Psychology Study Guide PDF

**1. Draw the brain and label each lobe, Broca's area, and Wernicke's area.** - **Lobes of the brain:** Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal. - **Broca's Area:** Located in the left frontal lobe, responsible for speech production. - **Wernicke's Area:** Located in the left tempora...

**1. Draw the brain and label each lobe, Broca's area, and Wernicke's area.** - **Lobes of the brain:** Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal. - **Broca's Area:** Located in the left frontal lobe, responsible for speech production. - **Wernicke's Area:** Located in the left temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension. - Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works \| Johns Hopkins Medicine1l\`2 **2. Main functions of each lobe:** - **Frontal Lobe:** Involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and control of purposeful behaviours, emotions, and language. - **Parietal Lobe:** Processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and pain. - **Occipital Lobe:** Responsible for visual processing. - **Temporal Lobe:** Processes auditory information and is involved in memory and emotion. **3. Difference between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia:** - **Broca's Aphasia:** Characterized by difficulty in speech production; patients understand language but struggle to form coherent sentences. - **Wernicke's Aphasia:** Patients can produce fluent speech, but it often lacks meaning and comprehension is impaired. **4. Phineas Gage case:** Phineas Gage suffered a traumatic brain injury where an iron rod damaged his frontal lobe. This case showed the role of the frontal lobe in personality, decision-making, and social behavior. **5. Draw and label a neuron:** - **Parts of a neuron:** Soma (cell body), dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and axon terminals. **6. Functions of each part of a neuron:** - **Soma:** Contains the nucleus and processes information. - **Dendrites:** Receive signals from other neurons. - **Axon:** Carries signals away from the soma. - **Myelin Sheath:** Insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission. - **Axon Terminals:** Release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons. **7. Significance of p-values:** - **P = 0.01** Significant - **P = 0.5** Not significant - **P = 0.05** Significant - **P = 0.23** Not significant - **P = 0.012** Significant - **P = 0.08** Not significant - **P = 0.056** Not significant - **P = 0.04** Significant **8. Classical conditioning:** A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. **9. Acronyms:** - **NS**: Neutral Stimulus - **UCR**: Unconditioned Response - **UCS**: Unconditioned Stimulus - **CS**: Conditioned Stimulus - **CR**: Conditioned Response **10. Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:** 1. **Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years):** Knowledge through sensory experiences. 2. **Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):** Symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and imagination. 3. **Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years):** Logical thinking about concrete events. 4. **Formal Operational Stage (12+ years):** Abstract and moral reasoning. **11. Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development:** 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair **12. DSM:** **Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders** -- a handbook used by healthcare professionals to diagnose mental disorders. **13. Anxiety disorders in the DSM:** Includes disorders like Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, and specific phobias. **14. Key symptoms of anxiety disorders:** Common symptoms include excessive fear or worry, avoidance behaviors, and physical symptoms like increased heart rate or sweating. **15. Depressive disorders in the DSM:** Includes Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder. **16. Key symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder:** Depressed mood, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or weight, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts. **17. Two new additions to depressive disorders in DSM-5:** - **Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD):** Severe temper outbursts in children. - **Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD):** Severe mood disturbances linked to the menstrual cycle. **18. Difference between obsessions and compulsions in OCD:** - **Obsessions:** Recurrent, unwanted thoughts (e.g., fear of germs). - **Compulsions:** Repetitive behaviors to reduce the distress caused by obsessions (e.g., hand-washing). **19. Difference between hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia:** - **Hallucinations:** Sensory experiences without external stimuli (e.g., hearing voices). - **Delusions:** Strong beliefs despite evidence to the contrary (e.g., believing one has special powers). **20. Non-bizarre vs. bizarre delusions:** - **Non-bizarre delusions:** Could potentially happen in real life (e.g., being followed). - **Bizarre delusions:** Clearly implausible (e.g., believing one\'s thoughts are controlled by aliens). **21. Depersonalization vs. derealization:** - **Depersonalization:** Feeling detached from one's own body. - **Derealization:** Feeling detached from one's surroundings. **22. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):** A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states, usually following trauma. **23. Dissociative disorders usually develop after experiencing:** **Trauma** or extreme stress. **24. Recommended diagnoses:** - **Hypomania and depressive episodes:** Bipolar II Disorder - **Depressive episodes, no mania:** Major Depressive Disorder - **Mood swings over two years:** Cyclothymic Disorder - **Manic and depressive episodes:** Bipolar I Disorder - **Manic episodes only:** Bipolar I Disorder **25. Personality disorders and characteristics:** Examples include borderline personality disorder (intense emotions, unstable relationships) and Narcissistic Personality Disorder (grandiosity, need for admiration). Add the rest **26. Critical periods:** Times during development when certain skills are most easily learned. **27. Sensitive periods:** Times when a person is particularly receptive to certain types of learning. **28. Romanian Orphanage study:** This study showed the impact of deprivation on child development, highlighting the critical role of early social interactions for cognitive and emotional growth. **29. Harlow's monkey experiment:** Showed that infant monkeys preferred a comforting \"mother\" over a feeding one, indicating the importance of comfort in attachment. **30. Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment:** Observed babies\' reactions when separated from their mothers, demonstrating attachment styles: secure, anxious, and avoidant. **31. Securely attached baby's behavior:** Shows distress when the mother leaves and is easily comforted upon her return. **32. Anxiously attached baby's behavior:** Exhibits extreme distress when the mother leaves and may be ambivalent upon her return. **33. Genie's language development:** Genie's case showed how language development is limited when a child misses critical periods for language acquisition. **34. John Bowlby's developmental theory:** Associated with attachment theory, which suggests that early relationships with caregivers shape later emotional and social development. **35. Identifying NS, UCR, UCS, CS, CR in Jeremy's scenario:** - **NS:** Turning on the PlayStation. - **UCS:** Loud noise. - **UCR:** Fear response. - **CS:** Turning on the PlayStation. - **CR:** Fear when turning on the PlayStation.