Introduction to Health Informatics PDF

INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH INFORMATICS PRINCIPLES OF DATA MANAGEMENT Health Informatics Data - Application of the methodologies - Basic, unprocessed information and techniques of information...

INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH INFORMATICS PRINCIPLES OF DATA MANAGEMENT Health Informatics Data - Application of the methodologies - Basic, unprocessed information and techniques of information (numbers, symbols, text, images) science, computing, networking, and - Unorganized and no meanings communications to support health - Becomes useful and meaningful (WHO) when analyzed - Field that concerns itself with the Categories: cognitive, information processing 1. Quantitative Data - item’s weight, and communication tools of volume, cost (numerically) medical practice, education and 2. Qualitative Data - abstract. research including the information descriptive but non-numerical science and the technology to (name/sex) support these tasks (Edward H. Shortliffe) Information - Uses information to improve health - Raw data is processed, organized, care interpreted, and structured - Applies technology and - Transforms basic data into a form information to enhance healthcare that is easy to understand and delivery (interdisciplinary field) useful Not a new concept: - Clear and meaningful output helps International Classification of guide decisions, strategies, and Diseases was initiated in 1893 actions Clinical guidelines: decades before the appearance of computers Data Information Hospital information before the 70s - raw and unstructured - provides context and Information Technology - customer interaction insights - IT in hospitals is not HI or transaction logs - trend analysis that - Hardware and software - abundant and readily shows increasing - HI helps IT works appropriately available customer satisfaction - overwhelming without sales Who are involved in HI? interpretation - curated and ➔ Clinical Staff - physicians, nurses, actionable allied health professionals - strategic insights ➔ Non-clinical staff - administrative personnel, quality assurance team, Healthcare Data coders - Information collected from patient ➔ Information science - data analyst, (diagnoses, medications, treatment health IT specialist plans, test results) ➔ External Players - policy makers, - Stored digitally for personalized insurance companies, technology healthcare and improved vendors patient-doctor communication Formats of Healthcare Data: 1. Structured Data - information that is ➔ Health Surveys - collect data on collected and stored in an chronic conditions. organized (standardized way) - Designed for research and - Allows easy comparison and widely available sharing of data 2. Unstructured Data - free text and ➔ Trials Data - from clinical trials with image data (progress reports, varying levels of access clinical notes, radiology images) - ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO - Most healthcare data is International Clinical Trials stored this way, making it Registry Platform, OpenTrials difficult to consolidate and compare Importance of Health Data ❖ Data Collection - gathering Health Data Management information from various sources - Clinical data management or Health (EHRs, medical devices, lab tests, information management patient-report data) - Collection, storage, analysis of patient data ❖ Data Storage - storing it securely - Demographic details, medical and accessible (databases, data history, treatments, administrative warehouses, cloud storage systems) information - Maintain data integrity, confidentiality, availability Sources of Health Data ➔ Electronic Health Record (EHR) - ❖ Data Integration - combining data digital records created during from various sources to form a medical visits comprehensive and unified view - Patient demographics, - Merging data diagnoses, treatment plan, prescription, lab reports, ❖ Data Quality and Governance - hospital stays, insurance data collected and stored is high - Not accessible to outside quality (rigorous quality checks, researchers cleansing, validation processes) - Establishing approved ➔ Administrative Data - information quality standards and from hospital discharges that may processes be reported to government agencies. - Ensures accuracy, consistency, completeness ➔ Claims Data - billing information from interactions ❖ Data Security and Privacy - implementing robust security ➔ Patient Disease Registries - track measures and adhering to privacy data on chronic conditions regulations (Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, - Health Insurance Portability diabetes, heart disease, asthma) and Accountability Act  (HIPAA) - US and General 1. Enable Informed Decision-Making - Data Protection Regulation medicine combines scientific expertise (GDPR) - UK with clinical institutions with diagnoses - Encryption, access control, often based on a physician’s experience audit and knowledge. Providing healthcare providers with immediate access to peer ❖ Data Analysis and Reporting - insights, facilitating more accurate extracting valuable insights from diagnoses and the development of the healthcare data using various effective treatment plans analytical techniques (data mining, machine learning algorithms, 2. Improves Internal Communications - statistical methods) enable providers to securely share - Predictive analysis can information on patient symptoms, reveal patterns, trends, treatments, and medical histories, while correlations, aiding in clinical maintaining doctor-patient decision-making, population confidentiality. These support secure health management, communication through video calls and research, planning direct messaging. Common Healthcare Inefficiencies: 3. Provide Control And Security - - Repetition of costly medical tests safeguard sensitive patient and hospital due to unavailable records data through SSL encryption, single sign - Manual searches for policies, on, and ISO certification, preventing procedures, and documentation unauthorized access. Automated - Duplicate data entry across various archiving further ensures that providers systems always have access to the most current - Searching through paperwork to information. reconstruct patient histories - Difficulty compiling real-world 4. Can Help Prevent Medical Malpractice data for innovations and - to document procedures, share investments information across teams and location, and provide training resources for providers. Knowledge Management These enhance consistency and - Systematic organization and informed decision-making, reducing the secure storage of information on a risk of medical malpractice. digital platform, increasingly recognized as a key solution for 5. Support A Culture of Continuous hospital information management Learning - share articles, research, and - Enables users to efficiently access other information, and engage in relevant data, share information discussions. Allows users to share, internally and collaborate with comment, like, and tag colleagues, fostering peers collaborative learning and knowledge exchange. Benefits of Knowledge Management: 6. Help Healthcare Organizations Keep ❖ Attitudinal Behavior - hostile Up With Changes In Regulations and attitude of staff and physicians Technology - staying current with towards KMS evolving industry regulations and E-HEALTH technological advancements, such as privacy laws and new medical E-health technologies. Enabling the centralized - Use of information and sharing of policy updates and the communications technology to management of critical documentation. support health and health-related fields (WHO) 7. Enable Healthcare Digital Information - - Broad spectrum of applications, digital transformation extends beyond including mobile health (m-Health), transitioning to paperless records; and telehealth, and serves as a fundamental shift in how employees foundational element in modern interact and manage their time. Enhances healthcare collaboration and provides interactive features that can boost team morale and M-health organizational cohesion. - Use of mobile wireless technologies for health 8. Provide Insightful User Analytics - it is crucial to ensure that employees are Digital Health actively using it. In-app analytics offer - Broad umbrella term valuable insights by revealing user encompassing e-health, as well as adoption rates, identifying the most valuable emerging areas, such as the use of content, and highlighting key influencers advanced computing sciences in within the organization big data, genomics, and artificial intelligence Implementation Challenges of Knowledgement Management: Telehealth ❖ Leadership - Should be supported - Use of telecommunications and and driven by the leadership team virtual technology to deliver ❖ Organizational Culture - friction at healthcare outside of traditional the cultural level healthcare facilities ❖ Lack of Organization Structure - depends on a well-defined Domains of E-Health organizational structure that helps P-health (personalized) employees understand their roles M-health in sharing and using knowledge. Mobile Apps Without this, employees may be Telemedicine unclear about their Clinical Information systems responsibilities, leading to failure Electronic Health Records of knowledge management E-prescribing initiatives. Integrated networks ❖ Limited technological Big Data infrastructure Barriers to the implementation of remote locations for more coordinated, E-health: efficient care - Lack of awareness of and - Enhanced decision support, confidence in e-health solutions clinical alerts, reminders, and among patients, citizens, healthcare medical information professionals - Performance-improving tools, - Limited large-scale evidence of real-time quality reporting the cost-effectiveness of e-health - Legible, complete documentation tools and services that facilitates accurate coding and - Lack of legal clarity for health and billing well-being mobile applications and - Interfaces with labs, registries, and the lack of transparency regarding other EHRs the utilization of data collected by - Safer, more reliable prescribing such applications - Inadequate or fragmented legal 2. Increased Patient Participation - create framework including the lack of an avenue for communication with their reimbursement schemes for patients. e-Health services - Providers can manage appointment - High start-up costs involved in schedules electronically and setting up e-Health systems exchange email with their patients. - Regional differences in accessing - Quick and easy communication ICT services, limited access in may help providers identify deprived areas. symptoms earlier - Can position providers to be more Electronic Health Record (EHR) proactive by reaching out to - Digital version of a patient’s paper patients. chart. Real-time, patient-centered - Provide information to their patients records that make information through patient portals tied into available instantly and securely to their EHR system authorized users - Contain a patient’s medical 3. Improved Care Coordination - better history, diagnoses, medications, availability of patient information can treatment plans, immunization dates, reduce medical errors and unnecessary allergies, radiology images, lab and tests test results - Can reduce the chance that one - Allow access to evidence-based specialist will not know about an tools that providers can use to make unrelated but relevant cognition decisions about a patient’s-care being managed by another specialist - Automate and streamline provider workflow 4. Improved Diagnostics and Patient Outcomes - Can reduce errors, improve Impact of EHR on Patient Care: patient safety, and support better patient 1. Improved Patient Care - Quick access outcomes. to patient records from inpatient and - Risk Management and Liability Prevention 5. Practice Efficiencies and Cost Savings - reduced transcription costs, chart pull, storage, and re-filling costs - Improved documentation and automated coding capabilities - Reduced medical errors through better access to patient data and error prevention alerts - Improved patient health/quality of care through better disease management and patient education