Midterm Control Questions for 3rd Year Students PDF

1. Define the meaning of the term \"dystrophy\".**Metabolic disorder** 2. Select the morphogenetic mechanism of development of dystrophy: infiltration, decomposition (phanerosis), distorted synthesis, transformation**Phaneros** 3. The end of hydropic dystrophy:Collective necrosis 4. W...

1. Define the meaning of the term \"dystrophy\".**Metabolic disorder** 2. Select the morphogenetic mechanism of development of dystrophy: infiltration, decomposition (phanerosis), distorted synthesis, transformation**Phaneros** 3. The end of hydropic dystrophy:Collective necrosis 4. Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of hyaline-droplet dystrophy:compounds similar to hyaline in the cytoplasm 5. Show the macroscopic appearance of the heart from the endocardial side during fatty parenchymal dystrophy:tiger heart 6. Liver is enlarged, dense elastic consistency, smooth surface, rounded edge, clay-yellow in cross-section. These changes correspond to:to fatty dystrophy of the liver 7. The size of the spleen is increased, dense, several, small, transparent grains in the section. Your diagnosis?Amyloidosis 8. Local calcification resulting from necrosis is called:petrification 9. Which dye effectively removes amyloid:Congo red 10. Biochemical nature of amyloid:protein-polysaccharide complex 11. What dye should be used to detect mucoid edema:toluidine blue 12. A \"fatty\" spleen is characterized by:Amyloidosis 13. Name jaundice in hepatitis and liver cirrhosis;hepatic / parenchymal 14. Name the types of jaundice according to the mechanism of development:Hepatic liver mechanics 15. In the wall of the left ventricle of the heart, a dark center with an irregular shape, loose consistency, alternating colors of black-red and yellow-gray is detected. Your diagnosis:myocardial infarction 16. Collective necrosis develops in which of these organs:in the brain 17. Name the adverse outcome of necrosis:Septic autolysis 18. Name the favorable end of necrosis in the brainCyst development 19. Caseous necrosis occurs:In tuberculosis 20. Which of the following stones can be in the gallbladder:Pigment stones 21. What process leads to the development of general hemosiderosis:intravascular hemolysis 22. Stasis means:cessation of blood flow in the microcirculatory channel 23. The concept of petechiae means:accumulation of blood in the tissue 24. In the autopsy of the brain, small dark-red foci, size 0.5x1.0 cm, were observed in the right temporal region, the brain tissue was damaged. What type of bleeding:Hematoma 25. What is bleeding due to corrosion of the vessel wall called:erosive bleeding 26. Accumulation of fluid in the tissues under the skin is called:Anasarka 27. The term hyperemia is defined as:local arterial congestion 28. What changes occur in the organs during acute anemia:Necrotic or dystrophic changes 29. Explaining thrombosis:blood clots in blood vessels 30. A thrombus that occurs in a heart or vascular aneurysm is called;Dilatant thrombus 31. In the cavity of the column of the pulmonary artery, red and gray-red dense blood clots were found in the form of a thin tourniquet with a corrugated surface, non-adherent wall, not corresponding to the cavity of the column of the pulmonary artery. Defined masses are called:thromboemboli 32. Definition of retrograde embolism:embolus traveling against the blood flow 33. Name the type of blood clot by color:White thrombus mixed with red hyaline 34. Patient B, 60 years old, has been treated with rheumatic heart failure for a long time. He refused surgical treatment and prosthesis of heart valves. The patient died of progressive cardiovascular failure. In the autopsy, signs of chronic venous stasis were revealed - compacted brown lungs, bruising and compaction of kidneys, spleen, densely colored liver, edema of serous cavities. Name the changes in heart valves:\ Sclerotic, dystrophic changes as a result of venous hyperemia. Rheumocarditis 35. Alteration is:Tissue damage 36. Due to chronic bronchitis complicated by bronchiectasis, a portion of the lung was removed from the patient. Chronic inflammation was detected in the wall of the bronchus during histological examination, the mucous layer of the bronchus was covered with multi-layered squamous epithelium. What is the name of the process?:Metaplasia of bronchial walls 37. During the histological examination of the lung tissue, it was found: the interalveolar septal vessels were sharply expanded and filled. In the cavity of the alveoli there are soft pink fibers of fibrin mixed with leukocytes. Type of inflammation:Fibrinous inflammation 38. The main characteristics of purulent inflammation:formation of exudate by neutrophils, the presence of yellowish-green pus. 39. Define abscess:Focal, encapsulated form of purulent inflammation. Presence of histolysis 40. The name of diffuse purulent inflammation:Phlegmon 41. Proliferation characteristics:The last phase of inflammation aimed at repairing damaged tissues. 42. Define inflammation: Po variantam 43. Characteristic of fibrinous inflammation of serous membranes:accumulation of fibrinous exudate or overflow of exudate along the cavity. Finally obliteration 44. Mark the forms of Qatar:Depending on the exudate, muco-serous purulent muco-purulent hemorrhagic fibrinous / Acute or chronic depending on the development 45. In which diseases hemorrhagic inflammation occurs:In severe current infections (anthrax, influenza, meningoencephalitis) 46. In which diseases hemorrhagic inflammation occurs: find out the question 47. What happens during exudation:liquid separation 48. Microscopically, on the surface of the visceral pleura there are thin pink threads and fibrin blocks, among which there are a few leukocytes. Your diagnosis?Fibrinous pleurisy 49. An autopsy of a patient who died of chronic renal failure revealed changes in the heart: the pericardium was dull, the epicardium was covered with a gray covering that could easily be torn off. The epicardium is filled with blood, there are spot hemorrhages. 50. A 16-year-old young man suddenly developed a pain center in the occipital region of the neck with tissue tension and movement difficulties. During the examination, the skin is swollen, sharply hyperemic, and a deepened focus of yellowish color is detected in the center. Name the type of inflammation.Purulent exudative inflammation 51. In a 38-year-old woman, as a result of a burn, blisters with a muddy liquid content on the skin of the face and sharp hyperemia of the surrounding tissues are detected. Name the type of exudate:Serous exudate 52. What tissue reaction prevails in productive inflammation:Proliferation 53. Type of productive inflammation:**interstitial inflammation, granulomatous inflammation, condyloma condyloma** 54. What type of intima of the aorta during syphilitic mesoaortitis:Thickened, rough surface 55. What is characteristic of tuberculosis granuloma:Caseous necrosis 56. At the autopsy, changes in the lungs were revealed: the lung tissue turned gray. During palpation, a millet-like compaction is detected. The section shows several foci of gray color, the size of a millet grain, with a crushed consistency. It is known from the anamnesis that the patient has tuberculosis. Name the described scene:Gon hearths 57. On the genital skin of a 29-year-old man with a clinical diagnosis of syphilis, a defect in the form of a round painless ulcer with sealed edges is detected. At the bottom of the wound - purulent exudate mixed with blood, copper-red color. Inguinal lymph nodes are enlarged, dense, painless. Identify the pathological process.Severe chancre or syphilis 58. A 60-year-old patient had a part of his stomach removed due to cancer. The patient died after 3 months. During the microscopic examination of the anastomosis in the suture area, a focus of leukocytes, macrophages, giant multinucleated cells, and a few fibroblasts is determined. What kind of inflammation has developed in the anastomosis area?Productive or proliferative 59. What is characteristic of caseous pneumonia:rapid development and large focal necrotic changes 60. Name the specific inflammatory granulomas:leprosy scleroma of tuberculous syphilis 61. Definition of autoimmune diseases:response of the immune system against normal antigens of its own tissues 62. What general pathological process is characteristic of slow-type hypersensitivity reactions:inflammatory process and infiltration changes in it 63. The reason for the development of secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency syndrome:\ the lymphoid system cannot ensure proper regulation of immunological homeostasis. 64. Autoimmunization mechanism:decrease in self-tolerance. 65. Cells involved in slow-type hypersensitivity reactions:dendritic cells, macrophages, T-lymphocytes and its types 66. Type of immunodeficiency syndrome:primacy and consequence 67. Example of primary combined immunodeficiency syndrome:Glanzmann Rinicker or Louis Bar or achondroplastic immunodeficiency Dygeorge syndrome 68. Which viral infection leads to HIV infection:Epstein Bara virus 69. Changes in the thymus in the immunopathological process:Accidental involution 70. Thanatology examines and studies -**A study of the laws of death and related changes in organs and tissues** 71. Biological signs of death include:**Dead body fluid, dead body swelling, blood displacement, dead body stain, dead body damage.** 72. Definition of hypertrophy:**increase in the number of cells** 73. Type of pathological regeneration:dysplasia metaplasia hyporegeneration hyperregeneration 74. Characteristic of the regeneration process in the heart during a heart attack:The formation of scars 75. A sign of eccentric myocardial hypertrophy:expansion of the heart cavity 76. What kind of dystrophy developed in the myocardium as a morphological substrate of cardiac decompensation:cardiac fatty dystrophy 77. A type of reparative regeneration:homomorphosis heteromorphosis hypotopia substitution hypermorphosis 78. A 58-year-old woman underwent diagnostic curettage of the uterine mucosa due to heavy uterine bleeding. During the histological examination of the mucous membrane scraping, a large number of bee-shaped or corkscrew-shaped long glands, hyperplasia of stromal cells was revealed. Diagnose the pathological process.Endometrial hyperplasia 79. The heart weighs 900 g, the thickness of the left ventricle is 2.7 cm, and the right ventricle is 0.7 cm. during palpation, the muscle is tight, red in color. Your diagnosis?Compensatory hypertrophy of the heart 80. Types of atrophy:physiological and pathological Pathological itself is general and local 81. 82. Manifestations of common changes in sepsis:Dystrophic interstitial inflammation and hyperplasticity in parenchymatous organs 83. A form of sepsis depending on the entrance gate**classified into therapeutic tonsillogenic surgical uterine otogenic odontogenic umbilical cryptogenic forms** 84. Clinical and morphological type of sepsis:Septicemia, septicopyemia 85. Localization of the septic focus during prolonged septic endocarditis:Heart valve 86. What are Lukin-Libman stains:Blood spots in the conjunctiva of the inner angle of the lower membrane of the heart valve, characteristic of septic endocarditis 87. What is characteristic of polypous ulcerative endocarditis during prolonged septic endocarditis:Massive thrombotic overlaps in the endocardium 88. Characteristics of embolic purulent nephritis:septicopyoma, multiple abscesses, sepsis formed by hematogenous descent from the primary site 89. Clinical and anatomical type of sepsis:septicemia, septicopyemia, septic endocarditis and chronisepsis 90. Sepsis differs from other infectious diseases:Absence of flow cycle 91. A 30-year-old patient came to the doctor with complaints of weight loss, fever, diarrhea, vesicular rashes on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, generalized swelling of the lymph nodes. As it is known in the anamnesis, about a year ago, the patient was admitted to the hospital after a traffic accident and received several blood transfusions. What disease can be suspected in the patient:Lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin\'s disease or malignant granuloma) 92. Name the cancer of the glandular epithelium:Adenocarcinoma 93. Benign epithelial tumor:Papilloma 94. Papilloma develops from which type of epithelium:Plain or transient 95. What is the growth of a tumor in the organ wall called:endophytic growth 96. The earliest way for cancer to metastasize from the epithelium is:Lymphogenic pathway 97. Origin of adenomatosis:hyperplasia of glandular tissue in the uterus 98. This is typical of a benign tumor of the epithelium:according to my option 99. Name an organ-specific pituitary tumor:Pituitary adenoma 100. Common location of squamous cell carcinoma:skin, where the skin transitions to mucous membranes, for example, the external genitalia 101. Chorioepithelioma develops in which organ:Uterus 102. What is the growth of a tumor inside a hollow organ called:exophytic 103. In which organ does pheochromocytoma develop?adrenal gland 104. Name a benign tumor of the pituitary gland:Basophilic adenoma or any other adenoma 105. Name the organ-specific benign tumor of the breast:fibroadenoma 106. What cancer can develop from severe dysplasia:adenocarcinoma or carcinoma in situ 107. Definition of cancer:it is a pathology caused by cells that divide uncontrollably and can spread to the environment and distant organs and tissues 108. The size of the uterus is increased due to the submucosal location of the node, dense consistency, up to 15 cm in diameter. The formation is limited by a connective tissue capsule. It is pale in color, with folds. The fibers are arranged randomly in different directions. What pathological process can you think of?Fibroma 109. In the patient\'s armpit area, a dark brown, irregular shape protruding from the surface of the skin, measuring 3x5 cm, is detected. The surface of the structure is rough, with a hairy coating. The formation increased in size and pain appeared. Your preliminary diagnosis.Melanoma 110. Lung cancer was diagnosed in a patient who smokes for a long time and suffers from chronic bronchitis. A surgical operation was performed, the tumor was removed. It appears as a round gray-white formation with a diameter of up to 4 cm, which is connected to the wall of the bronchus. Microscopic examination of the tumor revealed atypical squamous epithelial layers between the stroma. Your diagnosis:Squamous cell carcinoma 111. In the mucous membrane of the small intestine, a papillary mass of 1.0 x 0.5 cm with thin legs with a soft elastic consistency is determined. Name this formation:Intestinal polyposis 112. The woman\'s uterus was amputated. The size of the uterus has increased up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. In the uterine cavity, there are many formations like white bubbles, the size of grains of rice. It is known that the woman had a spontaneous abortion a few months ago. Your pre-diagnosis:Bubble wander 113. During the histological examination of the liver, several thin-walled vessels filled with blood were revealed. What cancer are we talking about?Cavernous hemangioma 114. Cancer \"pearls\" are characterized by:Epidermoid or squamous cell carcinoma 115. In the autopsy of a patient who died of sepsis, changes in the kidneys were revealed: the volume was slightly increased. The parenchyma is complete. The capsule is easy to peel. Under the capsule and in the section, there are many yellow-green foci up to 0.2 cm in size. Your preliminary diagnosis. 116. Name the benign neuroectodermal tumors:astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, choroidal papilloma, ganglioneuroma 117. What is a breast cancer called:intraductal papilloma, intraductal papilloma /Paget tumor/ 118. When a bronchial tumor was examined histologically, it was found that it was formed from cellular formations of atypical cells of multi-layered squamous epithelium, characteristic \"pearls\" in some places. Your diagnosis:Squamous cell carcinoma 119. A tumor was removed from the back. Macroscopic: round shape, clear border, soft consistency, yellow in section. Histological: formed by highly differentiated fat cells, which form contributions of various shapes and sizes. Your diagnosis:Lipoma 120. In the region of the cerebellum, a tumor of soft consistency, gray-pink color, penetrating the soft brain layer is detected. Histologically, the tumor consists of oval cells with little cytoplasm. The cells are wrapped around the center of the array. Your diagnosis?Medulloblastoma 121. In the histological examination, it was found that the skin cancer is characterized by mature cells of the connective tissue with fibroblasts, fibrocytes and many collagen fibers. Cell nuclei are parallel to each other. Bundles of collagen fibers of uneven size are mixed with each other and then arranged parallel. The veins are unevenly arranged. Your diagnosis:Dermatofibroma 122. A tumor of connective tissue mixed with nerve cells:neurofibroma 123. The patient died of kidney failure. Autopsy revealed the following changes in the kidney: the size of the organ was sharply reduced, the surface was smooth. On the surface and in the section of the organ, there is an \"oily appearance\", the consistency is dense. The border of cortex and medulla is not defined. What pathological process has developed in the kidney? 124. Show mesenchymal cancer:Fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, limangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, 125. Characteristic sign of capillary hemangioma:\ - located in the skin, in the creamy membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, in the liver