Principles of Bacteriology 2024 PDF

Principles of Bacteriology 1 IBN Putra Dwija, SSi, M.Biotech, Ph.D Microbiology Department FK Unud Biomedik II_2024  Evolution Timeline Biomedik II_2024 - J Invest Dermatol. 2012 March ; 132(3): 933–939. doi:10.1038/jid.2011.417...

Principles of Bacteriology 1 IBN Putra Dwija, SSi, M.Biotech, Ph.D Microbiology Department FK Unud Biomedik II_2024  Evolution Timeline Biomedik II_2024 - J Invest Dermatol. 2012 March ; 132(3): 933–939. doi:10.1038/jid.2011.417 2  Woese-Fox Classification Three Super Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya System is based on rRNA. Biomedik II_2024 3  BACTERIOLOGY ▪ Bacteriology is the branch of microbiology concerned with studying bacteria, their structure, function, classification, and their role in human life: ▪ Medical application (pathogens and Antibiotic) ▪ Industrial application (Fermentation and remediation https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3979-2_12 ▪ Environmental (nutrient recycling) FEMS Microbiology Reviews, fuv036; doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuv036 4 Biomedik II_2024  Prokaryotik dan Eukariotik Biomedik II_2024 5  Bacteria Classification ▪ Macroscopic characteristic - Colony morphology - Specific color, shape and smell ▪ Colony : a group of bacteria from a single parental cell. 6 Biomedik II_2024  Bacteria classification ▪ Microscopic characteristic Gram staining - Cell size, shape and configuration - Cell staining : Gram stain Biomedik II_2024 7  Cell Configuration Biomedik II_2024 8  Bacterial classification ▪ Molecular method : ▪ Molecular method : - DNA Hybridization - No need to grow bacteria - PCR amplification - Specific - Sequencing (16s RNA) - Fast Biomedik II_2024 9  Bacterial cell Structure ▪ Cytoplasmic structure - DNA Chromosom (mostly dsDNA) - mRNA - Ribosom (70s) - Protein - Metabolites - Plasmids (give an advantages in some circumstance) Biomedik II_2024 10  Cell wall of bacteria - Peptidoglycan is the most important part. degraded by lysozyme. ▪ Cell wall - In Gram + : Teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid - In Gram - : LPS (endotoxin) Biomedik II_2024 11  Secretion system in Gram negative bacteria Traversed through Gram negative cell wall Important during infection and contribute to the virulence of bacteria Transport system for the bacteria to uptake and release different metabolites and compounds. Biomedik II_2024 12  External Structure of Bacteria ▪ Capsule, slime layer or glycocalyx : function for survival of the bacteria; Adherence (S. mutans); Biofilm (S.aureus; P. aeruginosa) ▪ Flagella : composed of flagellin protein. Used for movement of bacteria. ▪ Fimbriae (Pili) : Composed of pilin protein, used for attachment to the other bacteria or host cell ▪ F pili (Sex pili) used to transfer large amount of genetic material to the other bacteria, encoded by plasmid. Biomedik II_2024 13  Bacterial flagella ▪ Bacterial movement by flagella ( an external hair-like structure) Biomedik II_2024 14 Bacteria with special cell structure ▪ Mycobacterium ▪ Mycoplasma - Cell wall consist of - Don’t have a peptidoglycan, peptidoglycan that covered used host steroid to by mycolic acid incorporate into the cell - Coat function in virulence - Cannot be stained by Gram and antiphagositic. staining. - Stain by Ziehl Neelsen Biomedik II_2024 15  Bacteria Grouping system Gram + Gram - Acid Fast Intra Wall Cellular Less Cocci Rod Spiral Rod Cocci M.t. M.l. Rickettsia Mycoplasma N.c. Coxiella Ureaplasma Erlichia Chlamydia Staph. Strep. Entero Non-spore Spore Treponema Neisseria coccus Borrelia Moraxella Leptospira Fil Rod +O2 -O2 S. a. A A.i. C.d. B.a. C.b. Curve Straight S. e. B L. m. B.c. C.t. S. s. Pn C.p. C.d. Vibrio Vir Campylobacter Other Helicobacter +O2 +/-O2 -O2 P.a. Enteric Bacteroides Many! Resp. Zoonoses GU Bordetella Yersinia H. ducreyi Haemophilus Pasteurella Gardnerella Legionella Brucella Biomedik II_2024 16 Francisella Streptobacillus  Bacterial Growth Biomedik II_2024 17  Bacterial growth Mutation occur during bacterial replication Several type of mutation has been found: point mutation, frame shift, transversion, translocation. Bacteria have the repair mechanism Biomedik II_2024 18  Growth bacteria based on temperature ▪ Psychrophilic : grow at low temperature (optimum at 10-200C) ▪ Mesophile : grow at mederate temperature (op. 20-400C) ▪ Thermophile : grow at high temperature (op. 50-600C) Biomedik II_2024 19  Bacterial Nutrient ▪ Nutrient : Essential, Semi essential, Non essential ▪ Bacteria need : C,H,O,N,S,P as a component of their nutrient ▪ Simple sugar as a sources of Energy ▪ Iron is an important compound required by bacteria, bacteria produce iron chelating compound : siderophore ▪ Siderophore could increase virulence of bacteria. Biomedik II_2024 20 Biomedik II_2024 21  Nutrient transport ▪ Nutrients are transported into the cell of bacteria via membrane plasma ▪ Membrane plasma : selective permeable ▪ Lipid Bilayer ▪ Contain a lot of protein integral ▪ Transportation of nutrient : active and passive method ▪ Find out what is active and passive transport in bacterial cell ! Biomedik II_2024 22  Bacterial metabolism Biomedik II_2024 23  Classification of bacteria based on oxygen requirement 1. Obligate/ strict aerobic bacteria: upeer part of test tube (15-21% oxygen) 2. Capnophilic bacteria needs 5-10% of CO2 for their growth. 3. Obligate or strict anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen (0% oxygen) 4. Facultative bacteria: mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is advantageous; but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. 5. Micro aerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen, but at a lower concentration (5% oxygen) 6. Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. Biomedik II_2024 24 Biomedik II_2024 25  BACTERIAL BIOFILM ▪ Bacterial biofilms are clusters of bacteria attached to a surface and/or to each other and embedded in a self- produced matrix. ▪ Matrix consists of substances such as proteins, and polysaccharides. ▪ One strategy of bacteria to evade the host immune system Antibiotics 2020, 9, 59; doi:10.3390/antibiotics9020059 Nat Rev Microbiol 20, 608–620 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00767-0 Biomedik II_2024 26  BACTERIAL QUORUM SENSING ▪ Quorum sensing is a communication of bacteria within the clone communities ▪ It use to maintain community density, by secretion a specific diffusible molecule called AHL ▪ Through this mechanism, bacteria in a community regulate transcription of a specific gene, to maintain community balance Jawetz and Melnick,28ed Biomedik II_2024 27  Bacterial genetic ▪ Most of bacteria have a ▪ Gen expression DNA - Replication ▪ Virus : DNA or RNA never both - Translation ▪ DNA contain of 4 - Transcription nucleotide ▪ A,T,C,G Biomedik II_2024 28  Genetic transfer Biomedik II_2024 29  Bacterial plasmid Plasmid is an extra- chromosomal DNA Not necessary for bacterial growth but useful to transfer material Some type of bacterial virulence factor are encoded on the plasmids Biomedik II_2024 30 BACTERIA VIRULENCE FACTOR Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901 Biomedik II_2024 31  Bacterial Pathogenesis ▪ Flora normal bacteria : don’t cause any disease to human host ▪ Opportunistic pathogen : cause diseases in some condition ▪ Obligate pathogen : harm the human host ▪ Pathogenic bacteria have a virulence factor. Biomedik II_2024 32  Bacteria Pathogenesis Biomedik II_2024 33 Bacteria isolation and identification Biomedik II_2024 34  References ▪ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical Microbiology. 8th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2016:223-238.Talaro and Chess. 2010. Foundation in Microbiology.9ed. ▪ Jawetz et al.,2010. Medical Microbiology.25 ed. ▪ Tseng, TT., Tyler, B.M. & Setubal, J.C. Protein secretion systems in bacterial-host associations, and their description in the Gene Ontology. BMC Microbiol 9 (Suppl 1), S2 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-9-S1-S2 ▪ Costa, T., Felisberto-Rodrigues, C., Meir, A. et al. Secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria: structural and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Microbiol 13, 343–359 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3456 ▪ Vestby LK, Grønseth T, Simm R, Nesse LL. Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Feb 3;9(2):59. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9020059. PMID: 32028684; PMCID: PMC7167820. ▪ Azam, M.W.; Zarrilli, R.; Khan, A.U. Updates on the Virulence Factors Produced by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales and Strategies to Control Their Infections. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081901 Biomedik II_2024 35 Biomedik II_2024 36