PS2111_Lecture4_EmotionalMemory_Students_V2.pptx

Emotional Memory Dr. Kathleen Kang [email protected] Structure of Memory Lectures Lecture 1: Introduction Lecture 2: Memory Consolidation Lecture 3: Forgetting Memories Lecture 4: Emotional Memory + Lecture 5: Q & A / Revision Learning Objectives By the end of this lecture, you will be able to:...

Emotional Memory Dr. Kathleen Kang [email protected] Structure of Memory Lectures Lecture 1: Introduction Lecture 2: Memory Consolidation Lecture 3: Forgetting Memories Lecture 4: Emotional Memory + Lecture 5: Q & A / Revision Learning Objectives By the end of this lecture, you will be able to: Evaluate the link between emotions and memory Describe the neural mechanisms underlying emotions and memory Emotions and Memory ENCODING RETRIEVAL Emotions and Memory KISS VOMIT EXAM DANCE LOVE KISS VOMIT EXAM DANCE LOVE + digit (2 – 9) Retrieval: EXAM - ? Numbers associated with high arousal words increases as a function of time – persists for at least a week High arousal increases consolidation Kleinsmith & Kaplan (1963 Emotions and Memory Sharot & Yonelinas (2008); Figure taken from Yonelinas & Ritchey (2015) Recognition was more accurate for emotional than neutral materials but only after longer The Papez circuit Role of the medial temporal lobe in arousal-mediated memory consolidation RTL = Right temporal lobectomy LTL = Left temporal lobectomy All groups generated increased SCRs and arousal ratings for arousing words LaBar and Phelps (1998) Role of the medial temporal lobe in arousal-mediated memory consolid RTL = Right temporal lobectomy LTL = Left temporal lobectomy All groups generated increased SCRs and arousal ratings for arousing words BUT.. Only controls showed an increase in memory for the arousing words Medial temporal lobe structures are involved in memory consolidation for LaBar and Phelps (1998) arousing events Mechanisms underlying memory-enhancing effect of emotion #1 MTL-based (amygdala & hippocampus) - direct/bottom-up neurohormonal interactions between amygdala and memory related regions -arousal #2 Non-MTL (PFC, parietal cortex) - indirect/top-up interactions - enhancing executive and attentional processes - valence LaBar & Cabeza (2006) Modulation model (storage/consolidation) Amygdala enhances the function of MTL memory structures Pharmacological manipulations Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists reduces while agonists improves emotional memory yohimbine placebo metaprolol Cahill et al. (1994); Figure taken from LaBar and Cabeza (2006) O’Carroll et al. (1999) Modulation model (storage/consolidation) Functional neuroimaging Greater activity in the amygdala and MTL memory structures during successful encoding of emotional pictures Successful encoding amygdala activity was positively correlated with MTL structures for emotional pictures  Evidence for modulation hypothesis Dm = (remembered stimuli – forgotten stimuli) Dolcos et al. (2004) Arousal vs. Valence Functional neuroimaging Encoding stage: Neutral, negative & nonarousing words (e.g., sorrow, mourning, etc.) vs. Negative & arousing words (e.g., slaughter, etc..) Retrieval stage: Remember, know, new Kensinger & Corkin (2004) Arousal vs. Valence Functional neuroimaging Correlation for arousing words that were remembered Two distinct mechanisms: 1) Valence (negative but nonarousing): PFC-hippocampal network  elaboration/rehearsal of information 2) Arousal: Amygdala-hippocampal network  effects of emotion on memory Kensinger & Corkin (2004) Positive vs. Negative Valence Task: Rate the quality of the picture Emotion category: 1) Positive arousing 2) Positive nonarousing 3) Negative arousing 4) Negative nonarousing 5) Neutral Mickley Steinmetz & Kensinger Positive vs. Negative Valence Red = arousal Green = nonarousing Memory for arousing information:  middle occipital gyrus: successful encoding of arousing information and enhanced attentional and sensory processing Memory for nonarousing information:  Middle frontal gyrus: memory enhancement through self-referential and elaborative processing Mickley Steinmetz & Kensinger Positive vs. Negative Valence Red = negative Green = positive Emotional information can be better remembered due to changes in frontal lobe activity as well as temporal and occipital cortices, in addition to amygdala-hippocampal interactions Mickley Steinmetz & Kensinger Mediation theory of emotional memory Limitations of modulation theory: If consolidation of emotional memory traces takes hours, effects of emotion should only emerge after a delay If emotional and neutral stimuli are presented in quick succession, any rise in stress hormones should enhance memory for all stimuli, yet it is focal Only focuses on storage/consolidation Talmi (2013) Mediation theory of emotional memory Mediation theory:  Accounts for enhancement in early LTM  Emotional events recruit cognitive resources  COMPLEMENTS, not replaces modulation theory Talmi (2013) Interim Summary… Memory-enhancing effect of emotion: Influenced by arousal and valence Mediated by changes in MTL and PFC Involves enhancement of storage and consolidation processes in MTL + amplification of semantic and working processes in PFC REMEMBER THIS? Functional neuroimaging Greater activity in the amygdala and MTL memory structures during successful encoding of emotional pictures Successful encoding amygdala activity was positively correlated with MTL structures for emotional pictures  Evidence for modulation hypothesis Dm = (remembered stimuli – forgotten stimuli) Dolcos et al. (2004) Retrieval of emotional memories (laboratory tasks) Retrieval after 1 year: Successful retrieval of emotional memories also involve MTL mechanisms similar to emotional encoding Recollection-enhancing effect of emotion mediated by amygdala (arousal) and hippocampus (recollection) Dolcos et al. (2005) Retrieval of emotional memories (autobiographical) Participants: Basketball fans Task: Decide whether a particular shot went into the basket Botzung et al. (2010) Retrieval of emotional memories (autobiographical) Further reinforces the importance of hippocampus and amygdala in arousalmediated retrieval of emotional memories Botzung et al. (2010) Core Reading Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Weymar, M., Moore, M., Tsukiura, T., & Dolcos, S. (2017). Emerging directions in emotional episodic memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867 LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(1), 54– 64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1825 Talmi, D. (2013). Enhanced emotional memory: Cognitive and neural mechanisms. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 430–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413498893 Other Sources Botzung, A., Rubin, D. C., Miles, A., Cabeza, R., & LaBar, K. S. (2010). Mental hoop diaries: Emotional memories of a college basketball game in rival fans. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(6), 2130–2137. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2481-09.2010 Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M., & McGaugh, J. L. (1994). β-Adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature, 371(6499), 702–704. https://doi.org/10.1038/371702a0 Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004). Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron, 42(5), 855–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/s08966273(04)00289-2 Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2005). Remembering one year later: Role of the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(7), 2626– 2631. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409848102 Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2004). Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(9), 3310–3315. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0306408101 Kleinsmith, L. J., & Kaplan, S. (1963). Paired-associate learning as a function of arousal and interpolated interval. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 190–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040288 LaBar, K. S., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychological Science, 9(6), 490–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00090 Mickley Steinmetz, K. R., & Kensinger, E. A. (2009). The effects of valence and arousal on the neural activity leading to subsequent memory. Psychophysiology, 46(6), 1190–1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00868.x O’carroll, R. E., Drysdale, E., Cahill, L., Shajahan, P., & Ebmeier, K. P. (1999). Stimulation of the noradrenergic system enhances and blockade reduces memory for emotional material in man. Psychological Medicine, 29(5), 1083–1088. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799008703 Sharot, T., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2008). Differential time-dependent effects of emotion on recollective experience and memory for contextual information. Cognition, 106(1), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.002