psycho SESSION 1.pdf

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE, KAKINADA Integrated Programme in Management (BBA- Business Analytics) 2023-28 COURSE - PSYCHOLOGY Let’s begin…  Psychology derives from two Greek words, “Psyche and Logos” Literally psychology mean the study of souls Psychology primarily...

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE, KAKINADA Integrated Programme in Management (BBA- Business Analytics) 2023-28 COURSE - PSYCHOLOGY Let’s begin…  Psychology derives from two Greek words, “Psyche and Logos” Literally psychology mean the study of souls Psychology primarily studies WHO and WHAT we are, WHY we act and think in a particular manner and what is our potential as an individual. Psychology is scientific study of behavior, experiences and mental process in relation to heredity and environment  Key features of science Empirical evidence Objectivity (Bias) Control of extraneous variables Hypotheses testing (H0 and HA) Replication  Behaviour Actions or activities of an individual Classification of behaviour Overt and Covert Conscious and Unconscious Rational and Irrational Voluntary and Involuntary  Characteristics It follows an orderly pattern Human behaviour can be observed It is derived from the acquisition of experiences  Goal of Psychology To explain and understand why individuals behave in a particular manner To predict how individuals behave in future To control behaviour Schools of Psychology/ Modern perspectives  Aristotle, before 30 BC Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.  René Descartes: 1596-1650 Originated the concept of Dualism, viewed mind and body as interactive machines. Stated that the mind could follow body and vice versa. Proposed the idea of both voluntary and involuntary behavior. Ruled out areas other than the brain for mental functioning. John Locke:1632-1704 ◼Knowledge should be acquired by careful observation. ◼No innate ideas: all knowledge comes from experience or reflection. ◼Mind is a blank slate written on by experience (tabula rasa).  Charles Darwin:1850s Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans. Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species. Structuralism Definition: School of Psychology that stresses the basic units of experience and combinations in which they occur. Wilhelm Wundt - Introspection Physiologist and Philosopher Founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in 1879—Leipzig Lab. Argued that the mind must be studied objectively and scientifically. Main concern was with techniques used for uncovering natural laws of the human mind—HE WAS IN SEARCH FOR THE BASIC UNIT OF THOUGHT.  Structuralism- Student of the Leipzig lab Viewed that human conscious experience could be Titchener understood by breaking it down into components: ✓ Physical sensations (lights & sounds) ✓ Affections of feelings ✓ Images (memory and dreams) Psychology’s role is to identify these elements and show how they are combined within the conscious mind. Titchener’s approach: 1. Train subjects in introspection and reporting techniques 2. INTROSPECTION looking inside oneself and try to describe what’s going on—understanding oneself. 3. Trained observers introspected and reported what they experienced 4. Try to formulate general theories based on their subjects’ reports. 16  Definition Theory of mental life and behavior Functionalism that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment. Influenced by Charles Darwin and his theory William James The first American-born o Studied chemistry, physiology, anatomy, biology and medicine. o Combined his studies of physiology and philosophy to create psychology. William James o First psychology class at Harvard University—concluded that pre-sensations without associations simply did not exist. 17 JAMES SUGGESTED THAT WHEN WE REPEAT SOMETHING SEVERAL TIMES, OUR NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE CHANGED SO THAT EACH TIME WE OPEN A DOOR, IT IS EASIER TO OPEN THAN IT WAS LAST TIME 18  Gestalt Psychology - Kohler, Koffka, Wertheimer Definition: School of Psychology that studies how people perceive and experience objects as whole patterns Short lived—people didn’t really see its potential. Approaches from a different angle. Example: When we see a tree, we see just that, a tree, not a series of branches. 19 P S Y C H O DY N A M I C A P P RO A C H Medical Doctor/Neurologist Studied hypnosis and found the “unconscious” "The Interpretation of Dreams" Believed that much of our behavior is governed by hidden motives and unconscious desires. Maintained that many unconscious desires and conflicts are sexual. Sigmund Freud Believed that childhood experiences determined adult personality. 22  Neo-Freudians Carl Jung Alfred Adler Erik Erikson Karen Horney Believed in the basics of psychoanalysis, but strayed from some of Freud’s ideas on sexual desires 23  Definition: School of psychology that studies only observable and measurable behavior. John Watson: Behaviorism – You cannot define conscious any more than you can define a soul. – You cannot locate or measure consciousness, and therefore it cannot be the object of scientific study. – Studies observAable, measurable behavior and nothing more. – Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning – Watson’s Experiment with Little Albert and the white rats (happy 11 month old conditioned to be afraid of white rats). John Watson 24 Agreed with Watson that psychology should be only observable and measurable behavior B.F. Skinner - He used reinforcement Reinforcement: anything that follows a response and makes that response more likely to occur. Example Behavior: you get an “A” on the first Psych test Reinforcer: Your parents give you $100 Result: You strive to get an “A” on all other Psych tests, hoping for the same reinforcer. 25 Cognitive Perspective Definition: School of psychology devoted to the study of mental processes generally. Goal: To explore the mental processes involved in judgment, decision making, and other aspects of complex thought. 26  Cognitive Perspective Focus: On how people think and process information. Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation. How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior? Influences include Piaget – studied intellectual development Chomsky – studied language Cybernetics – science of information processing  Biological Perspective How our biology and biochemistry influences behavior Neurobiology is essential- study the brain! The field contributes to the understanding of many medical disorders as well -Parkinson’s, Huntingdon’s and Alzheimer’s disease, Autism, substance abuse 28  Biological Perspective Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc. Focus may be at various levels – individual neurons – areas of the brain – specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences  Humanistic Psychology Definition: School of psychology that emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one’s full human potential. Goal: To ensure mental healthiness of individuals and develop therapeutic techniques. Psychologists: Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers 30 Cross-Cultural Perspective The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture? What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate?  Evolutionary Psychology Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n s Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social p e r s p e c t i v e s Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.  Activity - Case Mrs. Kavita, a 4th grade classroom teacher, has asked for an evaluation of Jonathan, a student who acts out in class by hitting other children. As the psychologist in charge of this evaluation, explain the possible causes of Jonathon’s aggression using one of the perspectives Perspectives Timeline Review 36  Psychology should study how behavior and mental processes allow organisms to adapt to their environments School/Approach Evolutionary perspective Founder Charles Darwin Psychology should emphasize people’s unique potential for psychological growth School/Approach Humanistic Founder Roger/Maslow Psychology should only study observable behavior School/Approach Behaviorism Founder Watson/Skinner INDIAN PSYCHOLOGY Overview Introduction Meaning and Nature History and development Indian Vs Western Psychology Importance of Yoga , Meditation and Indigenous Practices Summary 41  Introduction Cornelissen, Misra, & Varma (2014) defined, “Indian psychology as an approach to psychology that is based on ideas and practices that developed over thousands of years within the Indian sub-continent.” Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism. The nature of consciousness, self, and mental activities emerged and developed as part of religious and spiritual teachings and practices in these traditions they are viewed either as religious or as philosophical. 42  5 ways of Understanding Indian Psychology Psychology in India : Non professionalpsychologists like travellers, scholars from other disciplines, and a few foreign psychologists use the term Indian psychology in a general way to refer to the academic and professional status of the psychology discipline in India. Indian Psychological Thought: It refers to the psychological insights that are availablein the scholarly literature produced by thinkers in the Vedic, Jaina and Bauddha traditions, which are the most ancient and indigenous to our country. Psychology With an Indian Identity: The terms like Vedic Psychology, Buddhist Psychology, Yoga Psychology, Hindu Psychology, Jaina Psychology, and Dravidian Psychology have been used by some, all of which are part of Indian thought traditions and reflect Indianness.  Psychology developed around the philosophy of an Indian thinker: In India, a contemporary example is that of Integral Psychology that was inspired by the integral vision of Maharshi Aurobindo. Psychology of Indian people: Those who adhere to socio-cultural viewpoint primarily emphasize on understanding the behaviour of Indian masses. They use Western ideas and methods also. For example, Sudhir Kakkar, an Indian born psychologist trained in Psychoanalysis under Erik Erikson has applied psychoanalytic theory to understand the Indian psyche.  What Indian psychology is ‘not’. ❑Indian psychology is not the indigenous psychology of a specific 1 group or tribe living in India. ❑It is not indigenizing psychology, which means to adapt Western 2 psychological theories and models to suit the Indian context. ❑It is not limited to the people living within the geographical 3 boundaries of India. ❑While it helps to understand the behaviour of Indian masses, it is 4 not the psychology of Indian people. MEANING AND NATURE  Individualistic Cultural Indian /Western Philosophical Historical backgrounds Holistic  Western Psychology Indian Psychology Self separate from the Self as interconnected with universe the universe Consciousness as the Consciousness as a sense of ultimate reality and goal of awareness of surrounding self Self-actualization as the Self-actualisation as fulfilling process of realising one's one’s potential true nature and ultimate reality  Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo, Jadunath Sinha and others… Highlighted the uniqueness of Indian culture and traditions. emphasize the indigenous perspectives, and in the context of modern scientific developments and materialistic worldview They focussed on how our ancient thinkers understood the nature of consciousness, mind, self, and other related topics and how they are different from the understanding of Western psychology.  Yoga , Meditation and Indigenous Practices 50  Koshas Annamaya kosha, Nature Pranmayakosha, Upanishads Manomayakosha, Vidnyanmaya kosha explain the Anandmaya kosha self and Ayurvedha personality 3 types of doshas, Kapha- calm, flexible, patient, and caring. They have strong memory. It is said, that they take structure with longer to grasp a subject but once they understand it they are able to retain it for a the help of longer time. Vata - unpredictable. Their moods and thoughts fluctuate. They get angry very quickly but they concept called also calm down very fast. Also, they are art lovers. Pitta - dosha are believed to be very Kosha (cover). sharp. However, they are known to be short tempered. these doshas determine Prakruti (characteristics) of human beings.  Tamas Guna,- Idle& sluggish. They do not work hard. They Guna seem to be depressed. Rajas Guna,- Aristocratic & Concept to explain aggressive. Strong self esteem. human temperament. So, they think that everything Human body is should happen according to made up of Rajas, their own wish. Tamas and Sattva Saatva Guna- Calm & Guna. understanding. They do their work carefully and promptly. They are aware of reality therefore they behave calmly. 52  Patanjali explained deep thought about Psychology in Yogsutra. He studied levels of human consciousness and also proposed ways to evolve spiritually. His theory of ashtangyoga is useful today also. So, the eight aspects of ashtangyoga are yama, niyama, aasana, pranayam, pratyahar, dharana, dhyan and Samadhi. Many Indian saints and philosophers have made many Yogsutra comments about mind or human behaviour. However, Jain Tirthankar, Tathagat Buddha, Saint Kabir, Swami Vivekanand etc. highlighted various aspects of human mind and behaviour.  The Modern Era of Indian Psychology 1915 - Indian Psychology began in Philosophy department of Calcutta University, where the first course of experimental psychology was introduced and first psychology laboratory was established. 1916 - First Psychology department was started in Calcutta university. 1922 - Prof Girindra Shekhar became the Head of Department who was trained in the field of psychoanalysis by Freud. Prof. Bose established “Indian psychoanalytic Society” in the year 1922. 1938 - First Applied Psychology department was started, Prof N.N Sengupta, who was trained in Wundt experimental tradition was highly influenced by him, was the faculty. 54  1924 - “Indian Psychological Association” was established. 1938 - Branch of applied psychology was opened in psychology Department of Calcutta University. 1960 - Primary centres for teaching and research were opened at Mysore University and Patna University and in various universities in India. The department of psychology were established. Thereafter, psychology moved away from the premises of university to various institutions such as Management Institute, Education Institute, Defence Services and so on, role of psychologist entered in these areas also. Durganand Sinha in the year 1986, in his book “Psychology in a third world country: The Indian Experience” searched the four stages of the history of modern psychology as a part of Social Sciences in India 55 What Might the Future Entail? 56 Thank you Q&A