Psychology (Group 3) PDF

PSYCHOLOGY THE NOTION OF THE SELF REFERS TO A PERSON'S EXPERIENCE AS A SINGLE, UNITARY, AUTONOMOUS BEING THAT IS SEPARATE FROM OTHERS, EXPERIENCE WITH CONTINUITY TRUE TIME AND PLACE THE FIVE PRIMARY DOMAINS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. BIOLOGICaL 3. DEVELOPMENTAL 2. COGNITIVE 4.SOCIAL/PERSONALITY...

PSYCHOLOGY THE NOTION OF THE SELF REFERS TO A PERSON'S EXPERIENCE AS A SINGLE, UNITARY, AUTONOMOUS BEING THAT IS SEPARATE FROM OTHERS, EXPERIENCE WITH CONTINUITY TRUE TIME AND PLACE THE FIVE PRIMARY DOMAINS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. BIOLOGICaL 3. DEVELOPMENTAL 2. COGNITIVE 4.SOCIAL/PERSONALITY 5. MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH  WIILLIIAM JAMES''S CONCEPT OF SELF:: THE ME-SELF AND THE II-SELF  WILLIAM JAMES He was an American philosopher, phycologist, and a leading thinker of the late nineteenth century, one of the most influential philosophers of United States. www.britanica.com  THE SELF IS DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES The "i- The "ME- SELF" SELF" THE "I-SELF" - refers to the self that knows who he or she. - James believed the "I-Self is the thinking self. - reflects the soul of a person or what is now thought of as the mind. THE "ME-SELF" - is the empirical self. It refers to discribing the person's personal experiences. Material self Social self Spiritual self  CARL ROGERS' SELF THEORY: REAL AND IDEAL SELF  Psychologist Carl Rogers defined the self as a flexible and changing perception of personal identity.  ANOTHER ASPECT OF SELF-UNDERSTANDING IS SELF-CONCEPT SELF-CONCEPT REFERS TO THE IMAGE OF ONESELF. THE SELF DEVELOPS FROM INTERACTIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT PEOPLE AND SELF-AWARENESS. ACCORDING TO ROGERS, HUMAN BEINGS ARE ALWAYS STRIVING FOR SELF- FULFILLMENT, OR SELF-ACTUALIZATION. WHEN THE NEEDS OF THE SELF ARE DENIED, SEVERE ANXIETY MAY RESULT. CENTRAL TO ACHIEVING SELF-ACTUALIZATION IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONCEPT.  ROGERS SUGGEST THAT THERE ARE TWO COMPONENTS OF SELF-CONCEPT: real self ideal self  REAL SELF CONSISTS OF ALL THE IDEAS, INCLUDING THE AWARENESS OF 'WHAT I AM AND 'WHAT I CAN DO. THE IDEAL SELF IS THE PERSON'S CONCEPTION OF WHAT ONE SHOULD BE OR WANTED TO BE THAT INCLUDES ONE'S GOALS AND AMBITIONS IN LIFE. THE CLOSER (CONGRUENT) THE IDEAL SELF IS TO THE REAL SELF, THE MORE FULFILLED AND HAPPY THE INDIVIDUAL BECOMES. THE FARTHER (INCONGRUENT) THE IDEAL SELF IS TO THE REAL SELF LEADS TO UNHAPPY AND DISSATISFIED PERSON. MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF  MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF Self-understanding in adolescents also includes conceptualizing the self as multiple or unified and true or false. MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF The construction of multiple selves varies across different roles and relationships  MULTIPLE VERSUS UNIFIED SELF Coping with different These challenges selves constitutes a contribute heavily to the formidable task among young person's struggle for a unified self. adolescents.  TRUE VERSUS FALSE SELF  Winnicott suggests that the self is composed of the true self and the false self. The function of the false self is to hide and protect the true self. People tend to display a false self to impress others. The self can change depending on situations.  THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC Albert Bandura suggests that humans have the ability to act and make things happen. In his theory of the self, people are viewed as proactive agents of experiences. Albert Bandura Agency embodies the endowments, belief systems, self-regulatory capabilities, and structures and functions through which personal influence is exercised, rather than residing as a distinct entity. The main agentic features of human agency are: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. Intentionality refers to acts done intentionally. The main agentic features of human agency are: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self- reflectiveness. Intentionality refers to acts done intentionally. Forethought enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions. Self-reactiveness enables the person to make choices and choose appropriate courses of action, as well as motivate and regulate their execution. Self-reflectiveness gives the person the ability to reflect upon oneself and the adequacy of one's thoughts and actions. People are not only agents of action but self- examiners of their own functioning. The main agentic features of human agency are: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness Intentionality refers to acts done intentionally. Forethought enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions. Self-reactiveness enables the person to make choices and choose appropriate courses of action, as well as motivate and regulate their execution. Self-reflectiveness gives the person the ability to reflect upon oneself and the adequacy of one's thoughts and actions. People are not only agents of action but self-examiners of their own functioning. Efficacy beliefs are the foundation of human agency. Self-efficacy refers to the individual's belief that he or she is capable to perform a task. It influences whether people think pessimistically or optimistically and in ways that are self- enhancing or self-hindering. Efficacy beliefs play a central role in self-regulation. THE SELF AS THE CENTRAL ARCHETYPE  Jung suggested that the psyche continues to develop throughout life, but the psyche starts to show a definite form and content during adolescence Jung conceived the structure of personality (psyche) as a complex network of interacting systems that strive toward harmony. The main systems are: ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. The ego is one's conscious mind, the part of the psyche that includes perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and mind memory that may that enter consciousness. It is through the ego the we establish sense of stability. Personal Consciousness includes the repressed and forgotten experiences.  The collective consciousness consist of the fundamental elements of the human psyche that includes experiences all humans share or in common. Within the collective unconscious lie archetypes. Central to Carl Jung's theory of the shelf is the concept of archetype. An archetype is a Universal though from or predisposition to respond to the world in certain ways. The archetype represents the hidden potentialities of the psyche, or total personality. According to Fong Jung, there are four major archetype: persona, shadow, Animus/anima, and self. Persona - refers to social roles that individuals present to others. Shadows - refers to the repressed thoughts that are unacceptable. This archetype is often considered as the dark side of the psyche. Anima - is the feminine side of the male psyche while the animus is the masculine side of the female psyche. Self - is the central archetype that unites all parts of the psyche. The ego is the individual's conscious perception of the self.  SIGMUND FREUD'S CONSTRUCTION OF SELF AND PERSONALITY According to Sigmund Freud, there are three structures of personality: id, ego, and superego.  The id is the pleasure-seeking side, immature, child-like and cannot delay impulsive, gratification. It has no regard of others and the law. It appears that the id is the devil within the self, the superego is the angel, and ego is the person in the middle. The id, ego, and superego are often in conflict with each other. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to resolve the conflict between the three structures. If this constant state of conflict is unresolved, personality problems may arise.  In frued's view, the id, ego, and superego develop in a series of stages. Frued called these the psychosexual stages of development that progresses through five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each of the stage is associated with conflicts that the individual must resolved so that he or she can successfully forward to the nest stage. Freud also believed that each stage has needs and dissatisfaction of needs may result in fixation which could have lasting negative effects on personality. The first stage is the oral stage, which lasts from birth up to the first year of life. During this stage, babies derive pleasure from oral activities like sucking and biting. Overindulgence of the oral needs may lead to oral in corporative personality disorder such as overeating, smoking. and alcoholism while dissatisfaction may lead to oral aggressive personality disorder such as sarcasm and tactlessness. The next stage is anal stage, which occurs around the second year of life. During this stage, the child derives pleasure from the elimination of body wastes. Through toilet training, the child learns the basic rules of society. Anal fixations can lead to anal retentive personality disorder such as obsession with cleanliness or anal expulsion personality disorder such as clumsiness. Freud called the third stage, phallic stage, that usually occurs around the ages of 3 and 6. Children during this stage derive pleasure from examining, touching, fondling, or displaying their genitals, or others. These behaviors are likely motivated by curiosity on the differences between the anatomy of man and woman. The fourth stage is the latency stage, which lasts from 7 to 12. At this stage, sexual energy is repressed because children become busy with school. The last stage is genital stage, which starts from adolescence to adulthood. During this stage, pleasure is again derived from the genital area and individuals seek to satisfy their sexual drives from sexual relationships. Sexual problems may result as a consequence of inappropriate sex behaviors.  THE ROLE OF ERIK ERIKSON'S THEORY IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF In Erik Erikson's theory, adolescence stage is a period of identity development.  01 To achieve an individual identity, one must create a vision of the self that is authentic and having hold of one's destiny in an effort to reach goals that are personally meaningful. Identity formation is usually viewed as a process that 02 requires adolescents to distance themselves from the strong expectations and definitions imposed by parents and other family members. During each stage, the person experiences life 03 crisis which could have negative consequences if not properly resolved.