adults in Europe from mid-May to mid-October. Life cycle: holometabolic Larger population densities in July-August. They mate in flight before they seek a vertebrate host. They do not fly into stables, and rarely into shelters of grazing animals. 100-1000eggs/female in humid soil (Haematopota spp.), on plants (Tabanus spp.) Most species are diurnal, a few nocturnal, exophilic and exophagic. or at the edge of water bodies (Chrysops spp.). There are 6-13 larval moults. The larvae are predacious (Tabanus, Haematopota), feed on plant (Chrysops) Pupal period is 1-4 weeks. The whole life cycle (egg to adult) takes about 1 year, it can extend over 2-3 years. One generation per year in temperate areas. Detection of hosts with chemical stimulus (CO2) visual stimulus Positive polarotaxis (attracted to sources of horizontally polarized light) Tabanids are attracted to mainly black and brown fur coats using reflected polarized light from the coat as a signal to find a host. 5 6 Veterinary and medical importance Tsetse flies (tsense=fly) nuisance, blood losses Tsetse (Bantu language): denomination of the flies in imitation of their buzzing sound. allergic dermatitis mechanical and biological vectors Viruses e.g., equine infectious anemia, hog cholera Bacteria e.g. Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma spp. Protozoa e.g., Trypanosoma spp. (T. vivax, T. equinum) Nematodes e.g., Dirofilaria spp., Loa loa Control difficult to achieve mechanical traps (e.g., Manitoba flytrap, Malaise trap) chemical (e.g., spray) water management biological 7 8 2  2024. 04. 09. Geographical occurrence: 10 million square kilometers in the tropical and subtropical Adult is from 6 to 14 cm in length, tan or brown, excluding the proboscis, directed regions of sub-Sahelian Africa, between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. forward in resting position. The arista of the three-segmented antennae is very plumose. Family Glossinidae Tsetse flies The tong-shaped folding of the wings. Adults of both sexes are blood-feeders, mostly in the daylight (diurnal). Genus Glossina means “tongue fly” 31 species and subspecies They spend most of their time resting on vegetation, disperse about 1km/day. fusca group forested habitats (rain, swamp, and man-grove forests) in western and central Africa Females generally live for about 20 to 40 days, maximum life span of 3-4 months. G. fusca, G. tabaniformis, G. longipennis, G. brevipalpis palpalis group among vegetation, around lakes and along rivers and streams in western and central Africa G. palpalis, G. tachinoides, G. fuscipes morsitans group most often in dry savanna habitats central and southeastern Afrika G. morsitans, G. pallidipes, G. longipalpis Tsetse live where the annual rainfall is at least 0.5 mm per year, temperatures between 16 and 40 ºC. 9 10 Veterinary and medical importance Life cycle: holometabolic The inseminated female remains fertile for life, rarely mates more than once. 6 Glossina spp. are recognized as vector of two pathogenic human parasites causing sleeping sickness. Females are viviparous, the developing larva moults twice within the uterus. Biological vectors of Nagana causing pathogens. The fully developed L3 is deposited on the ground, 7-11 days after ovulation. Flies emerge about 30 days after formation of the puparium. 11 12 3  2024. 04. 09. Control Ground spraying (highly labour intensive, health hazard). Aerial spraying (highly technical, not labour intensive). Cattle dips, sprays or pour-ons with pyrethroids. Impregnated traps with attractant components of ox breath or urine used with electrocution device or an insecticide. Targets impregnated with insect growth regulators or chemosterilants and combinations of these substances with tsetse sex pheromone. Sterile insect technique (SIT) (cost of mass rearing). 13 4  2024. 04. 15. Family Hippoboscidae about 200 spp. Forest Flies, Louse-flies, Tick-flies, Keds The adults are from 1.5 to 12.0 mm long. Brownish body is dorsoventrally flattened, depressed head, thorax, and abdomen giving these insects their louse like appearance. The compound eyes are generally well developed. The piercing-sucking mouthparts are directed forward rather downward. Both sexes are blood-feeders on birds or mammals. Long wings, at rest on the abdomen like closed scissors blades. Abdomen has no distinct segmentation. Legs are large. 1 2 Hippobosca equina The horse ked Parasite of Equidae (horse, donkey, mule). Life cycle: holometabolic Facultative parasite of cattle. It does not occur on wild hosts. Females are viviparous. The two subsequent larval instars remain in the uterus, where they are nourished by a pair of accessory glands, or milk glands. Most puparia are deposited or dropped in the roost, nest, bedding. The puparium of the sheep ked is attached by the female to the fleece of the host. The adult fly emerges after a period of several weeks to several months, depending upon the species and temperature. It can torment its hosts with painful bites and possibly act as a vector of disease agents, including those that cause piroplasmosis of horses, Q fever, and other types of rickettsioses. 3 4 1  2024. 04. 15. Hippobosca longipennis The dog ked Melophagus ovinus The sheep ked („tick”) Widely distributed in association with domestic dogs from southern Europe and Worldwide distribution. the Mediterranean region to China. Hosts: sheep, mouflon, rarely goat It appears best adapted to warm and arid climates. Adults are 3-6 mm long, dorsoventrally flattened, the head is very close to the thorax, It can infest dogs, foxes, cats, mongoose, hyena. wings are absent, the compound eyes reduced. They live permanently on the host, prefer to stay in the fleece of the neck, chest area Lipoptena cervi The deer ked and the lateral abdominal wall. Feed in every 24-36 hr, for 5-10 min. Each female produces 10-15 L3 which develops within a few hours into about Common parasite of the true elk, red and other deer. 3 mm long, reddish barrel-shaped puparium, the pupal period lasts 30-35 days. Newly emerged flies appear in the fall, they are most active on warm, clear afternoons. Lifetime: about 4 months, generally lives a few days off the host. The puparia remain on the ground in areas where their hosts are normally found until they emerge in September. After reaching the host, the wings break off at the base. 5 6 Veterinary and medical importance The sheep ked is of considerable economic importance and is generally regarded as the most damaging ectoparasite. Nuisance, blood losses, wool loss, impairment of wool quality, allergic dermatitis with formation of small nodules, Vector of Trypanosoma melophagium (non-pathogenic). MUSCOID FLIES Control Shearing prior to lambing can reduce sheep ked populations by ca. 75%. Insecticidal treatment of sheep in the spring following shearing is a common and effective practice. Fall treatments tend to be less effective, possibly due to the greater length of the fleece at that time. 7 8 2  2024. 04. 15. The species occur mainly in the buildings of farms: We are the flies, the suckers of pus, Musca domestica The house fly (a) we shall have open house with you, Fannia canicularis The lesser house fly (b) We shall gather our food from your mouths, Stomoxys calcitrans The stable fly (c) And our light from the depth of your eyes. Muscina stabulans The false stable fly All your life we shall be with you, Hydrotaea aenescens (syn. Ophyra aenescens) The black dump fly Until we make you over to the worms. („The flies” Jean Paul Sartre) The species occur mainly on the pasture: Musca autumnalis The face fly Haematobia irritans The horn fly Hydrotaea irritans The sheep headfly Fly populations - Fly communities Adults are 4-12 mm long, with wings longer than the abdomen. colours vary from Secretophagous - haematophagous fly species brownish gray to black, often with dark longitudinal stripes on the thorax, and dark Synanthropic - synbovine fly species spots or blotches on the abdomen. Mouthparts vary considerably among species. They are nuisance and vectors of pathogens. 9 10 Life cycle: holometabolic Musca domestica The house fly The most prevalent and notorious synanthropic pest worldwide. Eggs are similar to those of closely related families. They may occur singly or in groups, creamy in colour, 0.8-2.0 mm long, elongate/ovate in shape. Adult is 6 to 9 mm long, gray, and has four dark stripes on thoracic dorsum. Non-biting fly having sponging mouthparts. Larvae are known as maggots, there are three instars in all species. Typically, house fly larval habitats are associated with agriculture, The size, shape, and arrangement of elements of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton are animal manure (especially of pig), waste, feed etc. useful in the identification of larvae. 75 to 150 oval white eggs per laying batch, and up to 500-600 in her lifetime Daily activity. Overwinter as adults. cephalopharyngeal skeleton 11 12 3  2024. 04. 15. Economic and veterinary importance Annoyance, weight losses, lower milk production. Mechanical vector > 100 pathogens (viruses, protozoa, bacteria, nematodes). Biological vector (e.g., Draschia spp., Habronema spp.). Many problems of the animal farms for near villages or cities. 13 14 Fannia canicularis The lesser house fly Adults are slightly smaller than the housefly. Prevalent during the cool and warm months. Muscina stabulans The false stable fly Develops in manure of ungulates and poultry. It is larger and more robust than the house fly. Larva is flattened dorsoventrally with spiny processes on all body segments. It is not a bloodsucker. Puparium closely resembles the third instar larva. The false stable fly is sometimes fairly abundant in animal facilities, especially The cycle from egg to adult is about 15-30 days. in poultry houses where it breeds in accumulated manure. Nuisance fly species to humans and animals. The larvae prey on other fly larvae, including those of the house fly. Mechanical vectors (viruses and bacteria). Biological vector (e.g., Thelazia californiensis). It may cause myiasis. 15 16 4  2024. 04. 15. Control possibilities of filth-breeding flies Application of insectides in the building(spray, fogs) Cleaning up materials that attract flies and in which maggots can develop is a basic fly control strategy. Mechanical control The use of screens, traps, water bags, electrocution grids that use ultraviolet light. Application of Insect Growth Regulators (Insect Development Inhibitors), e.g., methoprene, cyromazine, diflubenzuron applied topically, in feed against immature forms. Traps with baits (sugar, feromones, insecticides) 17 18 If the same chemical is used Entomopathogen nematodes Parasitic wasps e.g., Muscidifurax spp. repetitively over a long period Biological control of time, flies become resistant. Predacious fly larvae e.g., Hydrotaea aenescens Entomophthora muscae 19 20 5  2024. 04. 15. Stomoxys calcitrans The stable fly (the dog fly, the beach fly, “biting house fly”) It breeds in soggy hay, grain or feed, piles of moist fermenting weed or grass cuttings, adult is 5-7 mm long, two pairs of broad dark thoracic stripes, circular black spots on in manure mixed with hay. abdomen Average life cycle is about 28 days dark reddish-brown piercing–sucking proboscis, which extends anteriorly from the head, short maxillary palps both sexes are blood suckers on limbs, lower body regions strong flier (up to 80 miles from breeding sites) 21 22 Economic and veterinary importance Economically significant blood-feeding pests of livestock, companion animals, and humans worldwide. Irritation (reduced milk yield, weight gains) Considerable blood loss in severe cases The Dog Fly Mechanical vector (e.g., Bacillus anthracis, Anaplasma spp.) Biological vector (e.g., Habronema muscae, Setaria spp.) 23 24