Fundamentals of Networking - Q3 Module 1 PDF

Quarter 3 Module 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING What I Need to Know INTRODUCTION / LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this module you will learn the fundamentals of networking. And you may also discuss and elaborate different types of network. It is advised that you m...

Quarter 3 Module 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING What I Need to Know INTRODUCTION / LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this module you will learn the fundamentals of networking. And you may also discuss and elaborate different types of network. It is advised that you may recall all your learnings in Module 3 Network Media, Module 4 Ethernet Cable Configuration, and Module 7 Patch Panel. [What I Know Scrambled Words Direction: Arrange the scrambled words found in Column A and write your answer in Column B. Use a separate sheet of paper. 1. ERINTNET 2. KTWONER BLCAE 3. WIESSREL 4. TERROU 5. RTPHOSMANE 6. STGEORA 7. CHSWIT 8. PSKDETO 9. IVAPRTE NEORTWK 10. SERERV BEDAS 1  What’s New TRUE or FALSE Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE otherwise. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. 1. Networks are used to enable file sharing over the counter. 2. An IP address contains 2 set of numbers. 3. A Local area network (LAN), small network constrained to a small geographic area. 4. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used for administration of computer networks. 5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used for downloading e-mails from an e-mail server to a personal computer. 6. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server, but allows the end user to view and manipulate the messages as though they were stored locally on the end user's computing device(s). 7. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card based on the IP address. 8. Boot Protocol (BOOTP) is used for booting (starting) computers from the network. 9. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is used for setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks. 10. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses from the internet. 2  What is It FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORKING LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, STUDENT(S) MUST be able to: 1. Know the fundamentals of network. 2. Discuss and elaborate different types of network. INTRODUCTION A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, organizational scope, etc. 3  One of the most punctual precedents of a computer network was a system of communicating computers that worked as a major aspect of the U.S. military's Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar framework. In 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of Utah were associated as a major aspect of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) venture. It is this system that developed to become what we currently called "Internet". Networks are used to: Facilitate communication by means of email, video conferencing, texting, and so on. Enable different clients to share hardware resources like a printer or scanner. Enable file sharing over the system. Allow for the sharing of software or working projects on a remote network. Make data easier to access and keep up among network clients. NETWORK SCALES Local area network (LAN) A Local area network (LAN), or, in other words, small network constrained to a small geographic area. An example of a LAN would be a computer network within a building. Operate within a small geographic area. Allow multi-access to high-transfer speed media. Control network privately under a local administration. Provide full-time availability to local services. 4 Personal Area Network (PAN) A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices, including smartphone and tablet, in proximity to an individual's body. The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher- level network and the Internet. Using Lenovo ShareIt app across devices is great instance of PAN network. Campus Area Network, Campus Network, Controller Area Network, Corporate area network and often Cluster Area Network or CAN It is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. The networking equipment (switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling etc.) are almost entirely owned by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university, government etc. It can be taken as the metropolitan network that has the specific settings at the small area just like a computer lab in the university. 5 Metropolitan Area Network A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN. Like a WAN, it connects two or more LANs in the same geographic area. A MAN, for example, might connect two different buildings or offices in the same city/municipality. Wide Area Network A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). This is in contrast with personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), or metropolitan area networks (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively. Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet. 6 Storage Area Network A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated storage network that provides access to consolidated, block level storage. SANs are used primarily to make storage devices (such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical jukeboxes) accessible to servers so that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system. A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices that are generally not accessible through the regular network by regular devices. 7 The Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet can also be defined as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that facilitate the sharing or exchange of information among users. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail etc. Virtual Private Network A VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure such as the global Internet. a telecommuter can access the network of the company headquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnel between the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the headquarters. It is a mechanism for providing secure, reliable transport over Internet. VPNs are frequently used by remote workers or companies with remote offices to share private data and network resources. 8 NETWORK CATEGORIES Server-Based Network The term Client/server refers to the concept of sharing the work involved in processing data between the client computer and the server computer. The client/server network is the most efficient way to provide: Databases and management of applications such as Spreadsheets, Accounting, Communications and Document management. Network management. Centralized file storage. Peer To Peer Network In a P2P network: There are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers. All of the computers are equal and therefore known as peers. 9  In peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, each computer acts as both a server and a client. Examples of P2P software include Skype and BitTorrent. Computer Communication Protocol A computer communication protocol is a description of the rules that computers must follow to communicate with each other. TCP/IP What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP is the communication protocol for communication between computers on the network. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like computers) should be connected to the Internet, and how data should be transmitted between them. Inside the TCP/IP standard there are several protocols for handling data communication: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) communication between applications UDP (User Datagram Protocol) simple communication between applications IP (Internet Protocol) communication between computers 10  ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for errors and statistics DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for dynamic addressing TCP is for communication between applications. If one application wants to communicate with another via TCP, it sends a communication request. This request must be sent to an exact address. After a "handshake" between the two applications, TCP will set up a "full- duplex" communication between the two applications. The "full-duplex" communication will occupy the communication line between the two computers until it is closed by one of the two applications. UDP is very similar to TCP, but simpler and less reliable. IP is Connection-Less IP is for communication between computers. IP is a "connection-less" communication protocol. IP does not occupy the communication line between two computers. IP reduces the need for network lines. Each line can be used for communication between many different computers at the same time. With IP, messages (or other data) are broken up into small independent "packets" and sent between computers via the Internet. IP is responsible for "routing" each packet to the correct destination. IP Routers When an IP packet is sent from a computer, it arrives at an IP router. The IP router is responsible for "routing" the packet to the correct destination, directly or via another router. The path the packet will follow might be different from other packets of the same communication. The router is responsible for the right addressing, depending on traffic volume, errors in the network, or other parameters. Communicating via IP is like sending a long letter as a large number of small postcards, each finding its own (often different) way to the receiver. TCP and IP TCP/IP is TCP and IP working together. TCP takes care of the communication between your application software (i.e. your browser) and your network software. IP takes care of the communication with other computers. TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP v 11 before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive. IP is responsible for sending the packets to the correct destination. TCP/IP Addressing IP Addresses Each computer must have an IP address before it can connect to the Internet Each IP packet must have an address before it can be sent to another computer. This is an IP address: 31.13.95.36 This might be the same IP address: www.facebook.com An IP Address Contains 4 set of Numbers. Each computer must have a unique IP address. This is your IP address: 123.19.56.205 TCP/IP uses four numbers to address a computer. The numbers are always between 0 and 255. IP addresses are normally written as four numbers separated by a period, like this: 192.168.1.50 32 Bits = 4 Bytes TCP/IP uses 32 bits addressing. One computer byte is 8 bits. So TCP/IP uses 4 computer bytes. A computer byte can contain 256 different values: 00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101, 00000110, 00000111, 00001000........ and all the way up to 11111111. Now you know why a TCP/IP address is four numbers between 0 and 255. DOMAIN NAMES A name is much easier to remember than a 12-digit number. Names used for TCP/IP addresses are called domain names, w3schools.com is a domain name. When you address a web site, like http://www.cssnctwo.weebly.com, the name is translated to a number by a Domain Name Server (DNS). All over the world, DNS servers are connected to the Internet. DNS servers are responsible for translating domain names into TCP/IP addresses. When a new domain name is registered together with a TCP/IP address, DNS servers all over the world are updated with this information. 12 TCP/IP PROTOCOLS TCP/IP is a large collection of different communication protocols based upon the two original protocols TCP and IP. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used for transmission of data from an application to the network. TCP is responsible for breaking data down into IP packets before they are sent, and for assembling the packets when they arrive. Internet Protocol (IP) takes care of the communication with other computers. IP is responsible for the sending and receiving data packets over the Internet. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) takes care of the communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTP is used for sending requests from a web client (a browser) to a web server, returning web content (web pages) from the server back to the client. Secure HTTP (HTTPS) takes care of secure communication between a web server and a web browser. HTTPS typically handles credit card transactions and other sensitive data. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol is used for encryption of data for secure data transmission. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used for transmission of e-mails. Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) protocol lets SMTP transmit multimedia files including voice, audio, and binary data across TCP/IP networks. Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a standard email protocol that stores email messages on a mail server, but allows the end user to view and manipulate the messages as though they were stored locally on the end user's computing device(s). Post Office Protocol (POP) is used for downloading e-mails from an e-mail server to a personal computer. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) takes care of transmission of files between computers. Network Time Protocol (NTP) is used to synchronize the time (the clock) between computers. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used for administration of computer networks. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used for collecting information about users and e-mail addresses from the internet. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) takes care of error-handling in the network. 13  Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used by IP to find the hardware address of a computer network card based on the IP address. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is used by IP to find the IP address based on the hardware address of a computer network card. Boot Protocol (BOOTP) is used for booting (starting) computers from the network. Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is used for setting up a connection (tunnel) between private networks. What’s More INTERNET CONNECTION TYPES Cable Modem Data on the “cable” network, DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface High Speed networking with the speed of 4 Mbits/s through 100 Mbits/s Multiple Services – capable of data and voice services DSL ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Download speed is faster than the upload speed(asymmetric) It uses telephone lines 10,000-foot limitation from the central office 24 Mbits/s downstream, 3.5 Mbits/s upstream SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Never Standardize Upgraded version of ADSL VSDSL (Very High Bitrate DSL) 4Mbits/s through 100 Mbit/s Dial up Networking with voice telephone lines, it has an analog line with limited frequency response 56 kb/s modems, compression up to 320 kbit/ s Relatively slow throughput Legacy system because it is an older version of connectivity and it is difficult to find a modem for this. 14 Fiber Optics High speed networking Converge services includes video, voice and data Enhanced features – it has hundreds of HD channels, 1Gbit/s Satellite networking Communication to a satellite – non terrestrial communication High cost relative to terrestrial networking 5 Mbit/s downstream, 1Mbits/s upstream Remote sites High latency – 250 ms up, 250 ms down frequencies – 2ghz – line of sight and rain fade ISDN Integrated services digital network BRI basic rate interface (2B+D) – Two 64kbit/s bearer (B) channel, One 16 kbit/s signaling (D) channel PRI primary rate interface – delivered over T1 or E1 E1 – 23B +D E1 – 30B + D + alarm channel Commonly used as connectivity from the PSTN to large phone systems (PBX) Cellular Networks Mobile networks Separate landl into “cell” – antenna coverage a cell with certain frequencies 2G networks GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access Poor data support – originally used circuit switching, minor upgrade for some packet switching LTE and HSPA+ The 3rd generation partnership project – it a collaboration between telecommunications organizations Long term Evolution (LTE) – based on GSM/EDGE, download speed rate of 300Mbits/s, upload speed rate 75 Mbit/s Evolve high speed packet access (HSPA+)- based on CDMA, download speed of 84Mbit/s upload 22 Mbits/s WiMAX 15  World interoperability for Microwave Access – wireless high speed internet access 30 miles signal radius Fixed WiMAX (Line-of-sight) IEE 802.16 37 Mbit/s download, 17 Mbit/s upload Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e-2005 – theoretically of 1Gbit/s for fixed station, mobile station throughput of 100 Mbit/s Assessment Write T if the statement is correct and F it is false. (No. x 1) 1. The Internet can also be defined as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that facilitate the sharing or exchange of information among users. 2. A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area. 3. Network Time Protocol takes care of transmission of files between computers. 4. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used for allocation of dynamic IP addresses to computers in a network. 5. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) takes care of error-handling in the network. 6. TCP takes care of the communication between application software and network software. 7. TCP will set up a "half-duplex" communication between the two applications. 8. TCP stands for Transmitted Control Protocol. 9. In peer-to-peer (P2P) network, there are no dedicated servers or hierarchy among the computers. 10. The client/server network is the most efficient way to provide centralized file storage. Give the meaning of the following acronyms. 1. DHCP 8. SMTP 2. ADSL 9. BOOTP 3. TCP/IP 10. RARP 4. SDSL 5. ISDN 6. PPTP 7. VPN 16