Personality Disorders PDF

[Personality Disorders] **Personality** can be defined as a **combination of traits or characteristics**. Some evidence suggests that there is **5 major dimensions** of the personality**: openness, consciousness, extraversions, agreeableness and neuroticism**. A diagram of a diagram Description au...

[Personality Disorders] **Personality** can be defined as a **combination of traits or characteristics**. Some evidence suggests that there is **5 major dimensions** of the personality**: openness, consciousness, extraversions, agreeableness and neuroticism**. A diagram of a diagram Description automatically generated with medium confidence personality is often described as a **pattern** of perception as a **predictive** element. Those with personality disorders tend to have **extreme** traits. They have **pervasive, inflexible, extreme and persistent patterns of behaviour** and inner experience. Unlike mental states (like PTSD) the **symptoms of PDs are often seen as part of them**, rather the **problem derives from the environment** (lack of insight). They can be described as **Egosyntonic (**are aligned with self) rather than Egodystonic (thoughts, behaviour or impulses inconsistent with a person's self-perception/values/identity). The **DSM criteria** for **personality disorders** states that the pattern of **inner experience and behaviour must derive from expectations** of the individual's culture. This must manifest in **2 or more** ways: **cognition** (**perception** of self/others/events), **affectivity** (range/intensity/lability/appropriateness of emotional response), **interpersonal functioning, impulse control**. This pattern must be **inflexible** and **pervasive** across a range of **personal and social situations**. It must lead to **clinically significant** **distress** or **impairment in social/occupational functioning**.  [Types of PD:] **Paranoid personality disorder** is characterize by excessive **distress**, **pervasive distrust** and suspiciousness of others who are perceived as **malevolent**. **Schizoid personality disorder** is associated with **detachment** in relationships, **restricted** range of emotional **expression** in interpersonal situations. **Schizotypal** personality disorder involves an **acute discomfort** in close relationships and **cognitive/perceptual distortions** or eccentricities in behaviour. **Antisocial** personality disorder is where there is a **pervasive disregard for others and their rights.** **Histrionic** personality disorder is excessive emotionality and **attention seeking**. **Borderline** personality disorder is characterized by **instability** and **impulsivity** in personal relationships. **Narcissistic** personality disorder are **grandiose** with a need for **attention**. They **lack empathy** and are linked to **unperceived low self-esteem**. **Avoidant personality disorder** is where people are **inhibited** in **social** interpersonal relationships, they feel **inadequate**, are **hypersensitive** to negative evaluation which leads to avoidance. **Dependent** personality disorder is where there is an **excessive need** to be taken care of that leads to **submissive behaviours** (often **victims) and fear of separation**. **Obsessive compulsive** personality disorder is a **preoccupation** with **orderliness**, **perfectionism** and mental/interpersonal control at the **expense of flexibility, openness and efficiency**. [BPD:] The **DSM** states that **BPD** is a **pervasive pattern of instability**, in relation to **interpersonal relationships, self-identity and affectivity**. They must have **marked impulsivity by early childhood and present 5 or more** of the following: frantic efforts to **avoid real/imagined abandonment**, **pattern of unstable**/intense interpersonal **relationships** characterized by **alternating extremes of idealization** & devaluation, **identity disturbance** (persistent unstable self-image), **self-damaging impulsivity** (in either spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating), **recurrent** **suicidal** **behaviour**/gestures/threats (or self-mutilating), instability due to marked **reactivity of** **mood**, chronic feelings of **emptiness**, **inappropriate control of anger** (frequent displays of temper/constant anger/recurrent fights), transient **stress-related paranoid ideation** or **dissociative** symptoms. The **difference** between **bipolar** disorder and **BPD** is the **duration** of the episode, those with **BPD** go from **extreme** moods **quickly** (few **hours**). Responses are **reactive** and those with BPD are more **sensitive**. Whereas **manic** episodes lasts for **days**. [APD:] DSM states it's a **perversive pattern** of **disregard** for others' rights, emerging at **15** yrs old and presenting as **3 or more** of the following: **failure to conform** to norms or lawful behaviour, recurrent **deceit** (for pleasure or personal gain), **impulsivity**/disorganized, irritablerecklessness can be **controlled** and channeled in different ways, however **affectivity and reactivity** are problematic. Studies found **74**% of **BPD** patient remit after **6 years**. Those with PD are often **referred for treatment** **as a consequence** to their behaviour: **unable to form lasting or close relations**, those with comorbid psychiatric disorders, **behaviour** style puts **self or others at risk**, **interferes with ability to achieve** in occupational or educational spheres.  clinical assessments must include:  equipped with tools to tolerate negativity as behaviour is often based on intolerance for negativity mindfulness creates a buffer between the person and the emotion  A diagram of a personality disorder Description automatically generated groups used due to unwillingness to change alone.