Protist Diversity Lecture PDF

Protist Diversity Lecture Thu, Jan 23, 2025 11:36AM 1:08:24 SUMMARY KEYWORDS protists, diversity, mitochondria, anaerobic environments, cytoskeleton, plastids, glycolysis, flagella, parasites, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, algae, photosynthesis, porphyrin molecule, deep homology...

Protist Diversity Lecture Thu, Jan 23, 2025 11:36AM 1:08:24 SUMMARY KEYWORDS protists, diversity, mitochondria, anaerobic environments, cytoskeleton, plastids, glycolysis, flagella, parasites, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, algae, photosynthesis, porphyrin molecule, deep homology 00:00 That. Okay, 00:03 so you'll find out that the first sheet is this one right here. I'm sorry I didn't have them in color. Sometimes you can. Depends on what we do. I'm not supposed to do this anyway. You 00:20 should be able to get something to help you while you're learning this stuff. 00:32 Okay, so basically, as you can see here again, it will point out the fact that we have dotted lines in here because we're not sure exactly all of the relationships, because things are so similar to one another, we don't have a good fossil record of a lot of these. And so it just gets really complicated. But this is the big picture overall. And then each page, as you turn it, goes into subcategories of each one of these is that going to help a little bit. Now, memorizing it, I'm more concerned with you looking at the diversity than memorizing exactly how they are in sequence of one another. That's why you're not going to need it for the test, per se. So as we go along, make sure that you take pictures of the different groups in here, because the part of the test that has this on it are just encyclopedic. Going, what do these things do you know, what's unique about them? And so that's what I'm trying to do here. As far as this is way too diverse. It's joined in and you saw that basic Well, let's see. Let's go back to that right there. Notice in the orange there, how 01:51 diverse everything is. 01:54 Okay, let's go to the first group that X cavana 02:02 characterized. By a cytoskeleton. 02:06 So these are Protestants that are unique in that they do have some very unique mitochondrial types of development. Some have a beam through the controversial group in the flu notices they're all controversial for the most part, if you don't have the relationship diplomas, para basalids and nucleosomes, let's take a look here. This is what you have. So you can turn the page and take a look. And this is the direction we're going with x kabata. We do okay with that. Does that kind of help to have that, though, so that you can kind of look at that as you're studying and look at the slides also at the same time. Now, we don't cover every single group in here, but we cover quite a few. Here's the first one, the diplomas, and then we'll go to the parabasalids, two groups that live in anaerobic environments. They lack plastids in here and have modified mitochondria. So they're not related to the Plantae, they're related to the animal. Yeah, as far as the plastids go, they don't have for photosynthesis, but they do have mitochondria, and that's a unique type of mitochondria. So what's really kind of neat about this is the fact there's clues in here. If you're anaerobic, how did you evolve? Probably in what environment Did you evolve in? You didn't evolve in an oxygen laden type of environment. So you evolved in what more like the primordial Earth gasses, atmosphere. So this tells you how ancient this group is. And because it's so ancient, they have modified mitochondria called microsoles. So that's that first sentence in there. They derive their energy anaerobically. So they have been doing that since way back in the pre camera, for example. Why? By glycolysis, they don't need a whole bunch of ATP. How many ATP do you develop in glycolysis? 04:22 Initially, four, and then what they use? Two, right? Two neck. There you go. So they don't need a whole lot. If you look at the evolution of those cycles, of all of the cycles, you can see that they are grown in stages. So we go from glycolysis and then we move on more to make more what ATP selection wise and biochemically, it has been selected for to make more ATP. And different organisms have different amounts of ATP that are developed, right? 05:00 Or I hear a lot of cricket this morning. All right, 05:05 okay, they have two equally sized nuclei and multiple flagella in there, and I give you an example of it in here, often are parasites that live amongst us today, like all bacteria do, giardia intestinalis, you can get giarditis from what drinking some bad water, so you have to be very careful and filter your water as you go out. 05:33 Are you good? There? 05:37 Aren't they cute? Now, whenever you have these micrographs in here there, they always have false coloration in there to accentuate the different types of morphological character. So everybody's good there. We're all right, okay, let's go to the parabasalids. Now look on your chart. Do you see repair basil in there. Okay, so as we're going here, they have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes in here. It generates some energy anaerobically. Again, these are very ancient. Also include trichomonas, vaginals, a pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females, but also human males carry it. Don't mistake that. As a matter of fact, human males were too macho to admit that we have it okay and we pass it on to our female counterparts. So we're just as bad. I should put humans in general in there, shouldn't 06:41 I? We're so macho, 06:44 you'd rather drop over dead from something that's curable. Take care of it. Take a look at that. They have regulating membranes in there that move back and forth, kind of like those pseudo fins and flagella also do the examples kind of help a little bit. The examples are to kind of help you guys know that it's real world. Stop going, Okay, let's take a look and compare and contrast. A little bit notice here that they have two nuclei. You can see things occurring in here from the front in here, lots of fun stuff going on here. And this is giardia, nasty stuff from the large looking up pair of basilids in here, trichomonospanas in here. And that is the bulk coloration for that. So we just looked at those two. Can you see your chart? Does that kind of help to keep an eye on that chart to see what we're doing now? Do you think there's even more diversity within this group? But I don't want you to know that. Don't worry about it. The classification scheme that you see here changes every semester I'm giving you a generalized one. You start to take other classes. You're going to see that this, that one has been modified, that you learning now, but that's the way science goes. Isn't that? Okay? Okay, so I'm not trying to teach you stuff that's ripped in stone, except if you went to school with me and Frick Lin stone, and we use tablets to stone. And guys are so serious euglenozoa. So these are the euglenoids in here, diverse clay. Now you know what a clade is, right, a monophyletic group that is closely related to one another, okay, that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs and pathogenic parasites. The main features distinguishing them are known as a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside of their flagella, the plate includes kenido classes and eucalyptus and we'll kind of show you how that works. Unknown function. Wow, that's kind of weird, isn't it? Why is it unknown? How come we don't know we're so smart in science, we don't know everybody okay, can we go ahead? There we go. Take a look at that crystal and Rod, okay, the ring of microtubules. You guys know about microtubules, the cilia and flagella, right nine plus two, as far as the basic architectural degrees in there, and so you can see that right there in nice nine plus two. But look at the crystal and rod. Why don't we know what it does? Well, sometimes it's hard to discern what it is. It might have had a function in the prehistoric past. It might have a function now, but most of the time we don't care. Why don't we care? It's because it doesn't make any money, and graduate students don't want to study something really, I had to study that. Let's study something exciting. So nobody cared. Okay, you need a plastic have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA collage, can eat a blast. This is kind of important to look here, and you'll see it as we go along. Three living consumers of prokaryote, some freshwater, marine, et cetera, and some terrestrial ecosystems that have a lot of moisture. This group includes Trypanosoma, which is causing of sleeping sickness in humans. Do you guys familiar Trypanosoma? The vector for it is a fly. The TC flaw carries the Trypanosoma. You're going to see when you get into parasitology from Dr Dunn and invertebrate zoology, that there are a lot of interrelationships with things that carry some of these that don't affect the organisms that they're in and affect the organisms that they do go into. So frequent changes in the surface protein. Now get this, because you're going to see this come up again, changes in the surface proteins of the host develop immunity, like in the plasmodium or the malarial parasite, if you can change your identity, can you keep functioning inside of another organism more effectively, because it doesn't recognize you as something bad until later, and then you change it again. 11:46 Kind of cool, very adaptive. 11:52 And you can kind of see him float around in there, and the RBCs, lots of fun little things. Okay, so coronavisalism can eat a plastic there's the trichromonas badge, Allison there, and the tripanoso We good is 12:12 this, can you kind of see how it's encyclopedic? 12:16 Pick out the characteristics come on a three by five card, and then you're going to understand where you're going to go with the test as far as this goes, because I will pick out maybe characteristic, something here and there. Go ahead. Are we allowed to have the three by five? No, it's open mind. Closed neighbor, closed book, closed electronics, but you're going to be able to do it, you guys will be okay. Is there like a practice test, really steady? No, except one that you can make up on your own from your notes that you have in the slides? If you'd like to do that, 13:00 then sell it to your classmates, 13:04 and it may not contain all of the stuff that I'm going to have, so I pick and choose everybody. Okay. Okay, those are good questions. Sorry, but disappoint you in the answer. Say, let me euclideans have one or two place that emerge from the pocket at one end of the cell. Some species can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic. The term mixotrophic, this is that example of mixotrophic, and contain chloroplast. If things get kind of tough. The sunlight doesn't come out, and they can photosynthesize. They can start eating their neighbors. 13:50 The video came with that. That's cool. Euclid. 13:58 Close up right there. There's mitochondria, 14:02 nuclear. Nuclei in there reservoir, and notice that they have the flagella in here. What's the difference between cilia and flagella? They both have, what nine plus two organization, basically, for this class. Until you get into more detail, celiac are short, flagella are long. How's that? Does that work? 14:29 Basically the truth. 14:32 But we can't give you the whole truth, 14:35 because, like Jack Nicholson would say, you can't handle the truth. You're still Muggles. You're still Muggles. Everybody, okay with that? It's okay. We will evolve 14:50 into minions. All right, 14:53 they're so funny, just like you guys. All right, let's go to the next group in here. Chroma violana, you take a look at your groups in there. Everybody finds chromovilata in there. All right, so these are kind of neat. They originated by secondary endosymbiosis that we discussed before. Some data suggests that the clay chrome Viola is monophyletic and originated by secondary endosymbiosis, which is probably absolutely so. The proposed endosymbiont, though, is a red alga, a red alga. The clade is controversial, like as if, though you haven't heard that before with this group, right? Solve these things, and includes the alveolates and stromatino pilots on here. 15:48 Let's go on. 15:51 You've got that, right. We're okay. We're done with exchevato This kind of help keep things straight. As far as phases go. Okay, now for the example of the Coronavirus, okay, alveolar, membrane bound sacs, alveoli. Where else do we use that term, alveoli in lungs, the sacks in the lungs for gas exchange, extra factona, right? Okay, so alveoli are talking about sacks in general by their etymology, okay, just under the plasma membrane, the function of the alveoli is unknown. Oh, man, Are we stupid with these things are not or we just don't care. All right, alveolana includes dinoflagellate vapor complexes and ciliates. Let's look here. Oh, my goodness. Take a look at the alveoli there, right next, in conjunction with a flagellum. Oh, the evolution of the flagella is fascinating. When you take evolution, we'll talk about it. So isn't this kind of fun to see this? So some of the characteristics are nicely put into those words along in there, so you can kind of see the differences. Let's go to the dinoflagellate. Dino means what terrible like dinosaur flagellates are the flagella they are terrible flagellas When they whipping or whirling types of critters, reverse group of aquatic mixotrophs and heterotrophs lots of times they have some real dangerous types of toxins that are produced by them, not as toxins for protection, but just as waste products or metabolites. So they are abundant components of both marine and fresh water. Each has a characteristic shape, kind of unique. Now they have 18:03 internal plates of cellulose. Now 18:08 you're going to see that that's prominent in a lot of invertebrate like creatures. Even going clear up to the chordates, you're going to see some chordates actually have, like your Chordata, cellulose. Where do we usually find cellulose? Guys, cellulose like a celery? Think a celery? Go ahead. Cellulose is in plants. Wow, not necessarily. Do we have some of the genes that plants have, and do they have some of the genes that we have depends upon what it's selected for and how the biochemical pathways will work, okay? And many types of chlorophyll? Oh, goodness. We thought we were dealing with animals here. Well, yeah, we're dealing with proteins. We don't call them animals or plants. We call them Protestants, and they contain chlorophyll, sometimes also too. Flagellum make them spin terrible spinners here as they move through the water. Dinoflagellate blooms are red tides. Some of them. There's different types in here, but red tides are the ones we'll look at here. Good. Take a look at that. Nakaluka, all of these garneaux, some of them are kind of neat. How many of you have been on a boat going through the water at night and you see flashes of kind of bluish light? Has anybody ever done that? You've done that. Where did where was it at that you did? There you go? Yes. Very nice area there. Okay. And when you start to see that occur, those are these types of critters that are in the wake of your boat, are doing bioluminescence. Isn't that kind of cool? Notice the flagella in there. Notice their diversity. There's a balloon out here. Now, blooms are what we usually reserve for plants bloating, but we also use it for other types of organisms, like these proteases here that have a bloom or are incredibly huge in there, okay? And 20:31 then we go to the maybe we ought to stop there for a second. 20:38 You go into a restaurant, 20:40 and people are eating now, there's different types of reactions, anaphylaxis. What's anaphylaxis? What are the symptoms? Really, quick, quick. Somebody's got anaphylaxis. They're here on the floor. What are we going to do? What they can't breathe, flush skin, histamines are going crazy. Okay, what are you going to do? You're a doctor. Some of you think you will be a doctor. Hopefully you'll be a good doctor. And what will you carry with you? You'll always have some emergency stuff with you. What? Epinephrine, EpiPen, okay, and you apply that epinephrine, hopefully nothing else is causing that to occur, but you can have that from a lot of different things and a collective reaction, right? Okay, just wanted to bring that out, just in case. You're at a seafood restaurant, if something happens, get your EpiPen out. Some of you have it for allergic reactions, any type of foreign protein that causes anaphylaxis, right? Probably some of you are carrying that right now. Now it's also used for nerve gas in the military, the counter action to nerve agents. Now what was funny? So here's a cute little story from the army in medic training and in basic training for just the normal soldiers. We have epi heads, and the needles work from a spring. You pop it on your leg, boom, that needle comes out and delivers, and this case, saline solution to this to the soldiers, but some of them couldn't feel it because the needle was so effective going in and so small that they sat there like this, and they started jabbing their leg. Hey, mine isn't working. Oh, yeah, oh, oh yeah. And then their legs bleeding all over again. Typical soldier, you know, 23:00 I wasn't a typical soldier. 23:05 Is that funny? Don't do that with your epiphany. Be careful 23:13 after complexes 23:16 lots of unique diseases here at the anti Apex contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating into the host. So that's a big clue right there. As you're looking at these most have sexual and asexual states. Again, why is it kind of important to have sexual and asexual abilities for a lot of these critters? What does it do? First of all, what does sexual reproduction do, as far as the population and the species itself? Say again, diversify. Yes, exactly. So the diversity. I'm sorry, guys, 23:58 blaming army. You know, 24:02 I had explosions, and it raised me off the ground, and I lost my hearing pretty much, okay, so I do this not because of trying to be a 90, okay, I'm just deaf. All right. So what do we have here? Variation because of the diversity, because in sexual selection, what do we do? We combine parts of the gene pool have been combined before sometimes, and it works really well to maintain a species with diversity to be able to do what is needed. As far as that, what does diversity do for a species, by 24:45 the way, why does it help us survive, adapt 24:50 to different environments? What else was somebody else talking over here? High adaptability, higher adaptability, higher adaptability, same type of thing. How about the immune reaction to things. Does it help also, because you have a variation. So if we have something like cheetahs, you look at cheetahs, and the population has gone down in the cheetahs, and they have a bottleneck, a genetic drift. And what happens to those cheetahs is, because they are so genetically alike, what if a disease comes through, they all die. Okay, so diversity is very important, and sexual selection sometimes of the populations are slow. We have genetic drill. How many taking genetics? Have you guys ran into genetic drills yet? But you kind of know what I'm talking about, even if you haven't had that yet. Why do we have sexual and asexual with some of these different types of critters here? What does it do? 25:56 Why would you want that 26:00 and then reproduce quickly? Um, go deeper into that explain, to me, vary their genes, and then faster, 26:13 that's kind of leading into the basic idea of why it's important in selection. So you're exactly right there. So what happens is this, if you're swimming around, if you're a pro a Protista of some type, or any type of animal that has both sexual and asexual abilities, if there's nobody there, sometimes it works really well just to reproduce and split and make another one, right? You're a clone of the other, but sometimes it does not hurt. But if there's a whole bunch of them, then you can make some diversity. So being able to have an asexual ability to reproduce does what it maintains the species while you're waiting for sexual selection to occur in the population to get big enough. Does that make sense that way? Do we have animals that can do it, vertebrates, 27:11 invertebrates, lots of invertebrates might be able to do 27:15 that. So there was a huge Komodo dragon in a zoo, and that Komodo dragon produced babies all of a sudden, after years of being isolated from all of the other Komodo dragons, what did she do? She maintained the population at that point with babies that were all female from her isn't that kind of neat. We don't do that as mammals. It doesn't work for us. We have a different type of population dynamics and population but so large animals can do it also. And sometimes it's good, like down in southern Utah, if there's a flood and we have a canyon full of different types of whip tail lizards down there, and it wipes out most of the population to be able to maintain what few there are there. Sometimes the females produce babies of females. The population gets large enough that there will be some males that will be there, and then that increases. So that's kind of a neat mechanism, is it not? Sometimes of how that works? Sorry, I go up on tangents like this, so I hope that it helps explain things a little bit. Or I just think it's kind of fun. Oh, my goodness. What did that little creature do? Take a look at the apical conflict. As it's digging into the tissues of that other creature. It's digging into, ah, that's the key here, as far as knowing the difference between these and other types of critters. But this is very useful. Lots of things adapt. Let's take a look at the plasmonium. Now, Parasite causes malaria like trypanosomes. Remember the Trypanosoma that we looked at? Plasmodium, continually changes its surface protein. That's why we don't have a cure for malaria. Is because as it goes through the body, guess what? Goes from different types of cells to organs to liver, etc, and changes its basic proteins and its physiological nature. And so we can't kill it in all of its different forms as it's going through the cycle inside of your body requires both mosquitoes and humans to complete its life cycle. Very dangerous. Approximately 2 million people die each year. That vacillates depending upon how the climate is and how the mosquitoes are produced. Take a look here, real quick views, so we look at the cycle in here, notice inside of the mosquito there's some sporozoids that are forming, and then they get what taken into the body, and they change all different types of forms in here, and then they get taken out again as the mosquito bites again. So we have this, all of the different types of forms going in and out constantly, right? That's why it's hard to get a vaccine, to be able to or be able to kill all of the different organisms in there. Does that kind of help? Where's the apical complex as it goes into the cells? Is everybody? Okay? There? I'll get to you in just a second. Can you go back to the other side? No, no, it's impossible. 30:46 Right to there? Yes, thank you. That one. That one. Yes. Okay, go ahead. So like a sample of a of 31:04 a yes, it so right here we're taking a look at an apocomplexan, and they have an apical complex that digs into it, and then I show you a prime example of it. Right there is that? Okay? Very good. 31:21 Go ahead, complex into class, 31:25 or don't worry about that. That changes constantly, because we do the genetics in here. Just look at it as kind of an encyclopedia. Hey, this is, you know, very good, though, that's that's a good thing to think about. Though, go ahead. If all the gameto sites are in the red blood cells, what do they need the mosquitoes for? What do you mean? Why could you transfer from one group to another? To me? Yeah, yeah, nasty little things, huh. Take a look. That's another view inside the mosquito, inside the mammal. Notice that it needs the mosquito, though, to actually complete cycles as it's going in there. And then the mosquito is the vector, just like for sleeping sickness. The tripasoma is the TT fly that transfers it wherever it goes. Very good, very good. 32:19 Good there. That's just another way to look at 32:22 it. Let's look at alveolar in here, toxoplasmosis in here, gangrens, boy, that's descriptive, found in the intestinal arthropods and Nelly and mollusk in here. So those are kind of neat. Take a look at toxoplasmosis, though, that is created by these types of critters in here. So let me tell you, if you change your cat box or you have kids going outside, and we'll look at some of the stuff the kids play in the sand pile. And guess what? They can't use the same pile, so do other types of animals, and they're exposed to the outside. You can cat catch all types of gamboo in there. Okay. Toxoplasmosis is really dangerous. Don't let pregnant women in your family change the cat box. They don't need to get toxoplasmosis that affects the baby. We don't go into detail into that, but was everybody. Are some of you aware of that? Already? Very good, very good. So it is kind of dangerous. Be aware of that ciliates, ciliates, a large, varied group of Protestants, are named for their cilia to help them move and to feed with. They live as solitary cells. They have a complex set of reproductive abilities as far as the macro nuclei and small micro nuclei. Don't worry about the detail of how this works, but the micro nuclei function during conjunction and your conjugation. Excuse me, conjunction, sexual process that produces genetic variation and conjugation is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs in binary treatment. So they have different functions. As far as being able to maintain the population, am I going to have you memorize that? No, just know that they have micro and macro nuclei that help them reproduce. That's all I want you to know there. 34:42 You good there? 34:46 Okay, let's take a look right here. You've seen these end of the microscope. Do you guys look into the microscope of pond water at all? Have some of you done that? There's a lot of neat types of Protestants in there, and this is one of those slippers that is really kind of neat in there, also that occurs quite often. Okay, so this is kind of looking at the micro and the macro nuclei, how they have the different types of reproductive abilities in there. Do I want you to memorize this? No, but I want you to be aware that that's an important complexity of this group that allows them to survive so well in the pond water. Another way to kind of look at it right here, just out of interest to see how the micro and macros work in there, not going to dwell on it. Okay, then we go to the stromatophyles, stromenophiles in here, several groups of heterotos, as well as certain groups of algae. Okay, so now we're getting to algae. Algae are protesins, proteases that evolved into the groups that gave rise to the land plants. So that's why it's kind of important to look at the evolutionary aspect of these so again, most have a hairy foot gilm 36:17 paired with smooth and rough. 36:22 You know what the difference between the areas we want 36:25 to do? Yeah, but it's not important for this question. 36:33 We good. Everybody get that. Okay? 36:39 Diatoms. These are really kind of neat proteases in that they evolve and diversify at the end of the Cretaceous Period, pretty close to about 65 million years ago, what happened? What volcanos started to erupt, and they started to put into the oceanic waters lots of silica, silica dioxide, glass, and different other types of things that are really important. Calcium carbonates were increasing at that time. So we start to see some of the precursors to some of the Protestants at that time, adapt and develop the ability to make glass houses. Everybody okay with that? So these are silicon dioxide houses, or glass houses, hydrated silicon they produce also asexually and sexually Go ahead, aren't they also used parasites. Well, they're using filters, diameters, earth and things like that, for filters to keep parasites out of things. Do you really take it internally? Yeah, just eat it. Yeah, I've heard of that. I'm not, I'm not familiar enough with it, okay, no, kind of chalky, gritty, right? But do you feel like that? It tells interesting that they can use 38:13 this to kill terabytes. 38:21 Kind of, yeah, I'm not familiar enough with it to tell you that's interesting, though, might be something to look into. I've got a lot of parasites in me. 38:33 Well, they've affected my brain, but it's too late. 38:39 Not as bad as some politicians bring one. Okay, take a look here. Throw menopause. 38:47 Very neat Glasses. 38:50 Glasses in here, 38:53 when you drink water, you take in silicon dioxide. Yes, you do very little. Takes a lot of dissolvement to be able to do that, 39:08 but you still get a little bit little bit of rubbish. 39:12 Maybe that's an interesting fashion. So think about it this way, if we have glass going in. And diatoms are basically black houses in that that are in there. Maybe they have the same function, in a roundabout way, for everybody who drinks a glass of water and has some solicit that's interesting to think about. Take a look. Aren't they beautiful? Diffraction grading, taking the light and making it just beautiful. Look at the diversity here from that time in the Cretaceous. So sometimes the environment adds to the morphology of what's happening. Obviously, let's look at a couple of others in here. So not only do we have the diatoms, but then we also have golden algae in here and balloons of it, and we have these cute little guys right here. These are kind of neat. But instead of using glass, these actually use calcium carbonate or chalk in their skeletons. Again, utilizing what's in the environment. You use the resources that are there. How many of you are familiar with the White Cliffs of Dover over in England? Beautiful area, huge cliffs, right? Gigantic cliffs. They're all made up of these type of critters, because the cliffs are so large. Back in the time when science was just getting started, back in the 1800s people would actually take a piece of that chalk with the cocolithophores in it, put it and lecture on 40:53 it. That was kind of neat, 40:55 and then they would use it on the blackboard. So also, you know, saying this is calcium carbonate. Okay, so what is neat about it is because those clusters so tall and so big, they use that to explain the age of the Earth is a lot older than we think it is, because it took a long time in the oceanic waters in different places to add to Risa, to make huge cliffs out of that kind of stuff. Does that make sense that way? I should have a picture of the white cliffs in there. Okay, golden ounce dough are part of this group in here, which all of the algae, as a matter of fact, are basically different from one another in the types of nutrition that they utilize in the environment, different types of materials and the different pigments that go into making the different Colors of algae. So if you take a Phycology class, an alcohol class, you will see it. So the cells of the golden algae are typically bi flag related. Bulky dollar are near one. And all golden algae are photosynthetic. So they all photosynthesize. And that goes into more detail also, but we don't need to know it. And are also heterotrophic. Most are unicellular, but some are colonial, as you saw before, we're going to show you a couple of these in here. Yellow and brown carotenoids make up their beautiful color. Take a look right here. You can see that we have golden algae in here. It's kind of hard to tell with the background and the coloration, that's okay, all right. Brown algae Fauci, that is called bales degree. Okay. Brown algae are the largest and most complex algae that we have, multi cellular marine they include the seaweed. So you guys have encountered these before. If you walk on the beaches in California, hopefully things will get back to normal one day there. Hopefully everybody's going to be okay there. The algo body is plant like, but lacks true roots. But I'm going to show you how we might have deep homology in here with the algae and land plants the root like hold fast. Now I emphasize these, but I just want you to understand that the whole fast anchors the stem like Stipe. So in other words, the whole fast is equal to what we see with roots that you would look at. When you look at this, the site is like a stem, which, in in turn, supports the blades, which are the leaves. So in other words, if you look at it, you're going to think plant, but it's not plant. It is a Protista. It is an animal. Go ahead. So 43:55 is that a whole day, one organism, or is it a collection of organisms like 43:59 that? No, it's one whole organism with different parts of the organism right there. I'll show you right there. We okay with that. Take a look right here. Here are the blades of the leaves. That's easiest. This is the whole fast. But the whole fast is to be able to hold it down. Roots in plants are different. They're modified stems, and we'll talk about that later, but the basic morphology is, well, where in the world that plants get the genes to be able to make plant like bodies? Guess what? The algae that they evolved from probably had those genes in their deep homology. That is a neat connection the site in here. And what's going on here, the blades of the leaf, do they photosynthesize? Well, yeah, lots of proteins. Why not these, which they do, sargassum and the Sargassum seed, macrocystis. You see these, and notice lots of times they do have bulbous areas in there that if you go along the shoreline, you can lock those bulbs. They're full of gas in there. That does what keeps it upright in the water column, and is a flotation device. That's pretty neat. So these look like plants. Gosh, they're in the Protista. Yeah, they are. Take a look. Here it is. That kind of the answers your question here, which is a good one, is to hold fast. Looks kind of like a root system, but just holds the algae there. Doesn't need to have the nutrition, because where does the nutrition come from? The water that surrounds it? But when plants get up onto the land they need to get what their nutrition from the soil and the water is there, Skype and the blaze isn't that kind of cool. How that connection is there. So now we introduce a type of developmental biology here that is very useful for algae and for plants. When we get to plants, you're going to see that we have complex cycles, but I'm going to try and simplify it for you at that point, because it's just really freaky how tough that can be. Okay, so a variety of life cycles have evolved a multi cellular algal stage sex. So we have what we call an alternation, alternating generations of haploid and diploid forms. Some of them look the same. Those are going to be isomorphic. Some of them look completely different from each other, and those are heteromorphic. 46:48 We good. So far, 46:51 maybe we go take a look at this. I'm going to do the whole thing here. 46:57 Take a look what's happening here. 47:01 Well, let's start right from this algal body that you see here. Notice here, up along in the blade, we have the sporangia. What does sporangia make? This is real easy, spores. That's it. So when you see that word, you know you're making spores. Okay, take a look though through meiosis from that basic diploid type of critter. Here we are developing meiotic types of zolos spores, and some are female and some are male. And notice here the male produces firm female stays as it is, and then we fertilize the eggs. Per se, everybody okay with that idea. So what happens? Alternation of generations is what we're developing, what haploid and diploid versions of the same planet. Here we go, diploid, haploid, haploid until fertilization, and then we go back to diploid again. Is that kind of an easy way to kind of understand how this works? 48:18 Yes, no, we're okay. Go ahead. This Yes, no, we're okay. Go ahead. This 48:20 might be a really dumb question. I was trying to wrap my mind around it all. This is how more plants are made, right? This is just not 48:26 the process. This is part of the process that was inherited by the plants from the algae. That works really well. Okay, I see, and when we start going through it in the plants, you're going to see, oh, yeah, plants work really well this way, 48:41 that's the plants have evolved from the algae is like the idea, 48:48 exactly No, that's not a dumb question. That's good question. You making sure guys do not worry about dumb questions. If you have a question and need clarity, probably somebody else does too. But that's a good clarity though. Those are good clarity questions. And this is another way to kind of look at it. You already know kind of what happens here. So some people like these extra pictures. It kind of helps them a little bit. Okay, let's look at some more critters now. Oh my seat. See all my Kodak in here? Water mold, white rust, downy mildew, and again, common names can be misleading, because notice, if you call it a water mold, your mind goes to a certain type of group. Be careful of that. They were once considered fungi because they share genes. Everybody good there based on morphological or how they look. Studies, most omics are decomposers or parasites. They have filaments hyphae that facilitate nutrient uptake, convergently with fungi, just like fungi. Do you think they share genes with fungi and other types of proteases? You bet they do. Okay. Their ecological impact can be great. Phytopla infestans causes potato blight. How many of you have Irish ancestry? Okay, if you have Irish ancestry. Some of the individuals that were over in Ireland when we had the phytophora infest into the black 50:29 potato blight, 50:32 made the potatoes so they were what you couldn't eat them. They were just a black mass of Phytophthora all my feet, kind of garbage. So a lot of individuals from Ireland then migrated to North America, and that's how we get a lot of immigration of the Irish immigrants there, part of my ancestry is Irish also, so I can talk about it without getting in trouble. Oh, do you talk about the Irish? But I can talk about most groups. I'm such a Heinz 57 I love it. Okay. Now, does that make sense? There we go. Oh, go ahead. Why are they no longer considered fungi? They are considered fungi because they don't have all of the characteristics of metabolites of fungi, and when we get to the fungus, so that's that's a good question. When we get to the fungus, you're going to see that there are differences here that differentiate them as Protestants and the fungi are so unique because they have their own characteristics too, but they do share genes, so that's important. Take a look right here. I'm going to show you how these are similar to fungi. They have what we call hyphae. Notice the stringy stuff that we have here. Fungi have exactly the same type of thing is selected for because that's the best way to deal with your environment. Plus, we have sexual and asexual that works pretty good, and the hyphae in here produce the different types of things going on here. Now notice here that we have a short meiotic time period with a haploid going into the diploid in here, and then we don't even worry about it here when we start to have asexual reproductive now, do I want you guys to memorize these cycles? No, I just want you to understand how they work. I'm not going to put these up there so that you have to fill in the right. That's not what we do in this class. We get kind of an idea of how those cycles work. Everybody All right? With that, does that make you feel a little bit better that you don't have to memorize all of these damn sizes, right? Okay, so fish get this, they get ick and all sorts of things, okay, that need to be controlled in a good aquarium. And plants get those also. Do you see that kind of grayish type of coating that we have on the plant set? So there's a lot of ability for them to be able to survive on different types of critters that we have there. Let's go to this group. Rise areas are a diverse group of Protestants defined by DNA similarities in here, they also have acquired the ability to take resources from their environments and utilize and make houses with so the ones that we talked about before are what contaminant pores can be used, what as far as their resource, calcium carbonate, diatoms used silica, silicon dioxide, glass. Here, the DNA evidence of area as a monophyletic clade within the protistas, they have pseudopodia. What does pseudo mean? False podia? What we're okay there. Wow, coming out of this little guy right here. This is a foreign calcium carbonate. And these are pseudopodia. What do they help it? Do they have a feed? They also give it more surface area when currents take it from one place to another, also to be in another area where there might be more food. 54:39 This is the skeleton of the glass 54:43 of radio Larry, 54:48 okay with that, but now I'm going to show you the living parts of these. Notice the holes in there are where pseudopodia come out. You can barely see the little holes in there where the pseudopodia come out. But these are very closely related. But guess what? One uses glass, one uses calcium carbonate. Okay, again, when we think of the rice area here, we're not going to look at all of them. We're going to not look at the arachnovice. Take a look at four AMS or foraminifera. In here, named for the, of course, multi chambered shells you saw one just before on the left. And their skeletons or their houses that they're they have, are called tests, just like a test that you take, unfortunately right made from calcium carbonate at this point, pseudopodia extends through the pores for M tests in the marine sediments are extensive in the fossil record. So we know that these are ancient when we started to get an accumulation of the ability for limestone, like materials or calcium carbonate, to occur. Take a look. Here is a living one, a pseudopodia, and here is the fossil form in here, and you can see the report. But you okay with that? Sorry. Can you go back again? Real quick? I got a few. Oh, my goodness, that's okay. 56:19 Sometimes I go too fast. 56:22 Anytime you guys want to go back, if you need to take pictures or something, just let me know that's okay, even though I'll give him a bad time. The rest of you are okay. 56:34 Next rule, though possible. Okay, what's the reason that there's so many more fossils of these and not fossils of the other COVID 56:45 Because they don't have hard shells and they don't have living components to for us to identify. If they're all soft bodied, they're really hard but the hard shells in here make it so, hey, you dig up a sediment, you go off to the shore by San Francisco, and you're going to find tons of them in the soil of that time period, of any time period. And you go into Utah, and you go into the Oceanic Time frame of the Going Clear back to the Mesozoic in there, and you're going to find tons of these in there, when the oceans came into details, okay, did that answer that? Okay, okay, good marine proteins called radiolarians now have what like diatoms. They have silica or silicon dioxide, very tolerance. Use their pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis, you guys know, phenocytosis and phagocytosis, D and opt in 16 and cell eating and cell drinking. All right, pseudopod radiology, radiate from the central body area. 57:58 We good. Oh, go ahead, just a marine proteins called radioarians have tests used into one delicate piece. I'm sorry, I can't hear you too well. The first one, it says, marine proteins called radioarians have tests used into one delicate piece. What does 58:14 58:14 that mean? Oh, and one delicate piece, one piece instead of like the four mph, some of them actually form calcium carbonate like little shells, and as they develop from the little tiny babies, they grow shells in an arm to medium spiral, so they're in pieces, whereas the radiolayers just have one big piece of glass. What is 58:38 the Test? Test? Test? As we said before, 58:44 that is another name for right there, their skeletons, of their shells. Thank you. You're okay there. All right, very good. All right, take a look. Oh, there's that cutie right there. That's a Radiolarian in the pseudopodia out there. And there are the fossil forms, beautiful, beautiful found in the fossil record. We good. Sure, I like to show the living and the fossil forms, so you know what we're talking about, right? 59:22 Okay, we good. Here we go, 59:26 red algae and green algae. We're going to start looking at these beauty are the closest relatives of land plants in the algae and the Protestant algae groups. But let me tell you, it's more complicated 59:43 than just coming from the basic green 59:48 challenge when we get to plants, between how complicated it is. And Mike Browder, he's a current botanist here that we have. He's always finding new research as to how plants originated, and I try and keep up with it, but I think I've got the latest version. But we all know basically the green algae and their cousins gave rise to the landfills. And there's pretty good ecological reasons, and all different types of reasons. So over a billion years, heterotrophic Protestants acquired a cyan cyanobacteria, or a blue, green bacterial endosymbiont. Okay, the photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into the red and greens and glucophys This is one of the basic groups that is related to the two more closely related to green land plants are descended from green algae relatives, notice, I say, relatives that evolve from cyanobacteria and the symbiont and we call them archiplastida. Now this can change also is a super group used by some scientists, and includes the red algae, green karyopy and Glock fights and land plants all together. You're going to, as we go into the plants, you're going to see that this term is going to be useful. Here we go, right there, and I put in, is it in your chart? Do I have the glucop of that in there? Okay, so I wanted to put that in there, because that's brand new compared to when these charts were developed in there. Notice they come from the common ancestor that gave rise to the red and green algae and the plant. Okay, we don't worry too much exactly what's going on here. 1:01:42 The glycofanas in here gave rise to 1:01:45 the algae red and green and to the land plant, that's all you really need to know. The details going in between the two change constantly, depending upon the research. Red algae, reddish pigment in there is due to an accessory pigment called Paco urethra in there, okay, which masks the green of the chlorophyll. It is a useful pigment from the standpoint of let me show you how this works. So brown algae are at this depth of water. Red algae are in deep water. Green Algae are in higher levels towards the shore, and that might be one of the adaptations that they have in their genes and express why they could go out onto the land, but the brown algae and the green algae kind of stay in the water 1:02:45 as green algae are still porteasons also. 1:02:49 So again, they also absorb blue light and reflect and transmit light. Any of you who scuba dive, as we scuba dive, what happens to color the deeper we go, it turns into what as we go down, and the light doesn't penetrate. Well, everything's black and white. Everybody okay with that idea for the most part, red absorbs good light and helps it photosynthesize with the green classes that they have in their bodies. So the green, the color varies from greenish red and shallow water to dark red and almost black in deep water. 1:03:32 So we have some variants. We always have variations. 1:03:37 Red algae are usually multi cellular the largest are seaweed, and we use them in what we use them in food. We love those. Okay, red algae are most abundant in large algal coastal waters of the tropics. Okay, we have them there for the wraps, for seafood and rice and sushi, and also the tropics. Okay, we have them there for the wraps, for seafood and rice and sushi, and also we have to be careful in raw fish, sashimi, right? Careful with that, when you eat those parasites, notice how beautiful. Notice how the background shows the dark depth of the water. Okay, some of them are basically shallow in shallow water, but not too shallow, but they are more comfortable in deeper waters, and works really good, 1:04:35 beautiful there. 1:04:38 Okay, what cycle is this? Again, 1:04:44 what cycle is this? What of generations? There you go. Can you see where? What's the difference? What, how? What's the main difference in there, diploid and haploid? That's all there is to it. But you're going to see the plants go through some really unique ones, and I want you again to understand it, but don't memorize it, except the basic way in which it works. We've been there. Is there a difference here between a dude this is heterotrophy 1:05:18 Instead of isotropic. 1:05:21 Green Algae made for the grass green chlorophylls A and B. You guys remember that from 16 Chad and photosynthesis? There's a whole bunch of really neat things going on. As far as the porch molecule that utilizes magnesium and other types of things that land plants are a little bit different with. As far as that goes, where's the porphyrin molecule in us that is so important for being a carrier of different types of chemicals, the porphyrin molecule and photosynthesis helps what develop sugars and oxygen. Whereas the porphyrin molecule, in you guys is useful because it has what as the center of the porphyrin molecule, it has iron or copper in hemoglobin in your blood? Is there a connection between plants and animals from the common ancestor that uses porphyrin molecules in metabolism? Yeah, there probably is. You guys even know what I'm talking about, or do I just rattle off a whole bunch of crap? Sorry. 1:06:44 There's a connection between all critters. 1:06:49 All right, plants are descended from green algae, basically, and their relatives. The two main groups are chlorophytes and cariophycines from the block of FICA. Okay, unicellular, colonial and multicellular. Have you guys gone up and seen the snow fields? And there is red snow up there, red algae. Okay, that's the expression of the pigment that it has. And they're going to photosynthesize this. So other chlorophytes live in damp soil, or symbionts with lichens, kind of neat, or in snow. That's kind of rare as far as in lichens, but we'll talk about those as we get to them. Most chlorophytes live in fresh water, so there's red snow up there, the yellow snow, don't eat that. Some of them are colonial, like the Volvox in there, almost aliens. These are really kind of sparkle All right. I think what we'll do is we'll go to here and kind of show you relationships between some of the genes that might be carried by the relatives of greenhouse even block of lights and land plants and we'll do that starting next time. There are a lot of stuff in here.