Pyelonephritis & Hydronephrosis PDF

# Acute Pyelonephritis - Definition: Acute suppurative (pus forming) infection of kidney collecting system and renal interstitium # Acute Pyelonephritis An image of a kidney showing a portion of the left kidney and a cross-section of the right kidney. The following parts are labelled: Major calyce...

# Acute Pyelonephritis - Definition: Acute suppurative (pus forming) infection of kidney collecting system and renal interstitium # Acute Pyelonephritis An image of a kidney showing a portion of the left kidney and a cross-section of the right kidney. The following parts are labelled: Major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, cortex, pyramid, minor calyces, atrophy of cortex, inflammation, scarring, and pus. - Causes and Risk factors: - Women, diabetics and immunosuppressed individuals - E.coli is the most common pathogen isolated from urine or pus cultures - Urinary tract infection, instrumentation, obstruction and pregnancy # Acute Pyelonephritis - Gross: Focal abscesses or wedge shaped areas of suppuration - Microscopic: Patchy suppurative inflammation, primarily cortical with edema, neutrophils in interstitium and tubular lumina. Tubular necrosis and cortical abscesses and necrosis An image showing 2 different microscopic pictures of the tissue. # Chronic pyelonephritis An image shows an illustration of a kidney with scarring. - Definition: Diffuse, patchy tubulo-interstitial inflammation and scarring - Causes: - Urinary tract obstruction - Reflux nephropathy - Recurrent untreated pyelonephritis # Chronic pyelonephritis - Gross: Atrophic kidney with scar formation - Microscopic: Patchy interstitial lympho-plasmacytic inflammation with focal neutrophilic infiltration. Scarring of the renal pelvis and calyces. Atrophic renal tubules with thyroidization and intraluminal colloid-like proteinaceous casts. An image showing two different microscopic pictures of the tissue. The left picture shows a blood vessel and sclerosed glomeruli, while the right one shows an image labelled as "Kidney: Chronic pyelonephritis (medium power)". # Chronic pyelonephritis - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare and aggressive type of chronic pyelonephritis. It usually occurs due to chronic nephrolithiasis and infection. The diagnosis is often confused with renal cell carcinoma An image showing a microscopic picture of the tissue. # Hydronephrosis An image shows a series of kidneys with increasing dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces. It is labelled as HYDRONEPHROSIS and shows the following variations: Normal Kidney, Mild, Moderate, Severe. - Definition: Cystic dilation of renal pelvis and calyces associated with progressive atrophy of kidney, due to obstructive uropathy # Hydronephrosis An image shows the anatomy of the human urinary tract. It depicts the following parts: Kidney, Kidney Pelvis, Urinary Duct, Bladder, Prostatic Gland and flow of urine. - Causes: - Bladder neck obstruction - Congenital ureteropelvic junction narrowing - Urethral strictures - Vesico-ureteral reflux - Inflammation - Pregnancy - Prostatic hypertrophy - Stones - Tumors # Hydronephrosis - Gross: Thin cortical rim due to atrophy. Dilated calyces. - Microscopic: Cortical atrophy. Interstitial fibrosis.