Purposive Communication (rev) PDF

Lesson 1. Nature, Communication and Components of Communication B. Nonverbal Communication Is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. Such as gesture,...

Lesson 1. Nature, Communication and Components of Communication B. Nonverbal Communication Is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. Such as gesture, body language, posture, Nature Of Communication tone of voice or facial expressions is called nonverbal communication. It is all about the body We are social beings and such; to express and to be listened to are basic or innate in all of us. language of speaker. It has three elements: But as Ben Johnson, the English poet, has said, the ability to speak and the ability to speak 1. Appearance (speaker) - Clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics; well are two different things. (surrounding) - room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings Speaking well is comparable to any skill in the sense that it can be developed and enhanced. 2. Body language - facial expressions, gestures, postures All that you have to do is expose yourself to various speaking situations. Listen well and study 3. Sounds - voice tone, volume, speech rate how effective speakers express themselves. As much as 75% of the average person's day is C. Visual Communication spent communicating. Those in technical jobs are estimated to spend between 50% and 90% of Visual communication is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey information their work day engaged in communication process. and/or messages. Some examples are signs, symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, Communication pictograms, photos, drawings or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication. 01. is derived from the Latin word 01. "communis", which means, belonging to many or equally and "communico" to confer with others. It is the mutual exchange of Types Of Communication According To Context information, ideas, and understanding by any effective means. A. Intrapersonal Communication 02. It is a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared The Latin prefixes "intra" means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means understanding. talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with This process requires a vast repertoire of skills: other names such as self-verbalization or self-statement Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processing * Speaking Questioning * Listening B. Interpersonal Communication Analyzing * Observing Interpersonal communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, and feelings Evaluating with other people. It can occur through various methods, including oral communication, written 03. It can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of communication, nonverbal communication, and listening semiotic rules: Syntactic Communication As A Process In a survey conducted by the Katz Business School at the University of Pittsburg, Pragmatic organizations rated communication skills as the most important factor used in selecting their Semantic management staff. The study found that oral and written communication skills were important 04. It is therefore a social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common in predicting job success, as was the ability to communicate well with others in the workplace. set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. 05. Communication refers to the process of human beings responding to the symbolic Therefore, for us to be able to communicate well is important. If we are not able to behavior of other persons. communicate well, the messages we send get lost in translation. Types Of Communication According To Mode Similarly, Bernales, Balon and Biligan (2018) stated that when the flow of information is blocked for some reason or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then A. Verbal Communication communication fails. (Linguistics) The process of sending and receiving messages with words, including writing and sign language. Speaking and listening are vital elements of communication. Therefore, in any communication Types situation, you are both speaker and listener. 1. Oral - Spoken words are used. Communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed The Communication Model is a sketch that shows the basic elements of the communication and clarity of speaking. process, and how each element affects the other elements in the entire communication process 2. Written - Written signs or symbols are used to communicate. Written communication as a system. is most common form of communication being used in business. The Communication Model Lesson 2: Principles and Ethics of Communication Speaker/ Sender - A person who sends the PRINCIPLES of COMMUNICATION message. A sender - Communication is used to meet the purpose of a person. makes use of symbols - The purpose could be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. (words or graphs or - Communication can be intended or unintended. visual aids) to convey the Intended communication refers to planning what and how you communicate your ideas to message. Sender maybe other people who are older than you are of who occupy a higher social or professional position an individual or a group such as your parents, teachers, and supervisors, among others. or an organization.The Unintended communication, on the other hand, happens when you unintentionally send background of the sender non-verbal messages to people you are communicating with, or when you suddenly make have great impact on the message. negative remarks out of frustration or anger. Communication is a complex process that requires you to: Message - know your audience - Is the key idea that the sender wants to communicate. Communication process begin - determine your purpose with encoding about the message to be conveyed. It must be ensured that the main - identify your topic objective of the message is clear. May be communicated verbally or non-verbally. - expect objections Channel/ Medium - establish credibility with your target audience - Is the means used to exchange or transmit the message. The channel or medium is the - present information clearly and objectively language you use. The means through which the sender must choose an appropriate - develop a practical, useful way to seek for feedback medium for transmitting the message, else, the message might not be conveyed. Communication Ethics Receiver/ Listener - A person for whom the message is intended, aimed or targeted. The degree to which Effective communicators observe ethics. This means that they deal with values, righteousness, the decoder understands the message is dependent upon various factors such as: and behavior appropriate for human communication particularly in a multicultural situation. knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to the message, and the reliance of the The following are some of the ethical considerations: encoder on the decoder. Uphold integrity. Be truthful with your opinion and be accurate with your judgment. Feedback Respect diversity of perspective and privacy. Show compassion and consideration with the - Is the main component of the communication process as it permits the sender to beliefs, status, affiliations, and privacy of others. analyze the efficacy of the message. Feedback may be verbal or non-verbal. The Observe freedom of expression effectively. Be careful of what and how you say your words communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully depending on the type of people you are communicating with. transmitted. received. and Be open-minded. Accept that others have different views or opinions, which may conflict with Noise yours. So, listen and process the - This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received, or views of other people, and learn how to reconcile their opinions with your own. understood. It can be as literal as static over a phone line or esoteric as misinterpreting Develop your sense of accountability. Acknowledge responsibility for all your actions, good a local custom. or bad. Situation/ Context Guidelines For Effective Communication - It refers to the time and place in which communication occurs. This is the setting and Be clear with your purpose. As a sender, you must have a specific purpose in mind. This can situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact help you convey your message effectively to your target audience or receivers in written, of the successful exchange of information. It may have a physical, social, or cultural verbal, non-verbal, to verbal, or visual form. aspect to it. Support your message with facts. When you provide incomplete or vague information, you Significant differences exist between societies in different parts of the world, and it is true that can cause confusion or misunderstanding. Hence, you should be well-prepared with your they speak different languages; dress differently, and use different non verbal systems supporting ideas through examples, experiences, or observations when you deliver a message Cross-cultural communication generally compares the communication styles and patterns of Be concise. There is always a sense to this cliché "keep it short and simple." Avoid irrelevant people from very different cultural/ social structures, such as nation- states. Or unnecessary details in your message and keep it concise. Provide specific information in your feedback. Give feedback that is timely, constructive, Intercultural communication deals with how people from these cultural/social structures and specific to the topic being discussed speak to one another and what difficulties or differences they encounter, over and above the different languages they speak (Gudykunst 8. Kim, 1984). Adjust to the needs, interests, values, and beliefs of your audience. Every person has different needs and comes from different cultural background. Your role as an effective In Japan, it is impolite to summon someone with the moving-index-finger gesture as is done in communicator is to adjust to those needs of your audience. Essentially, use language or the West to mean, "Come here". In Japan, you should hold your palm facing downward and vocabulary which is appropriate to your audience. Avoid technical terms and jargons because move all your fingers at once. they can be barriers to communication. Dimension of Cultures Observe communication ethics. Some ethical practices in communication have been Cultures are not synonymous with countries. Cultures do not respect political boundaries. mentioned. Observing ethics in a communication process will help you build your credibility Cultures refer to the following, Jandt (2010): and make you more professional. A community or population sufficiently large enough to be self-sustaining, that is large Be your natural self and appear very confident. Have the right attitude and happy disposition enough to produce new generations of members without relying on outside in life; control your emotions, and think well before you speak. The totality of that group's thought, experiences, and patterns of behaviour and its concepts, values and assumptions about life that guide behavior and how those evolve with contact with Lesson 3: Intercultural and Global Communication other cultures. Globalization Hofstede (1994) classified the elements of culture into four categories: symbols, rituals, values, The basic concept of globalization is the expansion and integration of the cultural, political, and heroes. economic, and technological domains of countries. This reflects that the world is borderless, Symbols refer to verbal and non verbal language. and the countries are interconnected and interdependent. For example, the United States of Rituals are the socially essential collective activities within a culture. America (General Electric, Chevron, Starbucks, and McDonalds), Japan (Toyota and Honda) Values are the feelings not open for discussion within a culture about what is good or and the Philippines (Jellibee and Bench) have local companies that have expanded overseas and bad, beautiful or ugly, normal or abnormal, which are present in a majority of the have become transnational or multinational members of a culture or atleast in those who occupy pivotal positions. Heroes are the real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a Globalization's effect on communication culture. With the advent of globalization associated with advanced technologies and systems across regions, the flow of information and communication has become smoother, faster. and easier. Context Plus, business transactions and partnerships among local and international institutions have Low Context Societies become more efficient. The message itself means everything People try to separate their relationship from the message and to focus on the details and the Consequently, the context of globalization requires effective communication skills from logic-detailed information must be given to provide a relevant context students and workers to cope with the demands and challenges brought about by this phenomenon. This includes communicating effectively with people of different backgrounds, Tendencies of Low-context Cultures (C.B. Halverson's Cultural Context Inventory) age, culture, gender, beliefs, orientations, preferences, and status. Association - relationships begin and end quickly Thinking about Culture  - verbal messages are explicit and Communication is seen as a way of exchanging Individualistic Society information In an individualistic society, personal achievement is lauded and reinforced through - focuses on rational (not personal) solutions conversations with others. For instance, supervisors may talk with employees about the Territoriality development of personal goals and post "employee of the month" placards to single out - space is compartmentalized individual achievements. - privacy is important, so people stand farther apart Learning Time - done source of information is used thinking proceeds from specific to general Cultures differ in how they view time, the importance of brisk punctuality, as opposed to that of - learning occurs thru explicit directions and explanations leisurely relationship building is also given different weight. This broad difference of emphasis - individual orientation is preferred, and speed is valued on activity or relationships in time is labelled as a distinction between monochronic and polychronic societies. High-Context Societies North-American and Northern and Central European people are said to have a "monochronic" Place a great deal of emphasis on the total environment or context where speech and (one event at a time) perception of sing, whereas Mediterranean, South-American, African, and interaction take place Asian people are seen as "polychronic" (several events occurring simultaneously) individuals. Focuses on relationships Interpersonal communication Monochronic Cultures Connected to the background context of relationships and other personal contexts of status, Monochronic cultures, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, view time as a valuable influence and personal knowledge commodity and punctuality is very important. People with monochronic view of Lime will usually arrive at an appointment a few minutes early as a symbol of respect for the person they Tendencies of High-context Cultures (C.B. Halverson's Cultural Context Inventory) are meeting. Learning - multiple sources of information are used thinking proceeds from general to specific A monochronic society places emphasis in speed and punctuality plus the rapid and efficient - learning occurs by observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing accomplishment of tasks. For example, a lady eating alone focuses on the completion of the it task which is eating, and not establishing a relationship thru dining out. - groups are preferred, and accuracy is valued Polychronic Culture Interaction Polychronic Cultures do not hold time in the same reverence; these cultures instead have a - nonverbal elements are significant much more relaxed attitude toward time. In polychronic societies, "promptness is not - verbal messages are indirect particularly important, and as long as the person shows up sometime during the right day, that Dimensions of Culture will count as doing what was required. Collectivism and Individualism Polychronic societies place more emphasis on the relationships between people than on the - Some cultures stress collectivism/ togetherness, and some stress task. For example, for the families that we know to have, the relationship shared by one another individualism/individuality. is the primary importance while the task of finishing dinner is just secondary to the relationship - As traditionally noted, (Gudykunst, 2000; Morsbach, 2004), Eastern societies, such as built as they eat. Japan tend to be collectivist-that is to stress group benefit and overriding value of working barmoniously rather than individual personal advancement. Conflict - Western societies, such as United States, are generally characterized as individualist or Cultures can also be distinguished according to their understanding of and approach to conflict, focusing on the individual person and his or her personal dreams, goals and which involves real or perceived incompatibilities of processes, understandings and viewpoints achievements, and right to make choice. between people. Collective Society Communication scholars Judith Martin and Thomas Nakayama (2007)-drawing from the work For a collective society, an individual who acts to achieve personal rather than collective goals of Augsburger (1992)- differentiate two culturat approaches to conflict: conflict as opportunity would be viewed as simply selfish and disrespectful, and he or she would be brought back into and conflict as destructive. the line and made to understand and accept the value of community and collectivity. Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist, such as the United States. This approach to conflict is based on the following four assumptions (Martin & Nakayama, 2007): Conflict-as-destructive cultures tend to be collectivist, such as many Asian cultures. Religious groups, such as Amish and Quakers, also view conflict as destructive. As with conflict-as-destructive cultures, four assumptions guide this approach to conflict (Martin & Nakauama, 2007): 1. Conflict is normal, useful process 2. All issues are subject to change through negotiation. 3. Direct confrontation and conciliation are valued. 4.Conflict is necessary renegotiation of an implied contract-a redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions, and renewal of relationships. 1. Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace. 2. The social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather members should adapt to established values. 3. Confrontations are destructive and ineffective. 4. Disputants should be disciplined. Five Styles of Conflict Management (Rahim, 1993; Ting-Toomey, 2004): Dominating Styles- involve forcing one's will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of negative relational consequence. Integrating Styles- necessitate a great deal of open discussion about the conflict at hand to reach a solution that completely satisfies everyone involved. Obliging Styles- involve giving up one's position to satisfy another's; this style generally emphasizes areas of agreement and deemphasizes areas of disagreement. Avoiding Styles- People avoid conflict entirely either by failing to acknowledge its existence or by withdrawing from a situation when it arises. Compromising Styles- are often confused with integrating styles because a solution is reached following discussion of the conflict. However, making a compromise demands that everyone must give something up to reach a solution, and as a result, people never feel fully satisfied. Lesson 4-5 : INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION ETHICS AND COMPETENCE The Language And Ethics Of Prejudice And Racism Communication can play a role in either spreading prejudice and racism or stopping their Identifying Your Culture spread. Prejudice and racism are commonly viewed as being rooted in the child's early Certain geographical locations, nations, races, and regions are important factors in talking about socialization and fostered in communication with other people who are prejudiced or racist society and cultural identity, but the simple connection or identification of a nationality with a (Adorno et al., 1950). culture is a problem for many reasons. Out of realizations that speech can cue prejudiced behavior in others, some have attempted to Identifying society and culture in such ways makes the simple mistake of assuming, for restrict that type of speech, often referred to as hate speech. example, that everybody from the same nation or country has the same set of assumptions and The Language And Ethics Of Othering beliefs. Yet most countries have regions regarded as different and distinctive (Ilocanos, The bipolarizing tendencies of language and research present an ethical challenge. Othering Bicolanos, Davaoenos, Kapampangan). refers to the labeling and degrading of cultures subgroups outside of one's own (Riggins, 1997). The belief systems in this smaller and diverse groups are often recognized as somewhat Indigenous peoples, women, lesbians and gay men, and ethnic groups have been "othered" by different and distinct from those within the larger society (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao) or a other groups in language. nation. So which culture represents the Philippines? Communication Approach To Intercultural Communication You Belong Without Knowing It! Personality Strength - the main personal traits that affect intercultural communication are: You were born into a society, a nationality, and a heritage; you live somewhere; you follow Self Concept Self-disclosure certain rules that exist in that society (for example, you drive either on the right or the left); Self Monitoring Social Relaxation You speak a particular language or set of languages that prevail there; you eat particular -foods Communication Skills and can identify "ethnic cuisines" of other nations. It is important to recognize that, within any Message skills Behavioral flexibility given nation or society, many cultures amount to different relational groups that transact their Interaction management Social skills business in communicative patterns, codes and styles. Psychological Adjustment -effective communicators must be able to acclimate to new environments. They must -be able to handle the feelings of "culture shock," such as frustration, Your talk indicates or displays your cultural membership. Your culture is written in your voice stress, and alienation in ambiguous situations caused by new environments. not only in the language you speak but also the thoughts you express and the assumptions you make. Cultural Awareness -to be competent in intercultural communication, individuals must understand the social customs and the social system of the host culture. Understanding how Ethics Across Cultures (Kale, 1997) people think and behave is essential for effective communication with them. Ethical communicators address people of other cultures with the same respect that they Characteristics Of Intercultural Competence would like to receive themselves. Intercultural communicators should not demean or belittle Beyond knowing the specific rules of an -individual culture, there are also attitudes and skills the cultural identity of others through verbal or nonverbal communication. called "cultural general" that help communicators build relationships with people from other Ethical communicators seek to describe the world as they perceive it as accurately as backgrounds (Samovar & Porter, 2004) as mentioned in Alder & Rodman (2009). possible. What is perceived to be the truth may vary from one culture to another; truth is socially constructed. This principle means that ethical communicators do not deliberately Motivation - the desire to communicate successfully with strangers is an important start. For mislead or deceive. example, people high in willingness to communicate with people from other cultures report a greater number of friends from different backgrounds than those who are less willing to reach Ethical communicators encourage people of other cultures to express themselves in their out. uniqueness. This principle respects the right of people to expression regardless of how popular or unpopular their ideas may be. Tolerance For Ambiguity - communicating with people from different backgrounds can be confusing. A tolerance for ambiguity makes it possible to accept, and even embrace, the often Ethical communicators strive for identification with people of other cultures. Intercultural equivocal and sometimes downright incomprehensible messages that characterize intercultural communicators should emphasize the commonalities of cultural beliefs and values rather than communication. their differences. Open-mindedness - it's one thing to tolerate ambiguity; it's another to become open-minded Ethnocentrism - the third barrier to effective intercultural communication is ethnocentrism, or about cultural differences. There is a natural tendency to view others' communication choices as negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one's own culture. To be "wrong" when they don't match our cultural upbringing. ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one's culture. Knowledge And Skills -the rules and customs that work with one group might be quite Stereotype - the term stereotype is the broader term commonly used to refer to negative or different from those that succeed with another. positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. Communication theorist Cha Berger outlines three strategies for moving forward to a more The word stereotyping was first used by journalist Walter Lippmann in 1992 to describe mindful, competent style of intercultural communication: judgments made about others on the basis of their ethnic group membership. Today, the term is Passive observation involves noticing what behaviors members of a different culture use and more broadly used to refer to judgments made on the basis of any group membership. applying these insights to communicate in ways that are most effective. Negative Effects On Communication (Stereotyping) Active strategies include reading, watching films, and asking experts and members of the They cause us to assume that a widely held belief is true when it may not be. other culture how to behave, as well as taking academic courses related to intercultural Continued use of the stereotype reinforces the belief. Stereotypes of women as ornaments or communication and diversity. of people of color as stupid or shameless or of gay men as promiscuous reinforce a belief that Self-disclosure involves volunteering personal information to people from the other culture places individual women, African, Asians, and gay men at risk. Popular television may with whom you want to communicate. One type of self-disclosure is to confess your cultural reinforce those stereotypes. ignorance: "This is very new to me. What's the right thing to do in this situation?" The stereotype can become a "self-fulfilling prophecy" for the stereotyped. Research by psychologists Steele and Aronson (1995 shown that a negative stereotype creates a threat that Barriers To Intercultural Communication can distract the individual stereotyped and lower performance. There is no way that you can learn all the rules governing appropriate and inappropriate behavior for every culture and subgroup with which you come into contact. You'd always be Prejudice - refers to the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or doing something wrong; you'd always be offending someone. Your communication would sexual orientation. Whereas stereotypes can be positive or negative, prejudice refers to the likely to suffer as your violation of norms would be a form of noise limiting the effectiveness of irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation your communication. (Rothenerg, 10021 A better approach is to examine on a general level the barriers to intercultural communication. Persons within the group are viewed not in terms of their individual merit but according to the LaRay M. Barna (1997) has developed a list of six such barriers: anxiety, assuming similarity superficial characteristics that make them part of the group. instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, nonverbal misinterpretations, and language. Anxiety - the first barrier is high anxiety. When you are anxious because of not knowing what you are expected to do, it is only natural to focus on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction. For example, you may have experienced anxiety on your very first day on a new college campus or in a new job. You may be conscious of being new-and out of place-and focus so much of your attention on that feeling that you make common mistakes and appear awkward to others. Assuming Similarity instead of Differences -the second barrier is assuming similarity instead of difference. When you have no information about a new culture, it might make sense to assume there are no differences, to behave as you would in your home culture. But making that assumption could result in miscommunication. Each culture is different and unique to some degree. Lesson 6 : Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language Regional Dialect - is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular Diversity in Culture, Language, and Communication area of a country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional names which mark them Communication knows no boundaries. Whether such communication takes place in the home, as being significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place. in the street, at a business meeting, or inside the classroom, an individual uses techniques and strategies to be able to put their message across. Minority Dialect - sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own In today's society and age, communication has become so fluid and boundless. Due to they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside a variety which is standard variety. increasing effects and influences of globalization, international communication (also referred This is called a minority dialect. Examples are African American Vernacular English in the to as transnational communication) practices continually occur across borders. This is why USA, London Jamaican in Britain, and Aboriginal English in Australia. See: Video. multimodal and multicultural tasks among learners need to be reintroduced and strengthened. Diversity is reality. It is increasingly affecting traditional and digital media, trade, labor Indigenized Varieties - are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with practices, and even casual conversations. Changes in registers in one part of the world affect multilingual populations. The differences from the standard variety may be linked to English people everywhere. proficiency, or may be part of a range of varieties used to express identity. For example, 'Singlish' (spoken in Singapore) is a variety very different from standard There are many types of diversity which are associated with injustice and inequality where not English, and there are many other varieties of English used in India. every person or group is treated equally because of them. These types of diversity include socially excluded groups, nationality, ethnicity, race, gender, Language Registers sexual preference, social class, religious beliefs and practices, and physical or mental disability. Register is defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstance. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. These Language Varieties variations in formality, also called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. In present-day linguistics, the term variety is used to refer to any variant of the language which Registers are determined by factors such as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience. can be sufficiently eliminated from another one. Language varieties simply refer to a They are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms distinguishable variant of a language. and the use of jargon and a difference In intonation and pace. They are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Pidgin - is a new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to communicate but don't share a common language. Five Distinct Language Registers The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular language (called the lexifier'). Frozen - form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to historic language or An early pre-pidgin' is quite restricted in use and variable in structure. But the later 'stable communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer. pidgin' develops its own grammatical rules which are quite different from those of the Example, the Bible, the Philippine Constitution and Romeo and Juliet. lexifier. Once a stable pidgin has emerged, it is generally learned as a second language and used for Formal - less strict but still limited, the formal register is used in professional, academic or communication among people who speak different languages. legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Examples are Nigerian Pidgin and Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu). Slang is never used and contractions are rare. Examples: TED talk, business presentation, the Encyclopedia Britannica. Creole - when children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community, it is called a creole. Like a pidgin, a creole is a distinct language which Consultative - people use this to register often in conversation when they are speaking with has taken most of its vocabulary from another language, the lexifier, but has its own unique someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful grammatical rules. (use of courtesy titles), but may be more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly (a Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is not restricted in use, and is like any other language in its family doctor). Slang is sometimes used. People may also pause or interrupt one another. full range of functions. Examples: the local TV news broadcast, an annual physical examination, a service provider Examples are Gullah, Jamaican Creole and Hawai'i Creole English. like a plumber.  Extra punctuation (Hi!!!!) Acronyms Casual - is the register people use when they are with friends, close acquaintances, coworkers, Neutral Language Register. Figurative language and family. It is probably the one you think of when you consider how you talk with other Short sentences. Jokes people, often in a group setting. Use of slang, contraction and vernacular grammar is all Personal opinions. Passive and active voice common, and people may use expletives or off-color language in some settings. First person, second person, and third person Examples: a birthday party or a backyard BBQ party Intimate. Neutral Language Registers Intimate - linguists say the register is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two We use the neutral language register with non-emotional topics and information. Neutral people and often in private. Intimate language may be something as simple as an inside joke writing is not necessarily formal or informal. It is not usually positive or negative. A neutral between college friends or a word whispered in a lover's ear. register is used to deliver facts. Writing in the natural language register includes: Language Registers may be classified as either formal, informal or neutral. Reviews. Articles The formal register is more appropriate for professional writing and letters. Technical writing. Some essays The informal register (also called casual or intimate) is conversational and appropriate when Some letters writing to friends and people you know very well. The neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most appropriate for technical writings Formal Language Registers Formal writing is probably the most difficult type of writing. It is impersonal, meaning it is not written for a specific person and is written without emotion. Some kinds of writing are always written in formal English. Formal writing includes: Business Letters. Letters of complaint Some essays. Reports Official speeches. Announcements Professional emails Informal Language Register Informal writing is written in the way we talk to our friends and family. We use informal writing when we are writing to someone we know very well.Some kinds of writing can be written in an informal style. Informal writing includes: Short notes. Phone texts Personal emails. Diaries and journals Most blogs. Friendly letters There are no major rules to informal writing. With informal writing you can include things such as: Slang and cliches. Symbols and abbreviations Incomplete sentences. Paragraphs or no paragraphs