Q1 Science 9 (Biology) Reviewer PDF

Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ! Breathing is a form of respiration Respiration in cell: The organ system which enables gas exchang...

Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ! Breathing is a form of respiration Respiration in cell: The organ system which enables gas exchange. O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O ATP Two major parts: REACTANT: PRODUCT: O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O ATP Upper Respiratory Tract ➔ Nose ➔ Nasal Cavity Two forms of Breathing: ➔ Pharynx Inhalation ➔ Larynx (Voice box) Exhalation ➔ Epiglottis (Protects the larynx and aid in swallowing) INHALATION EXHALATION O2 in air AIR CO2 out Lower Respiratory Tract ➔ Trachea expands Chest contracts ➔ Bronchi Cavity ➔ Bronchioles Moves Diaph Moves ➔ Alveoli down/contract ragm up/relaxes ➔ Diaphragm Types of Respiration: \ Cutaneous Respiration - Involves the skin in gas exchange. Example: Earthworms Gills - For underwater gas exchange Example: Fishes Mechanism of Gas Exchange: Breathing - The physical action of Tracheal System - taking in O2 and releasing CO2 They have open holes throughout the body called A normal person breathes about 13 spiracles. times per minute when at rest. 1  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev Types of White Blood Cell Examples: Insects Monocytes- macrophages THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Eosinophil- parasites Basophil- allergic reactions Lymphocytes- viruses/tumors The circulatory system also known as Neutrophil- bacteria & fungi the body’s transport system is responsible for transporting the Blood vessel- Works with the heart to nutritive fluid and waste materials transport blood throughout the body. throughout your body. Types of Blood Vessels: Parts of the Circulatory System: Arteries Heart Veins Blood Capillaries Blood Vessel Arteries- Carries oxygenated blood Heart- The strongest muscle in terms away from the heart. The pulmonary of endurance. It has four known artery is an exception. chambers and has valves. Veins- Carries deoxygenated blood to ! The heart beats about 100,000 the heart. The pulmonary vein is an times per day, 2,000 gallons of exception. blood are pumped at the same time. Types of Circulation: Blood- Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is Pulmonary circulation- movement of red because of Hemoglobin. blood from the heart, to the lungs, then back to the heart. ➔ It covers 6-8% of your body weight. Coronary circulation- movement of blood through the tissues of the heart. Blood Composition: 55%- Plasma Systemic Circulation- All of the body 41%- Red Blood Cells except the lungs. 4%- White Blood Cells/Platelets CIRCULATION RBC - erythrocytes WBC - leukocytes 1. Deoxygenated blood enters Platelets - thrombocytes Cytes is a word referring to “cells” RA through the SVC and IVC 2  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev 2. Blood enters RV through tricuspid NO CURE but symptoms can be valve relieved by drinking lots of water and getting plenty of 3. Blood exits RV through rest. pulmonary valve then Influenza enters pulmonary artery It is also known as flu. A contagious illness caused by 4. L and R pulmonary arteries myxoviruses. send blood to the lungs Symptoms: 5. Oxygenated blood returns chills, fever, severe headache, to the heart via pulmonary muscular pain, runny nose, and veins general discomfort 6. Blood enters the LV through Able to mutate and form new the mitral valve strains. 7. Blood exits LV through the ! It spreads globally in seasonal aortic valve to enter aorta epidemics with severe cases reaching 3-5 million and 350-500 8. Aorta distributes blood to thousand deaths. the body! Pneumonia DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY Any infection of the lungs AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM caused by a foreign invader The alveoli becomes inflamed, Diseases of the Respiratory Tract: filled with pus or fluid. Common cold Symptoms: chest pain, fever, fluid in the A contagious infection of the lungs, and difficulty in upper respiratory tract caused breathing by rhinoviruses. Commonly caused by the following Symptoms: bacteria: Sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and mild fever. Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae It is more common for children. Chlamydia pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae 3  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev Tuberculosis ! NO CURE but can be controlled with the help of over-the-counter The 9th leading cause of death medicines. worldwide Bronchitis Caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis The swelling of the bronchial tubes The bacteria induces an Often caused by viral lung immune response which causes infections, but can also be to form tubercles caused by exposure to tobacco smoke and Symptoms: bad cough for industrial pollutants more than 3 weeks, discolored/bloody sputum, ! It can be acute or chronic weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, etc. Acuteness may be temporary, but it may lead to long term effects. ! It may also go to other parts of the body Emphysema Respiratory disorders A long-term disease due to the exposure to respiratory irritants Asthma Damages the alveoli as well as A chronic and allergic condition that breathing passages makes the breathing airways narrow and swollen, which causes them to Decreases the quality of gas produce more mucus exchange in the body The cause of this disorder is Symptom: Shortness of breath even unknown, but triggers may help when resting cause this condition. Triggers: pollen, dust mites, etc. ! NO TREATMENT as the alveoli is permanently damaged. Stopping Symptoms: smoking impedes further damage. Breathing difficulties, wheezing, and coughing Lung Cancer 4  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells ! Can lead to a condition known as in the lungs Myocardial infarction (heart attack) It can be triggered by long Hypertensive heart disease term exposure to tobacco smoke The tightening of the arterioles. Hypertension refers to elevated Tumors from malignant cells blood pressure which occupy space intended for gas exchange Rheumatic heart disease Diseases of the blood vessel The valves are permanently damaged as a result of a bacterial infection (Streptococcus pyogenes) Atherosclerosis ! It is common in children. Buildup of fats and/or cholesterol in the arteries also known as plaque. Diseases of the blood The arteries harden and lose their elasticity. Hemophilia Stroke The inability of blood to clot properly A disorder that results from A genetic disorder that causes blockage brought by the cells to lack a specific plasma hardening of arteries in the responsible for blood clotting brain. Anemia ! It can lead to loss of cognitive function The red blood cell count stays consistently low Diseases of the heart May also be caused by a decrease in the Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells. Coronary heart disease Leukemia The inability of blood to reach the coronary arteries of the A disorder wherein there is an heart abnormal increase in WBC. 5  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev Also known as Bone marrow F2 Generation- The second filial and is cancer. the offspring from the self-fertilization of the F1 Generation. MENDELIAN GENETICS Genotype Genetics- A branch of science ➔ The entire set of genes in a cell concerned with the study of heredity ➔ A gene of a particular and variation. character/trait may be recessive or dominant. Heredity- The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring. Allele - Responsible for the observed characteristic/trait. Variation- The difference in genetic makeup. Three Basic Genotype: Gregor Mendel also known as the AA (Homozygous Dominant) Father of Genetics. Aa (Heterozygous) aa (Homozygous Recessive) ➔ An Augustinian friar that is greatly enthusiastic on Science. Phenotype- The physical ➔ He experimented on some pea characteristic/ trait of an organism. plants to study inheritance. It is the product of the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Why garden peas? Have presence of observable traits with non-MENDELIAN inheritance contrasting factors Concerned with inheritance but DOES Produce many offspring NOT follow Mendel’s Law. in one cross Short life cycle 1. Incomplete Dominance Ease in manipulating The dominant allele is NOT pollination “completely dominant” P1 Generation- The true and original An intermediate phenotype forms in breeding parents heterozygotes that inherits both alleles. F1 Generation- The first filial and is the Hybrid offspring of the P1 Generation. 6  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev Example: Example: Cat fur ABO Blood Typing ➔ The blood type of a person is determined by the presence of antigens on the surface of RBC. 2. Codominance ➔ Rh factor (proteins) determine The traits are neither dominant whether a blood is positive (+) nor recessive to one another or negative (-). It is called Rh because it was first observed in Both alleles are expressed Rhesus monkeys. equally in the heterozygote ➔ Agglutination, a term referring to clumping of particles. 3. Multiple Alleles Universal donor- O Universal recipient- AB A single gene, but multiple alleles are present. BLOOD GENOTYPE: 7  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev A- IAIA or IAi B- IBIB or IBi Dna, genes, and chromosomes AB- IAIB Notable Scientists: O- ii DNA was discovered in a WBC by a Sex – refers to the BIOLOGICAL AND Swiss biologist named Johann PHYSIOLOGICAL characteristics of Friedrich Miescher with the initial males and females intent of knowing the key parts of WBC. Gender – “is a social construct” He coined the term “nuclein” 4. X-Linked Trait Can be categorized into X- and Y- Rosalind Franklin- She was the first linked traits, depending on the person to develop a model of the affected chromosome. It i double-helix structure of the DNA. Example: Color Blindness and Albrecht Kossel- A German Hypertrichosis pinnae auris Biochemist that identified a nuclein as a nucleic acid and was associated with 5. Sex-Limited Traits the naming of DNA An observable feature that appears (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) only in members of one sex of a given population,though both have genes Nucleotides- The building blocks of that determine the trait. DNA. Generally autosomal PARTS: 5 Carbon Sugar/Pentose Example: Lactation and Beard Phosphate Nitrogenous base 6. Sex-Influenced Traits It is autosomal, expressed in both genes but are more frequent in other sex. Example: Baldness pattern There are two strands of nucleotides combined forming the double-helix strand structure of a DNA. 8  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev NITROGENOUS BASES: Homologous Chromosomes- Pair of Cytosine chromosomes with the same type, Guanine size, and content of genetic Adenine information. Thymine ! One from each of your parents. Classification of Nitrogenous bases: Purines - double-ringed The human body has 23 pairs of structure. Guanine and Adenine chromosomes, 46 in total. The 23rd Pyrimidines - single ringed pair of chromosomes are sex structure. Cytosine and Thymine chromosomes while the rest are autosomes. Complementary base pairs: Diploid (2n) : two sets A=T of chromosomes C=G Haploid (n) : one set of ! These base pairs are through chromosomes Hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest bond in nature. Karyotype- The complete set of chromosomes of an individual. It is Genes- These are hereditary factors sorted by the Homologous found on a specific part of your DNA. chromosomes. A single molecule of DNA contains thousands of genes. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) The child has an extra 1 chromosome. Chromosomes- Condensed DNA In total, the child has 47 found in the Nucleus. It condenses chromosomes. when the cell is preparing for cell division. It can cause physical and intellectual anomalies. And the risk increases as Chromatids- Two identical parts of a the maternal age. chromosome. Turner Syndrome- Sex chromosome Centromere- Joins the two X. The person has one less chromatids chromosome. In total, the person affected by this has only 45 chromosomes. 9  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev The person experiencing this has an A quantitative measure that is an underdeveloped female reproductive indicator of how many different types system. of species are there in a community. It generally occurs due to an error in 𝑁(𝑁−1) the parent’s gametes. D= Σ𝑁(𝑛−1) Klinefelter Syndrome- N= total population size n= population of a certain species in Its genotype is XXY. The person an area affected by this has 47 chromosomes. Population Density Also caused by the parent’s gametes The number of individuals per unit carrying an extra X chromosome. area. Index of diversity and 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 population density LIMITING FACTORS Biodiversity Anything that limits the size of a population such as certain Refers to the total sum of various life environmental conditions forms such as unicellular fungi and bacteria to multicellular organisms Examples: Food, water, and living such as plants and animals. condition Life + variety CARRYING CAPACITY The maximum population size Types of Biodiversity: an environment can support Species Ecosystem ECOLOGICAL NICHE Genetic The role of a species in an en ecosystem Population A group of individuals of the EXTINCTION same species inhabiting a The total disappearance of all particular community. the members of a certain species INDEX OF DIVERSITY LOCAL EXTINCTION 10  Q1 SCIENCE 9 (BIOLOGY) REVIEWER By: Capua, Gio Andrei A. | 9-Mendeleev A certain population of organisms cease to exist in a particular area but not in other places. BACKGROUND EXTINCTION gradual process of becoming extinct - END - 11