PSYC2017 Lectures 6-10 PDF
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These lecture notes cover various aspects of personality psychology, including different theories on personality development and traits, like source traits, and various approaches. The notes also discuss different models of personality assessment, focusing on theoretical background and concepts. The documents include source traits and Big 5 model discussion.
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● Source traits = latent traits ○ Clusters of surface traits ○ Eg. apprehension: doubt, worry, guilt, self-blame, insecurity SPECIFICATION EQUATION ● ● ● ● T he Lexical approach to traits and personality = important traits will have a word encoded in language ○ F...
● Source traits = latent traits ○ Clusters of surface traits ○ Eg. apprehension: doubt, worry, guilt, self-blame, insecurity SPECIFICATION EQUATION ● ● ● ● T he Lexical approach to traits and personality = important traits will have a word encoded in language ○ Frequency of trait descriptor → importance of specific trait ○ Number of synonyms → importance of subtle differences ○ Cross-cultrual presence → universality of trait importance Cattell found less traits by elimination of synonyms ○ 171 traits ○ 36 surface traits ○ 16 source traits/domains (16 PF) ■ Each has 2 ends to the scale ■ Eg. reasoning: abstract vs concrete ■ Based of factor analysis (FA) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● L -data (life recorded data): behavioural records, mosly by peer-rating Q-data (questionarie data): can easily be maipulated T-data (test data): objective tests in standardised conditions ig-5: descriptions of behaviour via the lexical hypothesis B Five factor model (FFM): traits are causal entities Costa and Mcrae found 5 domains (not 16, as proposed by Cattell) ○ Possible reasons: ■ Oblique vs orthogonal ■ Simple structure: an item should have a strong correlation to 1 factor and weak to all others The Big-5 Domains (personility primaries) ○ Openness ○ Conscientiousness ○ Extraversion ○ Agreeableness ○ Neuroticism Good temporal stability (test-retest) and internal consistency ○ Problem for temporal stability: If everybody score 2 at first then 5 later, the correlation is 1 NEUROTICISM ● ● SOURCES OF DATA ● F ocus on practicality rather than cause of personality Inability to replicate the 16PF Reliance on FA and statistics Contriversal points of view about evolution and racism THE BIG-5 attell: personality develops continuously from birth to C death Allport: personality develops in childhood and adultesense Freud (psychoanalytic theory): personality develops in infancy THE LEXICAL APPROACH ● ● ● ● ● S pecification equation = how topredictan individuals behaviour in a given situation DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY ● CONS ● ● PROS AND CONS Neuroticism = emotional (in)stability ○ Eg. emotional control, stress, negative affectivity Common facets: ○ Anxiety ○ Anger-hostility ○ Depression ○ Self-consciousness ○ Vulnerability (to stress) Observed behavioural correlates of high N (associations): ○ Poor marital/relational functioning ○ Impaired performance ○ Mood disorders Heritability index = 0.31 ○ variance explained by genes EXTRAVERSION PROS ● ● ● ● ● Major contribution to personality and intelligence theories ○ As well as other areas of psychology Developed first holistic psychometric assessment of personality = questionnaires Propsed state-trait dichotomy Data gave rise to the 5-factor model of personility PSYC2017 ● E xtraversion = the degree of social impact or engagement and positive affect Common facets: ○ Warmth ○ Activity ○ Excitement seeking ○ Enthusiasm ○ Cheerfulness ○ Assertiveness ○ Gregarious 6 ● ● Observed behavioral correlates of high E: ○ Ability to gain prominence in social organizations ○ Promiscuity ○ Accidents Heritability index = 0.36 ● Heritability index = 0.46 AGREEABLENESS ● ● ● ● Agreeableness = Maintaining positive relations with others ○ Eg. friendly compliance and conformity Common facets: ○ Trust ○ Straightforward ○ Altruism ○ Compliance (cooperation) ○ Modesty ○ Tender-minded (sympathy) Observed behavioural correlated of high A: ○ Conflict resolution ○ Greater social support ○ Low levels linked with psychopathy Heritability index = 0.28 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS ● ● ● ● onscientiousnes = responsibility and will to achieve C Common facets: ○ Competence ○ Order ○ Dutifulness ○ Achievement ○ Self-dicipline Observed behavioural correlates of high C: ○ Avoidance of risky behaviours ○ High academic achievement ○ Extremely high levels can result in dysfunctional perfectionism ○ Low levels are linked to criminal behaviour Heritability index = 0.28 THE BIG-5 APPLICATION CROSS CULTURAL REPLICATION ● ● PROFILING WITH NEO ● ● ● OPENNESS ● ● ● penness (to experience) = acquisition of social or O existential experiences and cognitive exploration ○ Least consensus about the domain’s meaning ○ AKA intellect Common facets: ○ Fantasy/imagination ○ Aesthetic appreciation and artistic interests ○ Appreciation of feelings ○ Unconventional ○ Ideas/curiosity ○ Creativity Observed behavioral correlates of high O: ○ Greater engagement with existential or spiritual challenges ○ Artistic or scientific expression ○ High levels associated with psychotic spectrum disorders PSYC2017 Emic approach (data-driven) ○ Developed within each culture ○ Would we still get the Big-5 this way? Etic approach (expert-driven) ○ Developed in the English language and taken to other places to see if it fits ○ The back-translation approach (English → other languages → English) ■ Does a word mean the same thing in another language as it does in English? greeableness and consciousness were added later A The individual facets within the domains can differ greatly ○ Ie. the responses to items Results from self-report vs reported by someone else can differ greatly ○ Trigagulating data = getting data from multiple sources CLINICAL AND CRIMINAL SCREENING ● Nomothetic = the population ○ Individual’s severity against the norm ○ Screen for possible issues ■ Eg. Mental health issues 7 Normative data ● Ideographic = the individual ○ Create individual profiles ○ Crosses over with nomothetic ○ What this person will do in this situation? ■ Cattell’s Specification Equation THE BIG-1 ● Personality can be distilled into a single number (GFP) ALTERNATIVE LEXICAL MODELS ● All developed by FA THE ABRIDGED BIG-5 DIMENSIONAL CIRCUMPLEX ● ● ircular model mapped in a 2D plane forming a polygon C Many facets tend to cross-load onto 2 domains ○ Factors can be oblique (related) EVALUATION OF THE BIG-5 PROS ● ● ● ● ● OTHER BIG- CONS THE BIG-6 ● ● HEXACO ○ Includes honesty/humility domain ■ = a tendency to be fair and genuine Explains unaccounted variance in the Big-5 THE BIG-2 ● ● omprehensive coverage: identifies both personality C structures and processes Testability: allows for clear testable predictions Heuristic value: stimulates and provokes research Empirical value: good cross cultural validity and temporal predictive ability Applied value: immediate applications in all sorts of domains ● ● ● Disagreement about exact number of domains ○ And about ‘openness’ domain Dimensions arent entirely orthogonal Need to be theoretically updated ○ Circulatory in logic ■ Traits cause behaviour → behaviours makeup traits S tability (alpha) = tendency to maintain stability and avoid disruption ○ Combination of N, A and C Plasticity (beta) = tendency to explore and engae flexibility ○ Combination of O and E Aspects = more specific than a domain and less specific than a facet PSYC2017 8 ○ THE DARK TRIAD ● 3 broad domains of personality ○ Antagonistic core (low agreeableness) ○ Evidence suggests these domains overlap ○ Sub-clinical levels exist in the general population ■ Trait does NOT = disorder ● MACHIAVELLIANISM ● ● NARCISSISM ● ● ● ● ● arcissism = an egotistical preoccupation with self N Two facets: ○ Grandiose narcissism (healthy?) ■ Self-centred and genuine belief that they are special and great ■ Genuinely confident ○ Vulnerable narcissism (covert narcissism) ■ Defensive to any criticism, concerned about own adequacy ■ Worried they are not good enough, concerned about hiding this ■ Contains element of anxiety ■ Contingent self esteem Common measure = Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) ○ Eg. NPI: I am an extraordinary person Commonfacetedmeasure = Personality Narcissism Inventory (PNI) ○ Distinguishes between facets ○ Eg. PNI grandiose: I can usually talk my way out of anything ○ Eg. PNI: vulnerable: I often hide my needs for fear that others will see me as needy Clinical manifestation = narcissistic personailty disorder PSYCHOPATHY ● ● ● ● sycopathy = shallow emotional responses and P uninhibited behaviour ○ Low empathy, low guilt, high stress tolerence ○ Seeking stimulation activities resulting in impulsivity Primary psychopathy (more genetic, lower anxiety) ○ Callousness, shallow affect, manipulation and superficial charm Secondary psychopathy (more environmental, higher anxiety) ○ Impulsivity and lack of long-term goals, related to hostile behaviour Common measure: Levenson’s Self-report Psychopathy Scale PSYC2017 E g. Primary: I enjoy manipulating other people’s feelings ○ Eg. Secondary: I am often bored linical manifestation = antisocial personality disorder C ○ Formily sociopathy ● Machiavellianism = manipulation and deceit ○ Disregard for morality ○ Focus on personal gain Common measures = MACH-4: 20 item self-report measure ○ Measured as a single domain (no facets) ○ Eg. The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear Machiavellianism = psychopathy??? ○ Strongly associated ○ Debated in literature SADISM ● ● Sadism as a personality trait? ○ Not in DSM-5 anymore Everyday sadism = a dispositional tendency to enjoy hurting others ○ Clinical manifestation = Sadistic Personality Disorder (removed from DSM-5) ○ Common measure = Sadistic Impulse Scale ■ Eg. Hurting people is exciting ○ Common test = Bug killing task ■ related to higher sadism DARK TRIAD EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY ● ● ● ● T he dark triad are evolved traits with survival value Niche specialisation hypothesis= adaptive under certain circumstances Dark traits represent a fast ‘life history strategy’ ○ Fast strategy (R-selected) = higher no. of offspring (focus = mating) ■ Reproductive effort ■ More advantageous for males ○ Slow strategy (K-selected) = higher no. surviving offspring (focus = parenting) ■ Somatic effort ○ Challenging environments favour fast strategy ■ Done by people with these traits as they live in a challenging environment Callous exploitation of others → Reproductive success ○ Low commitment ○ FAST STRATEGY 9 ADVANTAGES OF THE DARK TRIAD ● ● ● Workplace behaviour ○ Counter-productive workplace behaviour (CWB) ■ Tactics for gaining power/reward ■ Narcissism and Machiavellianism = soft tactics ● Eg. compliments ■ Psycopathy and Machiavellianism = hard tactics ● Eg. threats Criminality (violent crime, white collar crime) ○ Linked most with psychopathy Emotional deficits ○ Greater difficulties with emotion regulation ○ Lower emotional intelligence ■ Apart from grandiose narcissism (might be higher) ● DOMAINS, ASPECTS AND FACETS ● 6-2-1 Model ○ Used for job performance predictions ■ C = higher job performance ■ N = lower job performance ■ E = high job perfomance (sometimes) ○ While domains can be good predictors, aspects are better predictors ■ Except for conscientiousness, aspects predict same as domains Different levels of personality ○ Facets ○ Aspects ■ 6 facets per domain (30 total) ○ Domains ■ 5 domains ○ Super-factors ■ 2 groups of correlated domains ○ General factor of personality (GFP) ■ Correlation between alpha and beta GENERAL FACTOR PERSONALITY THEORIES ● ● MODELS ● Big-5 circumplex model (forms 10 circles) ○ Adjectives for high and low values of the trait ○ Eg. extraversion and agreeableness PSYC2017 Evolved trait theory ○ Correlation between domains caused by evolutionary fitness of personality ○ Differences in GPF due to varying reproductive strategies ○ GPF → individual differences in reproductive strategies ■ Higher GFP = K-strategy > R-strategy ○ Evidence: positive association for ? and ? Method effect theory ○ Correlation between domains caused by people distorting their responses to sound good ■ Impression management = people lie to look better ■ Self-deceptive enhancement = people think they are beter than they are ○ Evidence: strong correlation between domains for: ■ Standard items > non-evaluative items ■ Fake good > answer honestly instructions 10
