Psychology Chapter 1 PDF - Ecology and Human Development

Ecology: the science of interrelationships between organisms & their enviornments. Human ecology: the biology, psychological, social & cultural context. development. Adaptation: the modification of behavior to make it more fit for existence under the condition of its environment. demographic:...

Ecology: the science of interrelationships between organisms & their enviornments. Human ecology: the biology, psychological, social & cultural context. development. Adaptation: the modification of behavior to make it more fit for existence under the condition of its environment. demographic:statistical characteristics of human population, such as age income, trace. Economics: the production distribution, t consumption of goods & services. Socialization: Acquire the knowledge, skills. & character traits that enable them to practice as effective members of groups & society. Reciprocal dynamic process: - Genetics: heredity - Temperament: sensitivity to various experiences & responsiveness to social interactions. - maturation: developmental changes associated with the biological process. - Agents: influencers genotype: the total composite of hereditary instruction coded in the genes at the moment of conception. goodness of fit: childs temper & the parents aline then socialization is likely to proceed smoothly. Intentional : much socializations is done on purpose. adults have certain values that they consistently convey explicitly to the child. back these up with - approval for compliance - negative consequences for non compliance - referred to as intentional socialization. unintentional: without the deliberate intent to impart knowledge on values. product of involvement in human interaction product of observation of interaction referred to as unintentional socialization. Developmentally appropriate: curriculum involves understanding children's normal growth patterns t individual differences. Theory: is an organized set of statements that explain observations, integrates different facts or events, & predicts future outcome. bioecological: refers to the role of organisms play in shaping their environments over time. Micro system: (micro meaning small). refers to the activities & relationships with significant others experienced by a developing person in a particular small setting such as family, school, peer group, or community. family: provides, nurturance, affection, & a variety of opportunities. primary socializer. school: setting which children learn about society. encourage the development of various skills & behaviors by role modeling & motivation. mesosystem: (meso meaning intermediate). consists of linkage & interrelationships between two or more of a developing person's microsystems. impact depends on # & quality of interrelationships. Ex: when businesses in the community form partnerships to support schools. exosystem:(exo meaning outside). refers to settings in which children are not active participants but that affect them in one of their microsystems. macro system:(macro meaning large). consist of the society & subculture to which the developing perso belongs, with reference to the belief system, lifestyles, patterns of social interactions, & life changes. society: community. nation, or broad grouping of people with commonalities Ethnicity: an ascribed attribute of membership in a group in which members identify themselves by national origin, culture, race, or religion. Culture: the aquired, or learned behavior- including knowledge, beliefs, art, moral, law, customs, & traditions. low -context macro systems (individualistic-oriented): are characterized by rationality, practicality, competence, individuality & progress. "Change is good" high context macro system (colectivistic-oriented): characterized by intuitiveness, emotionality, cooperation, group identity, & tradition. "stability is good" chronosystem: involves temporal changes in ecological systems or within individuals, producing new conditions after development, Example: significant societal events can have effects on child. Indicators of well-being of children are (1) family and environment, (2) economic circumstances, (3) health care, (4) physical environment and safety, (5) behavior, (6) education, and (7) health. Summary: The four ecological systems involved in socialization are the microsystem (the immediate, small setting where the child is at a particular time), mesosystem (consists of the intermediate interrelationships between two or more of a person’s microsystems), the exosystem (outside settings in which children do not actually participate, but that affect them in one of their microsystems), and the macrosystem (the larger society and its ideology in which a child grows up).