PSYC Chapter 1 Lecture PDF

History of Psychopathology ​ Basic definitions ○​ Field of psychopathology ​ Scientific study of mental difficulties or disorders, including explanations, causes, progression, symptoms, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment ○​ Psychopathol...

History of Psychopathology ​ Basic definitions ○​ Field of psychopathology ​ Scientific study of mental difficulties or disorders, including explanations, causes, progression, symptoms, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment ○​ Psychopathology ​ Synonym for the broad range of mental disorders (or symptoms) ​ Key features of psychopathology ○​ Common feature across definitions ○​ The Four Ds (be able to identify in a case example) ​ Deviance (different, extreme, unusual) ​ Distress (unpleasant or upsetting) ​ Dysfunction (interfere with functioning) ​ Danger (harm to oneself or others, homicidal ideations, less prominent) ​ In the absence of distress and dysfunction, dangerous behaviors alone do not signify psychopathology ​ Is happiness a mental health dx? ○​ Look back at paragraph ​ The roles of society and culture ○​ Societal norms ​ Norms: stated and unstated rules for proper contact that grow from particular culture ​ Culture: history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts ○​ Values and view of what is psychopathology change over time ○​ Society selects general standards for defining psychopathology; clinical practitioners apply standards to particular cases ○​ Inadvertently minimize or overlook significant psychological problems ○​ Confuse eccentricities with legitimate mental disturbances ○​ Cultural humility: ​ Scientists and researchers must adopt process of ongoing discovery and self reflection ​ Continuous examination of their own beliefs and ​ Changing times ○​ Tattoos are more common now but could have been considered unusual/strange centuries ago ​ What reflects psychopathology?  ○​ Which behaviors fit the criteria of deviant, distressful, dysfunctional, or dangerous, but would not be considered by most people to reflect psychopathology? ​ Phone, burnout, being alone a lot ​ Marching to a different drum: eccentrics ○​ 1/5000 persons may be a classic, full time eccentrics ○​ Weeks (2015) pinpointed 15 characteristics common to the eccentrics ​ What is treatment? ○​ Procedure designed to change pathological behavior into healthier behavior ○​ Definitional challenges ○​ Essential forms of all therapy forms: ​ Sufferer ​ Trained, socially accepted healer ​ Series of therapeutic contacts between healer and sufferer ​ History of psychopathology ○​ Every society past and present has witnessed psychopathology ○​ Many present day ideas and treatments have roots in the past ​ Ancient views and treatments ○​ Ancient societies ​ Psychopathology as the work of evil spirits ​ May have begun as far back as the Stone Age ○​ Treatment ​ Trephination and exorcism ​ Greek and Roman views ○​ 500 BCE to 500 CE ​ Hippocrates believed and taught that illnesses had natural causes in the four humors (blood/air, yellow bile/fire, black bile/Earth, phlegm/water) ​ Seek to treat underlying physical pathology ○​ Treatment ​ Quiet life ​ Vegetable diet ​ Temperance ​ Exercise ​ Celibacy ​ Bleeding ​ The middle ages:demonology returns ○​ 500-1350 CE ​ Church rejected scientific forms of investigation and controlled all education ​ Psychopathology increased  ​ Demonic causes ○​ Treatment ​ Exorcism ​ Torture ​ Gradually, hospitalization ​ The renaissance and the rise of asylums ○​ 1400-1700 CE ​ With increased scientific knowledge, demonological views of psychopathology continued to decline ​ Johann Weyer: first mental health physician (1515-1588) ​ Care at religious shrines was the precursor of community mental health programs ​ Asylums emerged by the mid 16th century ​ 19th century: reform and mental treatment ○​ 19th century ​ Care of people with mental disorders begins to improve ​ Moral treatment: emphasized humane and respectful techniques ​ Movement ended by the early 20th century ○​ Reasons to decline ​ Money and staff shortages ​ Declining recovery rates ​ Overcrowding ​ Reemergence of prejudice ​ The early 20th century: dual perspectives ○​ Somatogenic perspective ​ Pathological functioning has physical causes ○​ Examples: ​ Lobotomies ​ Eugenics ​ Medications ○​ Psychogenic perspective ​ Psychopathology has psychological causes ○​ Rise in popularity based on work with hypnotism ​ Freud: psychoanalysis, outpatient therapy ○​ Psychoanalytic theory became widely accepted ​ Eugenics and mental disorders ○​ Look back at timeline (don’t need to remember), viewing mental health as purely physical and genetic ​ Treatment of severe disturbances ○​ Psychotropic meds discovered in 1950s ​ Antipsychotic drugs ​ Antidepressant drugs  ​ Antianxiety drugs ○​ Led to deinstitutionalization ​ Outpatient care ​ Community mental health approach ​ Treatment of less severe disturbances ○​ More positive treatment picture ​ Private psychotherapy ​ Outpatient therapy in less expensive settings ​ Therapy for people with disorders other than anxiety/depression ​ Programas devoted to specific psychological conditions ​ Preventing DXs and promoting mental health ○​ Help for individuals at risk for developing emotional problems ○​ Address social determinants of health ○​ Use positive psychology to teach coping skills ​ What are today's leading theories? ○​ Numerous theoretical perspectives: ​ Psychoanalytic ​ Cognitive-behavioral ​ Humanistic-existential ​ Sociocultural ​ Developmental psychology ○​ No single perspective dominates the clinical field