Psychiatry 2.pdf

PSYCHIATRY QUICK REVISION NOTES BASICS OF PSYCHIATRY related thalamic and cortical areas) 2. Control/regulation - Frontal lobeQ COMPONENTS OF MSE (MENTAL...

PSYCHIATRY QUICK REVISION NOTES BASICS OF PSYCHIATRY related thalamic and cortical areas) 2. Control/regulation - Frontal lobeQ COMPONENTS OF MSE (MENTAL B. Perception - STATUS EXAMINATION) Perception involves receiving information and MSE- The clinical examination in psychiatry is called processing it. Two important disturbances of as MSE (mental status examination) perception are: A. Mood and Affect - Both terms 1. Illusions: ‘False perception of a real object’. reflect ‘emotions’ E.g, A man mistakes a rope for a snake and gets frightened.Q Mood- Sustained (long-term) and internal emotional state 2. Hallucinations: ‘False perception in the absence of any object or stimulus’ E.g. A man saw a snake on Affect- Short-lived and external expression of the ground when there was nothing there. internal emotions that can be observedQ The terms ‘affect’ and ‘mood’ are used Properties of hallucinations: interchangeably 1. Occur in the absence of any sensory or perceptual stimulus. Abnormalities of affect and mood- 2. Are as vivid (clear or detailed) as true perceptions. 1. Euphoria- Excessive happiness without any reason. In mania/hypomania 3. Are experienced in the outer objective space. E.g. A patient with auditory hallucinations reported 2. Dysphoria (dysphoric mood) - Irritability (In that the voices are coming from outside, such as mania) from the wall or outside the house. 3. Labile mood or emotional lability - Excessive 4. Are not under the wilful control of the patient. variations in the mood without any apparent reason. The patient can neither start the hallucinations E.g.- A man starts crying and then starts laughing nor can he stop them. the next moment, without any apparent reason. In mania Pseudohallucinations fulfil the other criteria but are experienced in the ‘inner and subjective space’. E.g. 4. Affective flattening (flat affect, emotional A patient with auditory pseudohallucinations reported blunting, blunt affect): Lack of emotional response. that the voices are originating from within his mind In schizophreniaQ and not from outside.Q 5. Anhedonia-Loss of capacity to experience pleasure in activities that were previously pleasurable. Can Specific hallucinations: be seen in depression, and schizophrenia.Q 1. Hypnagogic hallucination- While ‘’going to sleep”. In Neuroanatomy of emotions narcolepsy. 2. Hypnopompic hallucination - While getting up from 1. Generation- Limbic system ((hippocampus, sleep. In narcolepsy amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus and