Q1 PHILO REVIEWER [fftza].pdf

Q1 PHILO REVIEWER | FFTZA 11 *Brain Teaser - a puzzle to stimulate mind / for the brain to work - “No man ever steps in the same river twice” we keep HOLISTIC THINKING *Dilemma - situation in which a difficult choice has to be made moving forward, everything will change...

Q1 PHILO REVIEWER | FFTZA 11 *Brain Teaser - a puzzle to stimulate mind / for the brain to work - “No man ever steps in the same river twice” we keep HOLISTIC THINKING *Dilemma - situation in which a difficult choice has to be made moving forward, everything will change as life continues - refers to a perspective that considers large-scale pattern in between what is right or wrong to flow system 3. Democritus - requires an individual to have an open mindset and ability to *Nips theme song: This song talks about how a person can make - study the causes of natural phenomena get the general sense or impression of a situation a rainbow through a bag of nips. As a child, once you eat the - first to proposed that matter is composed of atoms chocolate nips, your surroundings or your environment changes 4. Diogenes of Sinope PARTIAL THINKING because of how you interpret the emotions that you’ve felt. - known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life - focuses on specific aspects of situation You create your own rainbow; you create your own imagination. - developed schools of philosophy such as cynicism and - an important component of analytical thinking, as an individual stoicism focuses on certain aspects of the problem to understand it. *The Trolley Dilemma: - one should not only talk of virtue but should show it in - when you push the fat guy, you would save the 6 people but words and actions *The Seven Blind Men and The Elephant: the fat guy would be murdered 5. Epicurus - when you pull the lever, you would save the 5 people but also - believed that philosophy could enable man to live in kill the man working there happiness - when you just let them be and you decided not to meddle with - Epicureanism - wisdom and simple life will result to them, makokonsensya ka life free of fear and pain - either way, you still killed the people as there is no way to save 6. Socrates them all at once without sacrificing anything or anyone. - considered as foremost philosopher of ancient times - believed that philosophy could enable man to live a PHILOSOPHY life of virtue - constant search of the meaning or reason of everything - Socratic Method - series of questions that let the - you didn’t notice that there are only six men in the picture, the - philos: love; sophia: wisdom [love of wisdom] learner examine and analyze his knowledge other blind man is the person looking at this. - study of discipline that uses human reason to investigate the 7. Plato ultimate causes, reasons and principles which govern all things - his teachings were the foundation of western *You can’t be nothing if you think of something, even that *Philosopher - a person engaged in philosophy philosophy something is nothing (ang mahalaga nag-iisip ka) *Wisdom - application of knowledge - most significant ideas included the theory of forms *You are alive because you have senses - known for dialectic, a method of opposing ideas to ANCIENT GREAT PHILOSOPHERS arrive at new knowledge WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE? 1. Pythagoras 8. Aristotle o Sense of Wonder - man’s over bounding curiosity drives - mathematician and scientist - student of Plato him to ask question, some of which have no definite - established community of learners who were devoted - ideas and views based on perception and reality is answers (ex. We’re facing a door, but we don’t know to study religion and philosophy based on what we perceive and sense what’s behind that door) - formulated Pythagorean theorem - gave rise to deductive reasoning - process by which Where did we came from? 2. Heraclitus specific statements are analyzed to reach conclusion Why do we exist? - proposed everything that exist is based on higher and generalization For what purpose were we created? order or plan called “logos” - change is permanent By: fftza By: fftza By: fftza Q1 PHILO REVIEWER | FFTZA 11 o Doubt - scientific ideas must be tested and verified a. Liberalism - general belief in freedom socially and PRACTICAL USES OF PHILOSOPHY IN OUR LIVES before it is accepted as truth; we are in doubt because economically ▪ Philosophy enables us a person to engage in critical we keep searching for truth [15th century French b. Socialism - left leaning view that sees human as analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions, philosopher Rene Descartes traced the need to intrinsically social and wealth should be shared arguments and problems. philosophize to doubt] c. Marxism - more communal means of wealth rather ▪ Philosophy also improves problem solving and decision than redistribution making. o Experience - [20th century Swiss-German philosopher d. Conservatism - favour for organic society and ▪ A good philosopher is a good communicator who can Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of change and to conserve certain values clearly adequately present his or her ideas. experience] man is often confronted by experiences e. Anarchism - anti-state theory ▪ Philosophy cab contribute to self-development. which challenge his ideas and framework called limit 6. Metaphysics - deals with questions regarding reality situations (feeling of helplessness, anxiety, or dread) and existence REFLECTION a. What is reality? - requires a person to be willing to examine one’s o Love of Wisdom - to love wisdom is to have insatiable b. Are humans being endowed with immortal souls thoughts, feelings, and actions and to learn more about desire for truth “the examined life is not worth living”; c. Is there free will one’s life experience [Socrates] “I know what I do not know” 7. Philosophy of the human person - area of philosophy Framework - way of thinking about the world that understands the human person from philosophical TRUTH, KNOWLEDGE, FACTS, AND OPINIONS and composed of the beliefs and views of perspective Mortimer J. Adler person Three perspective on the human person: “Knowledge consists in having the truth and knowing ▪ Internal Questions - addressed using a. The scientific view of man that you have it because you know why, what you think your own personal framework b. The philosophical view of man is true is true. Whereas opinion consists in not being ▪ External Questions - question the c. The theological view of man sure that you have the truth, and even if you say framework upon which people base something is true, you are not sure because you don’t on their own beliefs and views *Knowledge - clear awareness and understanding of something know why it is true.” Truth BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY WHICH DEALS WITH A PARTICULAR HOW DOES ONE ENGAGE IN REFLECTION? - property of being in accordance with reality ASPECTS OF LIFE OR PHENOMENA ▪ Propositions - statement about the world that may or - based on empirical evidence, which means truth is based on 1. Aesthetic - deals with beauty and what makes things may not carry the truth experience and observations about the external world “beautiful” ▪ Reflection - requires a person to be willing to examines Doubt 2. Logic - deals with correct reasoning one’s thought, feelings and action - drives our desire to discover the truth 3. Epistemology - discusses the nature of knowledge ❖ Facts - statements which are observed to be Opinion 4. Ethics - deals with moral questions and dilemmas real and truthful - propositions or beliefs or arguments that can be right or wrong a. How to live a good life ❖ Claim - further examination is required to or can be true or false b. Our rights and responsibilities establish whether it is true or false Knowledge c. The language of right and wrong ❖ Doubt - drives our desire - cannot be false and cannot be wrong d. Moral decisions: what is right and wrong - if something is considered as a piece of knowledge, it is 5. Political philosophy - studies government and deals impossible to claim it as false knowledge or wrong knowledge with question of justice, power, and the rights and Facts obligations of citizens - propositions which are observed to be real or truthful By: fftza By: fftza By: fftza Q1 PHILO REVIEWER | FFTZA 11 Conclusion - coherence is like the relationship of the parts of a jigsaw ▪ Informal Fallacy - judgement based on certain facts puzzle, one must throw out the pieces that don’t fit. - argument whose conclusion is not adequately - may not be disputed but conclusion itself could still be proven The goal is to make the largest possible coherent picture supported and/or doesn’t necessarily have to be the wrong (contested) conclusion that can be drawn Beliefs ▪ Pragmatism theory - based on the content of the argument - statements that express convictions that are not easily and - originally expounded by Charles Sanders Peirce clearly explained by facts - developed and popularized by William James o Ad hominem - attacking the person presenting Explanations - applied and propagated by John Dewey the argument instead of the argument itself - statements that assume the claim to be true - rooted in the idea that before you determine the truth ex. “Of course he believes that the government Arguments of any idea, you must have asked the question “does it is flawed, he is a rebel and a communist!” - series of statements that provide reasons why the statement is work?” true - Pragmatist ideas are not right or wrong until they are o Appeal to force - using the threat of force or an Burcenian Table of Truth and Opinion unpacked for their practical consequences undesirable event to advance an argument Ignorance/Deception Knowledge/Facts ex. “If this peace agreement will not be signed False/Wrong True/Right FAULTY REASONING by the government, then we will have no Opinions [statement, propositions, argument, theory] - logical error that does not follow the rules of inference or that recourse but to go to war” violates them THEORIES ABOUT TRUTH Fallacy - from the Latin word fallacia which means deceit or trick o Appeal to emotion - using emotion such as pity ▪ Correspondence theory Argument - main tool not only by claimed philosophers but by or sympathy - Plato, St. Augustine every rational people ex. “All these charges are baseless; this is just - concept of truth as reality which can be considered as plain harassment -- can’t you see how this is an affirmation of itself DIVISION OF FALLACIES: affecting my family?” - it is something observable and verifiable by the senses ▪ Formal Fallacy - Idealism - distrust the senses as sources of knowledge - error of logical form in invalid argument which violates o Appeal to popular - the idea is presented as and revealers of the real, senses can report only the rule of inference acceptable because a lot of people accept it appearance of things - Hunter Mead - based on the form of argument ex. “Every boy your age has a girlfriend, you - Aristotle’s deductive argument was the syllogism should go find one” ▪ Coherence Theory which has three parts: - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Baruch Spinoza, Georg o Major premise o Appeal to tradition - the idea is acceptable Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Francis Herbert Bradley o Minor premise because it has been true for a long time - statement is true if it can be put logically, consistently, o Conclusion ex. “Marriage should be between a man and a and systematically into a coherent body of knowledge ex: woman. It has been so far a long time in this or harmonizes with other established truth of our a. All human beings are innately good country; it should remain so today and in the knowledge as a whole Juan is a human being future.” - beliefs must be logically consistent with other true Therefore, Juan is innately good VALID belief in order to be also true. This means that if one b. All human beings are innately good o Begging the question - assuming the thing or belief is inconsistent with other accepted beliefs, it’s Juan is innately good idea to be proven is true; also known as probably wrong Therefore, Juan is a human being INVALID circular argument By: fftza By: fftza By: fftza Q1 PHILO REVIEWER | FFTZA 11 ex. “I have a right to free speech; therefore, ▪ Confirmation bias WHAT IS A MAN? you cannot stop me from talking.” - tendency to look for readily accept information which MAN fits one’s own belief or views to reject ideas or views - general term commonly used to refer to the entire human race o Cause-and-effect - assuming a cause-and-effect that go against it (humanity, mankind, humankind) relationship between unrelated events ex. “How can I accept his view that there is no God? I HUMAN BEING ex. “Ever since you bought that sweater am a Christian.” - used to distinguish man from other animals everything has been going wrong in your life. PERSON You should get rid of it.” ▪ Framing - more complex term which generally refers to a human being - focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while granted recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities, o Fallacy of composition - assuming that what is ignoring other aspects and dignity true of a part is true for the whole ex. “Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the PERSONHOOD ex. “These cases of robbery in this district have actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are - refers to the state of being a person convinced me that the city has become a den currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error.” HUMAN NATURE of thieves and criminals.” - characteristics that distinguish humans from all other creatures ▪ Hindsight o Fallacy of division - assuming that what is true - tendency to see past events as predictable or ascribe a WHAT IS HUMAN PERSON? for the whole is true for its parts pattern to historical events - there’s something in the human individual that sets him or her ex. “You come from a family of doctors and ex. “Magellan’s assault on Mactan island was a apart from other beings [‘yan ung nagseseparate sa’ting dalawa intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this foolhardy venture made by an overconfident, careless HAHHAHHAHAHHAHAHAHHAHAHAHA ay reviewer pala to sorry] course.” man who underestimated the valor of the native - these special traits make a human a distinct individual person Filipino.” BIAS Traits that define a person - personal views of people presenting it ▪ Conflict of interest 1. Self-Awareness - not a fallacy, refers to tendencies or influences which affect the - a person or a group is connected to or has a vested - having a clear perception of oneself, including views of the people interest in the issue being discussed thoughts, emotions, identity, and action - cannot be avoided in any discussion and debate ex. “As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the - the human person is defined by a deeper awareness *People engaging in the discussion are aware of their personal biases right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged which is driven by rationality or human thought and have an open but critical attitude toward other views corrupt practices.” - it gives rise to the notion of self; actively aware that they are perceiving and experiencing reality ▪ Correspondence bias / Attribution effect ▪ Cultural bias - tendency to judge a person’s personality by their - analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural 2. Inferiority actions without regard for external factors or influences standard - quality of being focused on one’s inner life and identity ex. “These soldiers who fought in the war are all ex. “I do not agree with this western practice of placing - enables a person to exercise creativity bloodthirsty murderers!” aged parents in retirement homes. We Filipinos take - allows us to imagine care of our family members.” By: fftza By: fftza By: fftza Q1 PHILO REVIEWER | FFTZA 11 3. Self - enables us to experience the inner world; we can imagine, fantasize, and reflect, which shows that we are able to reach within ourselves and experience interiority 4. Self-determination - refers to the capability of a person to make choices and decisions based on their own preferences 5. Free Will - enables us to do actions whenever we want to and makes self-determination possible SELF DETERMINATION AND FREE WILL 1. Consequence - result or effect of an action or condition 2. Morality - the goodness or badness of an act 3. Dignity - the innate right to be valued and respected 3. Spirit - intangible element - enables us to exercise thoughts - possesses awareness and interiority - to reach out to the outside world and other persons 4. Transcendence - ability to surpass limits - distinguishes human person from other beings in existence - our mind is an important tool that allows us to go beyond many of our physical limits - we are able to exercise our imagination and reflection to go beyond our own thoughts and experiences By: fftza By: fftza By: fftza