PSYC305 Working Memory Model.pptx

Memory: Working Memory Mariana V. C. Coutinho, PhD Outline Working Memory Model Four subsystems of WM Model:  a phonological loop  a visuospatial sketchpad  an episodic buffer  a central executive. 03/01/2024 2 Class Recap It consists of three subsystems: 03/01/2024 3 Class Recap One of them...

Memory: Working Memory Mariana V. C. Coutinho, PhD Outline Working Memory Model Four subsystems of WM Model:  a phonological loop  a visuospatial sketchpad  an episodic buffer  a central executive. 03/01/2024 2 Class Recap It consists of three subsystems: 03/01/2024 3 Class Recap One of them is the STM, which is an intermediate memory system. Intermediate system because it receives information from sensory as well as long-term memory. 03/01/2024 4 Several studies have been conducted to better understand how this intermediate memory system works. 03/01/2024 5 Dr. Allan Baddeley 03/01/2024 6 The results of such studies conflicted with the description given by the modal model of memory that the intermediate memory (referred as STM) is a passive system that simply stores information. 03/01/2024 7 These studies showed that the intermediate system is an active process-oriented, specialized system. 03/01/2024 8 Therefore, researchers updated the description of it and proposed a new name to it. Instead of calling it STM, they started calling it Working Memory. 03/01/2024 9 Therefore, researchers updated the description of it and proposed a new name to it. Instead of calling it STM, they started calling it Working Memory. This is the topic of our lecture today! 03/01/2024 10 Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a model that describes and explains how WM works. 03/01/2024 11. Working Memory Model Here is the illustration of the WM model. 03/01/2024 12. Working Memory Model It includes four main components. 03/01/2024 13 Class Activity You will now be presented with both Baddeley’s (1974) model and Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) model of the intermediate memory. 03/01/2024 14 What is one of the differences? STM in the modal model of memory. Working Memory Model 03/01/2024 15 Class Activity As you look at the diagram of the WM model, what do you notice first that differ from how A&S (1968) depicts the intermediate memory system? 03/01/2024 16 What is one of the differences? STM in the modal model of memory. Working Memory Model 03/01/2024 17 What is one of the differences? STM in the modal model of memory 1 single component. Working Memory Model Multiple components 03/01/2024 18 But there are other differences as well … 03/01/2024 19 Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968)  Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) thought of the intermediate memory system as a storage system Its main function is to store information. 03/01/2024 20 Atkinson & Shiffrin’s (1968)  Therefore, it is conceptualized as a Passive System 03/01/2024 21 Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) WM  Whereas Baddeley and Hitch (1974) thought of the intermediate memory system as a process-oriented system. It executes processes to maintain the information in STM Therefore, it is conceptualized as an Active System. 03/01/2024 22 According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974), The intermediate memory system is also a specialized system. It includes different components specialized in storing and processing different types of information (visual and auditory). 03/01/2024 23 What are some of the differences? STM in the modal model of memory. Working Memory Model 1 single component Multiple components Functions as a Storage System Process-oriented and specialized system Passive system Active system 03/01/2024 24 Now that you understand the difference between the two models, lets move on to examine each component of WM separately. 03/01/2024 25 Working Memory But first, let’s define it. Working Memory is defined as a limited capacity system that allows us to store and manipulate information temporarily so that we can perform everyday tasks. 03/01/2024 26 Working Memory It has four main components (or subsystems): 1. 2. 3. 4. a phonological loop a visuospatial sketchpad an episodic buffer a central executive. 03/01/2024 27 03/01/2024 28 The Phonological Loop Phonological loop  The subsystem in working memory dedicated to the temporary storage of phonological information.  Verbal information  “apple” The Phonological Loop Phonological loop  The subsystem in working memory dedicated to the temporary storage of phonological information.  It is consists of :  Phonological store  Articulatory control process The Phonological Loop  Phonological store  a reservoir/place in which phonological/verbal representation of the stimulus is stored The Phonological Loop Articulatory control process  It is the process of automatically refreshing and maintaining the elements in the phonological store  Refreshes the items in the phonological loop as if they were being rehearsed  The process is subvocal, no sound is actually made. Neuropsychology of the Phonological Loop Specific areas of the brain are associated with the functions of the phonological loop and other subsystems of working memory. Neuropsychology of the Phonological Loop The brain areas associated with the phonological loop are: Phonological Store = Left Parietal region Articulatory Process = Prefrontal cortex The Visuospatial Sketchpad Visuospatial sketchpad – This WM component is responsible for storing visually presented information such as drawings or remembering kinesthetic (motor) movements such as dance steps. The Visuospatial Sketchpad –The visuospatial sketchpad contains two structures: Visual cache Inner scribe 03/01/2024 36 The Visuospatial Sketchpad –The visuospatial sketchpad contains two structures: Visual cache Inner scribe The Visuospatial Sketchpad –The visuospatial sketchpad contains two structures: Visual cache – temporarily stores visual information that comes from perceptual experience and contains information about the form and color of what we perceive The Visuospatial Sketchpad –The visuospatial sketchpad contains two structures: Inner scribe – refreshes all of the stored information contained in the visuospatial sketchpad Neuropsychology of the Visuospatial Sketchpad The visuospatial sketchpad is represented in the brain in a manner similar to the phonological loop except that it is represented primarily on the right side of the brain.  Visual Cache = Right Parietal region The Episodic Buffer Episodic buffer  It serves as a temporary storage system when the phonological and visuospatial sketchpad are engaged (occupied). The Episodic Buffer Episodic buffer  It acts as an integrative system that places events occurring in the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop into a  coherent ‫ك‬ / ‫ م تماس‬sequence along with memory for the goals that initiated those events  Keeps track of episodes For example, when you watch a movie,  Visuospatial Sketchpad stores and refreshes the visual and spatial information only. Whereas the phonological loop stores and refreshes the verbal information only. 03/01/2024 43 the episodic buffer then integrates the two forms of information to into a coherent sequence. 03/01/2024 44 For example, when you watch a movie,  Visuospatial Sketchpad stores and refreshes the visual and spatial information only. Whereas the phonological loop stores and refreshes the verbal information only. 03/01/2024 45 03/01/2024 46 The Central Executive  The central executive is the main system for controlling attention.  It is a control system that guides attention and allocates resources to maximize performance. It is like a manager in a company. The Central Executive  The central executive monitors and control (coordinates, manipulates, and updates) the content of the WM subsystems. Central Executive Monitor: evaluate and assess Control: allocating attention to different components. 03/01/2024 49 Central Executive The brain area associated with functions of the Central Executive is the Prefrontal cortex. 03/01/2024 50 Let’s compare STM as part of Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model with the Working Memory Model. 03/01/2024 51 What are some of the differences? STM in the modal model of memory. Working Memory Model 03/01/2024 52 What are some of the differences?  STM is thought of as storage system Because its main function is to store information.  Therefore, it is conceptualized as a Passive System 03/01/2024 53 According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974), It is a process-oriented system It executes processes to maintain the information in STM Therefore, it is conceptualized as an Active System. 03/01/2024 54 According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974), Also, it is a specialized system. It includes different components specialized in storing and processing different types of information (visual and auditory). 03/01/2024 55 Comparison  In summary, working memory is a more comprehensive model of how our intermediate memory works than Atkinson and Shiffrin’s short-term memory description. STM 03/01/2024 56