Q3 Written Quiz Review Material PDF

03/01/2025 REVIEW MATERIAL 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE on Biodiversity, Evolution, and Electromagnetic Waves MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE on the Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum...

03/01/2025 REVIEW MATERIAL 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE on Biodiversity, Evolution, and Electromagnetic Waves MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE on the Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum Problem Solving on Wave Equation 2 1  03/01/2025 How do species change and diverge over time? 3 The CHANGE in the genetic composition of a POPULATION of organisms OVER TIME. 4 2  03/01/2025 The CHANGE in the genetic composition of a POPULATION of organisms OVER TIME. ----------------------------------------------- CHANGE: It involves the alteration in the genetic makeup of organisms. It leads to changes in the genetic composition of a species, resulting in new traits and variations. POPULATION: Evolution occurs within POPULATION not individuals. It is the genes of the population that evolve. OVER TIME: Evolution is a gradual process that happens over long periods, leading to the diversity of life forms we see today. 5 6 3  03/01/2025 How do different theories of evolution influence your beliefs about life on Earth? 7 if a certain body structure is not used, it will disappear, and if a body structure is (also known as the Theory of Acquired Characteristics) utilized often, it will develop further. 8 4  03/01/2025 The constant stretching lengthened their necks and forelegs. Lamarck argued that the need for a long neck altered the animal's hereditary materials, so the trait for this feature was passed on to its offspring and to its succeeding generations. Thus, present-day giraffes have long necks and legs. 9 CONCLUSION: Traits acquired or lost during an organism's lifetime due to use or disuse can be passed on to its offspring. 10 5  03/01/2025 Natural selection is the process through which species adapt to their environments. It is the engine that drives evolution. 11 He was an English He was famous naturalist who for his theory of studied variations evolution, suggesting in plants, animals that the organisms and even fossils. that survive are those that adapt best to their environment. 12 6  03/01/2025 Darwin believed that the needs of animals have nothing to do with how they evolve, and that changes in an organism during its lifetime do not affect the evolution of the species. He said that organisms, even of the same species, are all different and that there are specific traits that help them survive and reproduce in a certain environment. 13 According to Darwin, giraffe ancestors had shorter necks. Some giraffes with chance mutations or with different traits had longer necks. This adaptive trait enabled long-necked members of the population to have a competitive advantage over other animals, including other giraffes with short necks.. 14 7  03/01/2025 How does natural selection lead to evolution? 15 16 8  03/01/2025 The number of offspring is usually greater than the available resources. Therefore, the environment cannot support every organism. NOTE: Overpopulation results in heightened competition for scarce resources, benefiting those with beneficial traits. 17 Intraspecific and interspecific competition over food, territory, and other necessities in life 18 9  03/01/2025 About 1.5 million wildebeests, together with half a million zebras and gazelles search for greener pastures and water. 19 Slight differenvce in an inherited trait of individual members of a species. 20 10  03/01/2025 Faster cheetahs will be able to catch food more often and survive; the slower ones will die out. As the number of faster cheetahs reproduced over generations increase, their population will gradually be only consisting of faster members. 21 The individuals with the best traits/adaptations will survive and will have the opportunity to pass on its traits to offspring. 22 11  03/01/2025 Naturally, a gazelle is at a disadvantage against a cheetah, the world's fastest land mammal, which can run at 96 kilometers per hour. However, gazelles will outlast cheetahs and sustain their speeds for long distances. A quick cheetah is more likely more likely to catch a gazelle, but a gazelle is more likely to escape the cheetah long distance if the encounter drags on over long distances. 23 The fittest organisms in a population are those that are strongest, healthiest, fastest, and/or largest. 24 12  03/01/2025 25 26 13  03/01/2025 We can directly observe small-scale evolution in organisms with short lifecycles. 27 Fossils are the preserved remains of previously living organisms or their traces, dating from the distant past. 28 14  03/01/2025 Fossils document the existence of now- extinct species, showing that different organisms have lived on Earth during different periods of theplanet's history. 29 Embryos of different species can have similarities that are not visible when the organisms are fully formed 30 15  03/01/2025 As an embryo develops, it becomes a fish, a tortoise or a human being. It depends on the genes. The simialrieties in the early stages of an embryonic development are evidence that living things evilved and that we share common ancestry. 31 The body parts of one species resemble the body parts of another species, and adaptations accumulate until structures become more similar on unrelated species. 32 16  03/01/2025 33 Homologous structures are structures, or body features, that are similar in two different species. The structures are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor. Examples: Human arm and bird wing, , bat wing, and whale flipper Forelimbs of cats, dogs, and horses 34 17  03/01/2025 Similar functions but different structures Examples: Wings of insects, bird, and bat 35 Some parts of an organism's body no longer have any particular use or function. These are leftovers from an earlier form of the species before it changed. Example: Appendix, Tailbone 36 18  03/01/2025 What causes new species to form? 37 38 19  03/01/2025 the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution occurs via gene flow or the movement of genes from one generation to the next. 39 40 20  03/01/2025 a population moves from its present habitat to a new one Migration also causes GENE FLOW or the movement of genes from one generation to the next. Therefore, it separates a population into a new environment, where genetic variations build up over time, possibly resulting in the development of a new species. 41 occurs when some members of the species are suddenly separated form the rest of the population 42 21  03/01/2025 occurs when a species separates into two separate groups that are isolated from one another. A physical barrier, such as a mountain range or a waterway, makes it impossible for them to breed with one another. 43 Phenotypic changes resulting from random mutations prevent gene flow between two populations of fruit flies which may lead to sympatric speciation Sympatric speciation takes place with no geographical barrier Isolation instead occurs when random changes in the alleles, and therefore phenotypes, of some individuals in a population prevent them from successfully breeding with other individuals in the population 44 22  03/01/2025 45 One species gives rise to many species who will then have homologous traits. occurs when species with a common ancestor develop different traits 46 23  03/01/2025 shows how species have evolved separately but have similar (analogous) structures to adapt to a similar habitator way of life. happens when unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. 47 refers to the loss of an entire species for various reasons, one of which is the inability to spe with environmental pressures. 48 24  03/01/2025 characterized by a rapid increase in the number of kinds of closely related species, which evolve new traits to fill empty niches. Note: This happens when species adapt to ecological pressures from other species. 49 particularly common in predator-prey relationships. In this phenomenon, two or more species can equally influence one another's evolutionary direction. 50 25  03/01/2025 51 52 26  03/01/2025 According to Charles Darwin, modern humans (scientifically known as Homo sapiens ), gorillas, and chimpanzees all evolved from a common ancestor. 53 54 27  03/01/2025 Homo sapiens developed first in Africa and then spread around the world between 100 and 200,000 years ago, superseding all other hominid species. The implication of this argument is that all modern people are ultimately of African descent. 55 proposes that H. erectus evolved into H. sapiens. Using fossil evidence, some scientists have argued that independent H. erectas groups in Africa, Europe, and Asia interbred and that H. sapiens arose as a new species simultaneously all over the globe. 56 28  03/01/2025 Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Equation 57 Electromagnetic Waves formed by vibrating particles which can travel through space and matter formed when an electric charge accelerates by either speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction ‹#› 58 29  03/01/2025 Sources of Electromagnetic Waves All matter, both in space and on Earth, contain charged particles that constantly vibrate producing electromagnetic waves “ The sun is the most important source of electromagnetic waves that produce different wavelengths. ‹#› 59 Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. 60 30  03/01/2025 Types of Electromagnetic Radiation “ ‹#› 61 SUMMARY “ Year of Discovery and Type of Electromagnetic Description Applications Scientist(s) Involved Longest wavelength, used for Radio detection and ranging (RADAR), automatic doors, Radio waves communication (radio, TV, cell Heinrich Hertz (1887) Wifi, Bluetooth, GPS, MRI phones, etc.). Shorter than radio waves, used Telephone, weather forecasting (detect water droplets in for cooking (microwave ovens) Microwaves James Clark Maxwell (1864) the atmosphere) , microwave ablation and tomography, and satellite communication. cooking Wavelengths longer than visible light, felt as heat, used in Television remote controls, burglar alarm systems, night Infrared William Herschel (1800) thermal imaging and night ‹#› vision cameras, thermometer, medical infrared imaging vision. 62 31  03/01/2025 “ The small range of wavelengths visible to the human Traffic lights, commercial displays, car headlights, taillights, light emitting diodes Visible Light Isaac Newton eye; includes colors from violet to red. (LED), Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER) Wavelengths shorter than visible light, can cause Detect forged bank notes (blacklight), forensic investigations, sterilize equipment, Ultraviolet Johan Wilhelm Ritter sunburns, used in sterilization and black lights. glow in the dark effect, skin treatment (vitiligo) High-energy waves used in medical imaging and to Detect abnormalities in the skeletal system, dental imaging, CAT and CT scan, airport Xrays Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen detect internal structures. security checks Shortest wavelength, highest energy, produced by Detecting cracks in metals, food irradiation, radiotherapy via stereotactic Gamma Rays Paul Villard (1900) radioactive decay and used in cancer treatment. radiosurgery ‹#› 63 “ James Clerk Maxwell He develop equations for the electromagnetic field which suggested that waves in the field would travel with a speed that was very close to the known speed of light. ‹#› 64 32  03/01/2025 Parts of the Wave “ ‹#› 65 Wavelength The horizontal distance between successive crests or troughs of a “ wave. ‹#› 66 33  03/01/2025 Amplitude The amount of displacement from the equilibrium or rest position. Equal to one half the wave height. “ ‹#› 67 Crest Highest point of a wave “ ‹#› 68 34  03/01/2025 Trough Lowest point of a wave “ ‹#› 69 Frequency The number of crests or troughs that pass a point during a set time interval. “ ‹#› 70 35  03/01/2025 FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: The frequency increases: Radio Waves (lowest), Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays (highest) The wavelength decreases: Radio Waves (longest), Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma Rays (shortest) IN THE VISIBLE LIGHT REGION: The frequency increases: Red (lowest), Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (highest) The wavelength decreases: Red (longest), Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (shortest) 71 “ The energy of electromagnetic waves is related to their frequency. As the frequency of an electromagnetic wave increases, the energy of the wave increases. ‹#› 72 36  03/01/2025 Wave Equation “ It shows the relationship between speed, wavelength, and frequency. v=fλ where: v = speed Units of Measurement f = frequency Frequency: Hertz (Hz) or 1/s Wavelength: meters (m) λ = wavelength Speed: m/s ‹#› 73 Sample Problem 1 “ What is the frequency of radio waves assuming that it propagates in the vacuum with a wavelength of 20 m? What is asked in the problem? What are the given? Solution: v = λf ‹#› 74 37  03/01/2025 Sample Problem 1 “ What is the frequency of radio waves assuming that it propagates in the vacuum with a wavelength of 20 m? What is asked in the problem? frequency (f) What are the given? λ = 20 m; c = 3 x 108 m/s Solution: v = λf ‹#› = 1.5 x 10 ⁷ Hz 75 Sample Problem 2 “ What is the wavelength of stop light that has a frequency of 5.01 x 10⁹ Hz? What is asked in the problem? Note: Hz=1/s What are the given? Solution: v = λf ‹#› 76 38  03/01/2025 Sample Problem 2 “ What is the wavelength of stop light that has a frequency of 5.01 x 10⁹ Hz? What is asked in the problem? wavelength (λ) What are the given? f = 5.01 x 10⁹ Hz; c = 3 x 108 m/s Solution: v= λf = 6 x 10 ⁻² m ‹#› 77 Sample Problem 3 “ A wave has frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of 10 m. What is the speed of the wave? What is asked in the problem? What are the given? Solution: ‹#› 78 39  03/01/2025 Sample Problem 3 “ A wave has frequency of 50 Hz and a wavelength of 10 m. What is the speed of the wave? What is asked in the problem? speed What are the given? f =50 Hz λ=10 m v ? Solution: v = λf ‹#› 79 "Good luck, learners! You can ace the written quiz!" -T. Mirv 80 40