PSYC 305 History of Cognitive Psychology Spr24 U.pptx

Introduction, History of Cognitive Psychology Week 02 Lecture Outline  History of Cognitive Psychology 02/02/2024 2 In 1879, psychology was founded as a discipline by Wilhelm Wundt. 02/02/2024 3 Class Exercise: Please identify Wilhelm Wundt below: A B C 02/02/2024 4 Class Exercise: Please identify...

Introduction, History of Cognitive Psychology Week 02 Lecture Outline  History of Cognitive Psychology 02/02/2024 2 In 1879, psychology was founded as a discipline by Wilhelm Wundt. 02/02/2024 3 Class Exercise: Please identify Wilhelm Wundt below: A B C 02/02/2024 4 Class Exercise: Please identify Wilhelm Wundt below: Abraham Maslow B. F. Skinner 02/02/2024 5 What do you know about Wilhelm Wundt? 02/02/2024 6 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)  Wundt separated psychology from philosophy and biology and made it a unique field of study.  He is considered to be the founder of scientific, experimental psychology. 02/02/2024 7 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) In 1879, founded first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. The first psychologist to use the scientific method to study the human mind. 02/02/2024 8 Do you know what was the main focus of Wilhelm Wundt’s research? 02/02/2024 9 Do you know what was the main focus of his research? To understand conscious experience. To identify the building blocks of consciousness (the state of being aware) 02/02/2024 10 More specifically, He was interested in describing the processes executed by our minds that enable us to become aware of our experiences. 02/02/2024 11 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) The method of investigation was introspection (looking within) Introspection is a technique of noticing your mental processes as they occur, or immediately after. 02/02/2024 12 Introspection Activity Please try to recall how many windows are in your parents’ living room while paying attention to what is going on in your mind. 02/02/2024 13 Introspection Activity What did you notice as you engaged in this activity? 02/02/2024 14 Introspection Activity Are you aware of seeing a visual image of the walls and counting the windows? 02/02/2024 15 Introspection In his experiments, he would ask participants to engage in a mental activity, pay attention to it and then report their experience. 02/02/2024 16 Question What then happened in early twenty century (1900)? Which school of thought became dominant then? 02/02/2024 17 Hint _Watson_ established the psychological school that became dominant in early twenty century 02/02/2024 18 What then happened in early twenty century? Which school of thought in Psychology emerged? Behaviorism 02/02/2024 19 Behaviorism Name two influential figures in Behaviorism. 02/02/2024 20 Behaviorism Name two influential figures in Behaviorism. John B. Watson B. F. Skinner 02/02/2024 21 Behaviorism (1900)  Mental processes are difficult to study. John B. Watson  Should be ignored.  Behaviorist psychologists thought that to understand behavior they should study observable behavior. 02/02/2024 22 Behaviorism What was their view about studying mental processes to understand behavior? 02/02/2024 23 Behaviorism  John B. Watson proposed that conditioning could explain most human behavior. 02/02/2024 24 Little Albert (1920) February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. 02/02/2024 25 John B. Watson He thought through conditioning he can turn perfectly healthy infants into a beggar, a doctor or thief. 02/02/2024 27 Behaviorism (1900 – present)  B. F. Skinner  Operant Conditioning  Behaviors are learned based on its consequences. 02/02/2024 28 Behaviorism Until the 1950s, behaviorism was the dominant school of thought in psychology. 02/02/2024 29 When was Cognitive Psychology founded as a discipline? 02/02/2024 30 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology Dissatisfaction with the behaviorist approach grew. It explains behavior through conditioning. It neglects the importance of mental processes on behavior. 02/02/2024 31 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology This dissatisfaction fostered an intellectual movement called the Cognitive Revolution (1955 -1960). 02/02/2024 32 Cognitive Revolution (1955 -1960) Cognitive revolution was an intellectual movement where scholars recognized the importance of studying the mind to understand behavior. It gave rise to Cognitive Psychology. 02/02/2024 33 The Cognitive Revolution 02/02/2024 34 Cognitive Psychology Events that contributed to the development of Cognitive Psychology as a field. 02/02/2024 35 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology In 1946, the first digital computer was created. 02/02/2024 36 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology In 1946, the first digital computer was created. Why is it relevant? 02/02/2024 37 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology Computer served as a Model for understanding the Mind 02/02/2024 38 They both process information. As a computer, the mind takes in information, process it and produce an output. 02/02/2024 39 Information Processing Approach External Inputs/Information Output: Action, Thought, Communication Processor Take in information Represent it Process it 02/02/2024 40 Hardware = Brain Software = Mental Processes 02/02/2024 41 Edward Tolman Research studies by Edward Tolman on how animals learn locations. 02/02/2024 42 Edward Tolman Research studies by Edward Tolman on how animals learn locations. How did it contribute it? 02/02/2024 43 Edward Tolman Behaviorists believe animal learn locations through reinforcement. 02/02/2024 44 Edward Tolman Behaviorists believed animal learn locations through reinforcement. Tolman: animals can form a cognitive map of the maze. 02/02/2024 45 Cognitive Map The mental representation of a space that you create as you travel that space 02/02/2024 47 Tolman’s Experiment 02/02/2024 48 Tolman’s Experiments Place a rat on A and rewarded him for turning right and reaching B. Then place the rat on C. Measure what happens. 02/02/2024 50 Tolman’s Experiments  Does the rat turn right and go to D? (Supports Behaviorism) Does the rat turn left and go to B? (Supports the idea that our behavior is the product of mental representation) 02/02/2024 52 Tolman’s Maze Experiment  If rat learned “Go Right,” then would go to D.  Rat was never reinforced for “Go Left” behavior. 02/02/2024 53 Tolman’s Experiments Results The rat turn left and go to B. (Supports the idea that the rat formed a mental representation of the maze (cognitive map). 02/02/2024 54 The Origins of Cognitive Psychology Noam Chomsky Language is not learned via operant conditioning as B. F. Skinner claimed. Language is dependent on specific cognitive processes. 02/02/2024 55 Who were the precursors? Influential psychologists in the development of the field of cog. psychology George Miller Ulric Neisser 02/02/2024 56 Ulric Neisser Ulric Neisser Wrote the first textbook in Cognitive Psychology Coined the term “cognitive psychology” 02/02/2024 57 Some scholars refer to him as the father of cog. psychology George Miller  George Miller’s research on memory and learning.  George Miller developed a test to measure WM capacity.  He demonstrated that our working memory has a capacity of 7+-2. 02/02/2024 58 Class Demonstration Working Memory Test Digit Span http://www.psytoolkit.org/experiment-library/#e xps https://tools.timodenk.com/digit-span-test 02/02/2024 59 Thank you! 02/02/2024 60