Protein Synthesis and Mutations - Grade 10 Science PDF

 Scope and Sequence Protein Synthesis & Mutation The Human Endocrine System Hormones: Reproductive System Feedback Mechanism & Homeostasis: Nervous System Evolution: Adaptation & Survival  10th Grade PROTEIN SYNTHESIS & MUTATIONS  Explai...

 Scope and Sequence Protein Synthesis & Mutation The Human Endocrine System Hormones: Reproductive System Feedback Mechanism & Homeostasis: Nervous System Evolution: Adaptation & Survival  10th Grade PROTEIN SYNTHESIS & MUTATIONS  Explain how protein is formed using information from DNA (S10LT-IIId-37) 01 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Explain how mutation may cause changes 02 in the structure and function of a protein. MUTATIONS (S10LT-IIIe-38) YES OR NO? WHY? Can two person be exactly identical? Are you and your siblings the same?  ZOOMING IN THE NUCLEUS Chromosomes – thread-like structures made up of coiled DNA. ○ 23 Pairs 22 Pair for Autosome 1 pair for Sex chromosome XX Female / XY Male DNA – the genetic material. Genes – sequence of DNA. ○ Proteins – repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. NUCLEIC ACID Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. ○ DNA and RNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. DNA vs RNA WHAT IS DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the genetic material of organisms. DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. WHAT IS RNA? Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for cellular processes.  DNA STRAND T TRY TO C SHARE YOUR T A ANSWERS. C G U  WHAT WOULD BE THE DNA STRAND RNA STRAND? UCG C  COMPARISON DNA AND RNA FEATURES DNA RNA Long term storage of Used to transfer genetic FUNCTION genetic information information in organisms STRUCTURAL Double helix Helix Inside the Nucleus and in LOCATION Inside the Nucleus Ribosomes Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, COMPOSITION Cytosine bases Cytosine bases It is synthesized from DNA PROPAGATION DNA is self-replicating as needed basis CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  CENTRAL DOGMA The central dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic information, from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product, a protein. ○ DNA REPLICATION – DNA – DNA ○ TRANSCRIPTION – DNA – RNA ○ TRANSLATION – RNA – PROTEIN  PROTEINS Made of amino acids (20 variation) and linked together by peptide bond to form poly peptide or many chain = protein. ○ Fibrous – elongated shape for muscle, bone, connective tissues. ○ Globular – spherical shape for enzymes , antibodies, hemoglobin DNA REPLICATION DNA SPLITS TO SEPARATED STRAND ○ Enzyme helicase UNZIPS the enzyme to expose the bases. ○ The unzipped parts will constitute to leading and lagging strand. NUCLEOTIDES ATTACH TO THE BASES ○ Primase help to start the process of nucleotide attaching to the bases. ○ DNA polymerase helps in building the nitrogenous bases to form new strand. BOND AND RECOIL ○ Ligase then act as glue to form bond in the bases. ○ The DNA will coil again. The replication process stop through the help of fork. TO REMEMBER! Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts; Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes (the structures in which protein synthesis takes place); and Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. 1st STEP: TRANSCRIPTION SECTION OF DNA SPLITS ○ RNA Polymerase unzips the section of DNA to expose the bases. ONE STRAND OF DNA WILL BE COPIED ○ The strand serves as template for mRNA. mRNA GO OUT OF NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME ○ Ribosome is the location where the next step (Translation) occurs 2nd STEP: TRANSLATION mRNA TO RIBOSOMES ○ Ribosomes attach and read the codon (code of the strand). AUG – Start codon UAG / UGA/ UAA – Stop codon tRNA DELIVERS AMINO ACIDS ○ peptidyl transferase – the enzyme and gluer of the amino acid to form chain. ○ 3 nucleotide bases = 1 codon/amino acid CODON TABLE  CODON INTERPRETATION DNA CODING STRAND TAC ATG CGG ATT ACT GTA DNA TEMPLATE ATG TAC GCC TAA TGA CAT mRNA STRAND UAC AUG CGG AUU ACU GUA PEPTIDE CHAIN Tyrosine Methionine Arginine Isoleucine Threonine Valine Try to translate. Share your answers. CHROMOSOMES & MUTATIONS  CHROMOSOMES Humans have 46 chromosomes ○ Half from mother – egg cell ○ Half from father – sperm cell 23 pairs in total. ○ 22 pairs are autosome ○ 1 pair is sex chromosome XX for Female XY for Male KARYOTYPING Chromosome analysis or karyotyping is a test that evaluates the number and structure of a person's chromosomes in order to detect abnormalities Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS), you can have it done between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy.  What have you observed about this set of chromosomes? What do you think is the effect of having that extra piece of chromosome? Can you distinguish the gender of this set’s owner?  MUTATIONS Are changes or alteration in the DNA sequence. They usually manifest in physical characteristics. Hereditary / Germline Mutation Acquired / Somatic Mutation Inherited from parents such as color Occurs due to lifestyle or environmental factor. blindness. Example exposure to chemical, radiation, disease, or error in cell division. MUTATIONS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Occurs due to errors in cell division. ○ Point Mutation change in single nucleotide. ○ Frameshift Mutation additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS A. Duplication – an extra copy or a gene is repeated. ○ Pallister Killian Syndrome Extra on the chromosome 12. Characterized by extremely weak muscle tone, intellectual disability , distinctive facial features, sparse hair, areas of unusual skin coloring (pigmentation), and other birth defects. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS B. Inversion – a segment is broken off and inverted. ○ Hemophilia Genetic disorder where blood does not clot properly. The X chromosome is inverted. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS C. Deletion – a segment is lost. ○ Cri-du-chat Syndrome (Cat’s Cry) is a chromosomal condition that results when a piece of chromosome 5 is missing. Infants with this condition often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS D. Insertion – extra pairs are inserted into a new place. Insertion of extra nucleotide in the DNA sequence alters the whole structure. ○ Beta thalassemia blood disorder which the body doesn't make hemoglobin normally. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS Trisomy X Syndrome ○ delayed motor development, delayed speech, low iq, Abdominal pain. Klinefelter Syndrome ○ has some female distinction. XYY Syndrome ○ problems with spoken language and processing spoken words, coordination problems, weaker muscles, hand tremors, and behavioral problems. EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS Negative Positive Genetic Disorders Trichromatic Vision – causes us to (Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, discriminate among three colors red, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria blue, and green. and color-blindness) Diseases (Cancer, Leukemia) Increase bone density APPLICATION Genetic Engineering ○ modern biotechnology that produces GM crops of organisms. Scientists have developed methods to move genes from one species into another. ○ When DNA from two different species are joined together, it is called recombinant DNA. ANY QUESTIONS?