PSYC 1010 Unit 2 Flashcards

Unit 2 flashcards **Flashcards for Key Terms & Concepts** 1️⃣ **Front:** **Descriptive Statistics**\ **Back:** Statistical methods used to summarize, organize, and simplify data. Examples include measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (range, variance, standa...

Unit 2 flashcards **Flashcards for Key Terms & Concepts** 1️⃣ **Front:** **Descriptive Statistics**\ **Back:** Statistical methods used to summarize, organize, and simplify data. Examples include measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (range, variance, standard deviation). 2️⃣ **Front:** **Inferential Statistics**\ **Back:** Methods used to make generalizations about a population based on a sample. These include hypothesis testing and confidence intervals. 3️⃣ **Front:** **Frequency Distribution**\ **Back:** A table or graph that shows how often each value or category occurs in a dataset. 4️⃣ **Front:** **Simple Frequency Distribution**\ **Back:** A table listing each unique value in a dataset alongside the number of times it appears. 5️⃣ **Front:** **Relative Frequency**\ **Back:** The proportion of times a value occurs, calculated as (frequency ÷ total number of values). 6️⃣ **Front:** **Cumulative Frequency**\ **Back:** A running total of frequencies, showing the number of values that fall at or below a certain point. 7️⃣ **Front:** **Percentile**\ **Back:** A score below which a given percentage of the data falls (e.g., the 90th percentile means 90% of scores are below this value). 8️⃣ **Front:** **Percentile Rank**\ **Back:** The percentage of scores in a dataset that fall below a given score. 9️⃣ **Front:** **Grouped Frequency Distribution**\ **Back:** A frequency table where scores are grouped into intervals instead of being listed individually. 10️⃣ **Front:** **Histogram**\ **Back:** A bar graph used for continuous (interval or ratio) data, where bars touch to indicate continuous values. 11️⃣ **Front:** **Bar Graph**\ **Back:** A graphical display for categorical (nominal or ordinal) data, with bars that do not touch. 12️⃣ **Front:** **Polygon (Frequency Polygon)**\ **Back:** A line graph that connects points representing frequencies for each value or interval, used for continuous data. 13️⃣ **Front:** **Measure of Central Tendency**\ **Back:** A statistic that identifies the center of a data set. Includes mean, median, and mode. 14️⃣ **Front:** **Mean**\ **Back:** The arithmetic average, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of values. 15️⃣ **Front:** **Median**\ **Back:** The middle score when data are ordered. If there are an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle scores. 16️⃣ **Front:** **Mode**\ **Back:** The most frequently occurring score in a dataset. 17️⃣ **Front:** **Skewness**\ **Back:** The measure of asymmetry in a distribution. A skewed distribution has a longer tail on one side. 18️⃣ **Front:** **Positively Skewed Distribution**\ **Back:** A distribution where the tail extends to the right, meaning most values are lower but a few extreme values pull the mean up. 19️⃣ **Front:** **Negatively Skewed Distribution**\ **Back:** A distribution where the tail extends to the left, meaning most values are higher but a few extreme low values pull the mean down. 20️⃣ **Front:** **Kurtosis**\ **Back:** A measure of whether data are heavy-tailed (leptokurtic), normal (mesokurtic), or light-tailed (platykurtic). 21️⃣ **Front:** **Measures of Variability**\ **Back:** Statistics that describe how spread out the data is. Includes range, variance, and standard deviation. 22️⃣ **Front:** **Range**\ **Back:** The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset. 23️⃣ **Front:** **Variance (σ² or s²)**\ **Back:** A measure of how much scores vary from the mean, calculated as the average of squared deviations from the mean. 24️⃣ **Front:** **Standard Deviation (σ or s)**\ **Back:** The square root of variance; a measure of how spread out data points are around the mean. 25️⃣ **Front:** **Outlier**\ **Back:** A data point that is significantly different from others, potentially distorting measures of central tendency. 26️⃣ **Front:** **Z-Score (Standard Score)**\ **Back:** A measure of how many standard deviations a score is from the mean. Used for standardizing different datasets. 27️⃣ **Front:** **Summation Notation (Σ)**\ **Back:** A mathematical symbol (Sigma) indicating the sum of a series of values. 28️⃣ **Front:** **Standard Normal Distribution**\ **Back:** A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, used for calculating probabilities. 29️⃣ **Front:** **Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7 Rule)**\ **Back:** In a normal distribution, \~68% of data falls within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2, and 99.7% within 3. 30️⃣ **Front:** **Boxplot (Box-and-Whisker Plot)**\ **Back:** A graphical summary of data using quartiles, median, and outliers.