PRELIMS - RPH.pdf

History PRELIMS - READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Today's Lesson Meaning & relevance of History. Distinction of Primary & Secondary sources. External and internal criticism. Repositories if primary sources. Different kinds of primary sources.  HISTORY...

History PRELIMS - READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Today's Lesson Meaning & relevance of History. Distinction of Primary & Secondary sources. External and internal criticism. Repositories if primary sources. Different kinds of primary sources.  HISTORY It is derived from It is the account of the Greek word History is defined as the past of a "historia" or person or group of "knowledge the study of people through acquired through life in society written inquiry or in the past. documents and historical evidence. investigation  RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 1. HISTORY HELPS US UNDERSTAND PEOPLE AND SOCIETIES - Understanding the culture of a particular race is difficult without looking back at its history. 2. HISTORY CONTRIBUTES TO MORAL UNDERSTANDING - Studying the struggles of past heroes or people who defied adversities can serve as inspiration. 3. HISTORY PROVIDES IDENTITY - Historical data include evidence about how families, races, institutions, and countries were formed and how they evolved while retaining cohesion.  RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 4. STUDYING HISTORY IS ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD CITIZEN - Knowing where your ancestors came from and their struggles for freedom is a source of pride for any individual. 5. HISTORY IS USEFUL IN THE WORLD OF WORK - History helps create good business people, professionals, and political leaders. DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES Primary Secondary sources sources Secondary sources refer Primary sources are to interpretations of original materials that information found in offer direct evidence of an event. Both are primary sources. These sources are sources of Usually created after typically created at the information the events in question, time of the event and secondary sources are are directly associated normally made by with the individuals researchers or who experienced the analysts who did not event. directly experience the event.  EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES Primary sources Secondary sources Paintings made by Research Papers made well-known artist by researchers Novels written by Encyclopedias written well-known writers by historians Fossilized bones of extinct Textbooks written by creatures historians  EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM EXTERNAL CRITICISM Also known as “lower criticism” , is a tool used by historian to determine the validity of a document particularly on a document that holds historical significant. Practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics.  EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM Questions that the historians will ask will be: 1.Is the document authentic? 2.Who wrote the document? 3.When was the document written? 4.Where was it written?  EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM INTERNAL CRITICISM Also known as “higher criticism” looks at the content of the course and examine the circumstances of its production, truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author, source, context, agenda behind its creation and its intended purpose. The historians should acknowledge and analyze how ideas such ideas could be manipulated and used as a propaganda.  EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM Questions that the historians will ask will be: 1.Why was the document written? 2.What is the document implying? 3.What is the literal meaning? 4.How was the author related to the subject in the writing? 5.Is the author an eye witness or just the secondary source? RELEVANCE OF EXTERNAL & INTERNAL CRITICISM Internal and external criticism is important because it leads us to the truth and debunks which are genuine and which are fake. It uncovers the manipulation, spurious material, forgeries and other malpractice. It seeks for the meaning of the past. It let us see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory, remembering historical understanding for both the present and the future. What is so called REPOSITORIES? Generally, it is a place, building, or receptacle where things are or may be stored. In history, it is also place in which something, resources, data, information, has accumulated or where it is found in significant quantities  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 1. THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE PHILIPPINES is an agency of the Republic of the Philippines mandated to collect, store, preserve and make available archival records of the Government and other primary sources pertaining to the history and development of the country. (Founded: 2007)  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 2. THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF THE PHILIPPINES is the official national library of the Philippin e s. T h e c o m ple x i s located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M. Kalaw Avenue, neighbouring culturally significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political History and the National Historical Commission.  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 3.The National Historical Commission of the Philippines is a government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works."  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 4. The Na t io na l M use um o f F ine Ar t s (Filipino Pambansang Museo ng Sining) formerly known as the National Art Gallery, is an art museum in Manila, Philippines. It is located on Padre Burgos Avenue across from the National Museum of Anthropology in the eastern side of Rizal Park. The museum, owned and operated by the National Museum of the Philippines, was founded in 1998 and houses a collection of paintings and sculptures by classical Filipino artists such as Juan Luna, Félix Resurrección Hidalgo and Guillermo Tolentino.  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 5. The National Museum of Natural History is the national natural history m u s e u m o f t h e Philippines. It is along Argifina Circle in Rizal Park Manila.  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 6.THE NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY MUSEUM Formerly known as the museum of Filipino people, is a component museum of the National Museum of the Philippines which houses Ethnological and Archaeological exhibitions.  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 7. The University Library, UP Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. The University Library Dliman encompasses one Main Library and 29 College/Unit Libraries. It is mandated to be the information resource center of excellence in the social, natural, and applied sciences, as well as in the humanities. it envisions global information exchange throughout the UP library System. If strives for full automation. a world-class collection and a staff of thoroughly modem information professionals.  HERE ARE SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES 8. Rizal Library Ateneo 9. DLSU Library De 10. DLSU Library Manila  DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES 1. Original documents such as letters, diaries, manuscripts, official documents, maps, pictures, and original film footage. Examples: the original Constitution of the United States, an original treaty between two states, diaries of travelers who document their journeys and experiences on the road, maps of cities, or first-hand descriptions of battles. 2.Relics and artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery shards, remains of buildings, clothing, and statues. 3.Literature, poetry, drama, music, drawings, and other kinds of art; such as Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, cave paintings, poetry written by courtiers or bards.  DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES 4. Articles- First-hand newspaper and magazine accounts of events 5. Dato- Statistics surveys, opinion polls 6. Internet sources - Email, text messages tweets and web pages of primary source materials  Public Record Literary or Personal papers cultural sources: Census records Church or Journals novels, plays, Synagogue Diaries poems (both records Correspondence/ published and in Divorce records letters manuscript form) Education records television shows, Land and Title movies, or videos records paintings or Military records photographs  Accounts that Finding describe events, information about Finding organizations: people, or ideas: Information newspapers about people: archives (sometimes held by chronicles or libraries, historical census records institutions, or accounts obituaries historical societies) essays and newspaper search Library speeches articles Catalog Search or memoirs, diaries, biographies WorldCat using the and letters name of the philosophical organization as an treatises or author manifestos  Finding information about a place: maps and atlases census information statistics photographs city directories the local library or historical society  Today's Lesson W3-4 Content and contextual analysis of selected primary sources. Identification of the historical importance of the text. Examination of the author's main argument and point of view.  Content and contextual analysis of selected primary sources.  Purpose of Analysis It helps understand how events in the past made things the way they are today. It helps to understand the social, cultural, political, and economic conditions that shaped past events, ideas, and behaviors. It is to investigate the origin of text or source in order to understand the word behind the text and to discover the text primitive or original historical context and its literal sense. It looks for obvious signs of forgery or misinterpretation which will help to test the authenticity of the sources.  Contextual Analysis It involves examining the circumstances, environment, and conditions that surround a particular content to better understand it's meaning or significance. It considers historical background, cultural settings, social conditions, political environment, and the purpose of the subject being analyzed.  Methods in doing Historical Analysis  1. Select a primary resources Where can I find these sources (e.g., archives, libraries, online databases)? Why do you choose the specific primary resources for analysis? What is the historical, cultural, or academic significance of the resources?  2. Content Analysis a.Identify an idea, topic, or research question b.Conduct a background c. Evaluate the Sources ⚬ What specific topic or issue literature review ⚬ How reliable and credible are the am I interested in exploring? ⚬ What are the key books, sources I’m reviewing? ⚬ What is the time period or ⚬ Are there any gaps or limitations in articles, and scholarly the existing literature that my event I want to focus on works related to my topic? ⚬ Why is this topic important to research could address? ⚬ What are the major ⚬ How recent are the studies, and do study? debates or discussions in they reflect the most current ⚬ What gaps in historical the literature surrounding thinking in the field? knowledge or understanding my topic? am I aiming to fill? d. Synthesize the Information e. Relate the Literature to research ⚬ What are the common themes or ⚬ How does existing literature finding across the literature? support or challenge my research ⚬ How do the different sources question or hypothesis? complement or contradict each other? ⚬ What insights from the literature ⚬ How do es t h e hi s t ori ca con t e x t can help refine my research provided in these sources help to approach or methodology? inform my analysis? ⚬ Are there any historical interpretations or perspectives that is should consider in my analysis?  3. Contextual Analysis b. Discover the Historical Background a. Learn about the Author ⚬ What was the political situation when the object ⚬ When and where was the was created? person born? ⚬ What were the key historical events at ⚬ What was their life like? Did that time? ⚬ What was the economic situation in those they have special education or years in that country? training? ⚬ Was religion important to the people of ⚬ What were their values and that time? beliefs? ⚬ Which art forms were popular at that time? ⚬ Who or what inspired the creator? ⚬ What were their impressions of the work they created?  d. Explore the Audience’s Reaction c. Detect the Style ⚬ Was the artwork famous when it was ⚬ What are the striking features created? ⚬ What was the first public impression of the form, colors, and when it appeared? Did it change? composition? ⚬ What characteristics do critics ⚬ How does this style differ from highlight? other artworks of that time? ⚬ Does the object have any rewards or ⚬ Does this style involve any prizes? cultural or religious symbolism? ⚬ Were any other artworks inspired by ⚬ Does this style belong to any art the one you analyzed? movement? ⚬ What other artists created in the same manner?  4. Conclusion What are the main findings from the content and contextual analysis? What is the significance of the analysis and how it contributes to the broader understanding of the subject? What are the recommendations for further analysis or related areas to study? What is the relevance of the analysis to the present time?  Identification of the Historical Importance of the text What is Historical Historical Significance? Significance is the process used to evaluate what was significant about selected events, people, and developments in the past. So how do we make choices about what is worth remembering?  Criteria on Assessing Historical Significance of Sources 2. Resonance 1. Relevant 3. Remarkable Who were/have been affected by the event? Is something still Was the event relevant to Why was itimportant remarked on by present live even to them? How were people at the time if it had only a people's lives affected? or since Do people like to passing makeanalogies with it? importance?  Criteria on Assessing Historical Significance of Sources 4. Remembered 6.Resulting Change Was the 5. Revealing event/developme Does it have Does it reveal some nt important at aspects of the past? consequences for some stage within the future? the collective memory of a group or groups?  Criteria on Assessing Historical Significance of Sources 9. Profundity 7. Durability 8. Quantity How many people Was the event For how long were affected? Did superficial or have people's lives the event affect many. deeply affecting? been affected? A everyone, or just a few? How deeply A whole barrio, a town, people's lives were day, a week, a affected? How a province, a country, year, or all their or the entire race? were people's lives lives? affected?  What is Historical Text? It informs the readers about key events and important people from the past. For example: nonfiction history books, autobiographies, biographies, diaries and past newspaper.  Issues on Assessing Historical Significance Historical significance is Our view about relative and varies historical History is from location to significance are written by a location, victor. generation or often shaped by sometimes to contemporary ideological context. orientation. Examination of the Author's Main Argument and Point of View  Definition of Main Argument and Point of View Analyzing an author's supporting arguments, logic, and any biases critically is crucial when evaluating their key points and point of view. This can assist in evaluating the reliability and validity of their position and argument. Main argument pertains to the A writer's point of view is their central proposition or stance perspective on a specific person or that the writer is attempting to problem that has developed over support or convince the time as a result of their audience of. experiences, motivations, beliefs, origin, age, gender, social standing, and ideology.  Determining the Author’s Purpose The Author’s purpose is the REASON the sources was created. 1. Persuasion - To convince the reader to accept a particular position or take a specific action. 2. Informing - To provide the reader with information, data, or insight on a particular subject. 3. Explaining - To clarify complex concepts or processes for better understanding. 4. Analyzing - To examine and interpret information, often to uncover deeper meanings or to evaluate different perspectives.  Determining the Author’s Purpose The Author’s purpose is the REASON the sources was created. 5. Entertaining - To engage or amuse the reader through storytelling, humor, or creative expression. 6. Critiquing - To evaluate and critique existing ideas, works, or arguments. 7. Advocation - To champion a cause or promote social change. 8. Reflecting - To offer personal insights or reflections on experiences and observations. Analyzing an Author’s Argument and Point of View 1. Examine Supporting Arguments Find the key points and evidence the author presents to back up their main argument. This might include data, examples, anecdotes, or expert opinions. Also, check the credibility of the sources cited and Analyzing an Author’s Argument and Point of View 2. Analyze Logical Structure Ensure that the argument follows a consistent line of reasoning without logical fallacies and look for distractions that divert attention from the main argument. Analyzing an Author’s Argument and Point of View 3. Detect Biases Analyze whether the author selectively presents evidence that supports their viewpoint while ignoring contradictory evidence. A balanced argument should consider multiple perspectives. Analyzing an Author’s Argument and Point of View 4. Reliability and Validity Look at other sources discussing similar policies. Are the results consistent? Ensure the paper’s conclusions are logically derived from the presented evidence. Thank you!