[PRELIMS] Computer Application.pdf

INTRODUCTION COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz WHY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUABLE SHOULD ADOPT COMPUTER INFORMATION APPLICATIONS?...

INTRODUCTION COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz WHY BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUABLE SHOULD ADOPT COMPUTER INFORMATION APPLICATIONS? 1. Accessible Most organizations deal with digital ○ Information should be easily information. accessible by authorized Need for digital tools. users so they can obtain it in Information systems can cut costs the right format and at the and increase profits. right time to meet their needs. INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS) 2. Accurate ○ Error free. Set of interrelated components: ○ Inaccurate information is collect, manipulate, store, and generated because disseminate data and information. inaccurate data is fed into the Provides feedback to meet an transformation process. objective. ○ Garbage in, Garbage out. 3. Complete INFORMATION CONCEPTS ○ Contains all important facts. Data ○ Ex: investment reports that ○ Raw facts do not include all important ○ Alphanumeric, image, audio, costs are not complete. and video 4. Economical Information ○ Should be relatively ○ Collection of facts organized economical to produce. in such a way that they have ○ Decision makers must additional value beyond the always balance the value of value of the facts information with the cost of themselves. producing it. Knowledge 5. Flexible ○ Can be used for a variety of purposes. ○ Ex: Information on how much inventory is on hand for a particular part can be used by a sales representative in closing a sale. 6. Relevant ○ Information showing that lumber prices might drop might not be relevant to a computer chip manufacturer. 7. Reliable ○ Can be depended on. ○ Depends on the reliability of the data-collection method. ○ Depends on the source of the information. 8. Secure ○ Should be secure from access by unauthorized users. 9. Simple ○ Should be simple, not overly complex. ○ Sophisticated and detailed information might not be needed. ○ Too much information can cause information overload. 10. Timely ○ Delivered when it is needed. 11. Verifiable ○ You can check it to make sure it is correct, perhaps by checking many sources for the same information. VALUE OF INFORMATION Directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their organization’s goals. Value of information might be measured in: ○ Time required to make a decision. ○ Increased profits to the company. COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION HARDWARE COMPONENTS SYSTEM (CBIS) Central processing unit (CPU) Single set of hardware, software, Primary memory: holds program databases, telecommunications, instructions and data for processing. people, and procedures configured Secondary storage: more permanent to collect, manipulate, store, and storage. process data into information. Input and output devices. Components: Communication devices. ○ Hardware Computer equipment CPU AND COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE used to perform input, processing, and 32 bits output activities. 64 bits Can improve productivity, increase MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS AND revenue, reduce FUNCTIONS: TYPE OF MEMORY costs, and provide 1. Random Access Memory (RAM) better service. Temporary Managers are Volatile expected to know 2. Read-only memory (ROM) about hardware: Usually nonvolatile Help define business needs. MULTIPROCESSING Ask questions Simultaneous execution of two or and evaluate more instructions. options when Multicore Microprocessor buying ○ Shares workload among two equipment. or more independent processors in a single COMPUTER SYSTEMS: INTEGRATING computer. THE POWER OF TECHNOLOGY Parallel Processing ○ Links several processors to Choosing the right computer operate at the same time, or hardware requires understanding its in parallel. relationship to the information Grid Computing system and needs of the ○ Collection of computers organization. working to solve a common Hardware objectives are subordinate problem. to, but supportive of, the information system and the current and future needs of the organization. SECONDARY STORAGE AND INPUT AND INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES Personal Computer ○ Keyboard, mouse SECONDARY STORAGE Speech-recognition Technology ○ Recognize human speech Permanent storage. Digital Cameras Nonvolatile. ○ Used with PC to record/store Greater capacity and greater images in digital form. economy than memory. Touch-sensitive Screens ○ Allow display screens to act 1. Solid State Drive as input devices as well as Fast access. output. No moving part. ○ Ex: Smartphone screens Works like a portable flash Bar-code Scanners drive. ○ Employs a laser scanner to 2. RAID read a bar-coded label. Redundant Array of Pen Input Devices Independent Disks ○ Activate a command, enter Stores extra bits so that data handwritten notes, and draw can be reconstructed if the objects. system fails. Radio Frequency Identification Common for servers. (RFID) 3. SAN ○ Employs a microchip with an Storage Area Network antenna to broadcast its Provides high-speed unique identifier and location connections between data to a receiver. storage devices and Biometrics computers over a network. Uses fiber optic for data transmission. OUTPUT DEVICES For multiple servers. Display Monitors (CRTS) 4. Optical disks ○ Output quality measured by Direct access optical disc. number of pixels and dot CD-ROM pitch. 5. Digital video disk Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) Stores several gigabytes of ○ Easier on eyes, use less data. electricity, take up less space 6. Blu-ray than CRTs. Stores 5 times more than Light-emitting Diode DVD. ○ Emits light. 7. Flash memory Nonvolatile silicon computer chip.  Printer and Plotters: Hard Copy LAPTOP BUYING TIPS Output ○ Printers: laser, inkjet Verify it has no physical damage by ○ Plotters: used for general inspecting the ports. design work. What to look for? ○ Battery usage ○ Display WIRED DEVICE CONNECTORS ○ Drives VGA Cable ○ Hard Drive HDMI Cable ○ Locks Ethernet Cable ○ Memory Audio Cable ○ Modem USB Cable ○ Network Card ○ Processor ○ Sound Card COMMON SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS CONNECTIONS ○ Weight ○ Video Card Bluetooth ○ Service Infrared ○ Upgrade ○ Warranty DESKTOP BUYING TIPS Verify it has no physical damage by inspecting the ports. What to look for? ○ Case ○ CD Media ○ Hard Drive ○ Memory ○ Network Card ○ Processor ○ Sound card ○ Video card ○ Return ○ Service ○ Upgrade ○ Warranty SOFTWARE COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz Different types of systems software COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS include: ○ Operating Systems Components: ○ Utility Programs ○ Software Computer programs that govern the OPERATING SYSTEMS operation of the Programs that control the hardware computer. and interface with applications. Common hardware functions: OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE ○ Get input ○ Retrieve data from disks and 1. Computer Programs store data on disks. Sequences of instructions for ○ Display information on a the computer. monitor or printer. 2. Documentation ○ Manage system memory. Describes program functions. Combinations of OSs, computers, 3. Systems Software and users: Coordinates the activities of ○ Single computer with a single hardware and programs. user. 4. Application Software ○ Single computer with multiple Helps users solve particular users (thin-client). programs. ○ Multiple computers. ○ Special-purpose computers. MANAGERS SHOULD… Activities performed by the operating Be able to evaluate the software system: intelligently (because software is a ○ Manage processing tasks. cost). ○ Provide networking All needed features should work capability. (value for money). ○ Control access to system Benchmark (do research) resources (file and printer Ask for a trial version before sharing). purchase. ○ Manage files. Microsoft PC Operating Systems ○ Windows 7, 10, 11 SYSTEM SOFTWARE Apple Operating Systems Controlling operations of computer ○ Mac OS X Leopard, Mac OS hardware is one of the most critical X Tiger, Mac OS X Panther, functions of systems software. Mac OS X Jaguar Also supports application programs’ Linux problem-solving capabilities. ○ Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991  ○ Open-source product PERSONAL APPLICATION SOFTWARE ○ Several distributions available with 1. Software Suite capabilities/applications that Collection of single form a complete OS. application programs Red Hat Linux, packaged in a bundle. Caldera OpenLinux, Ex: Microsoft Office (most Ubuntu, Fedora popular general-purpose software suite), Libre Office, Google Suite WORKGROUP OPERATING SYSTEMS 2. Workgroup Application Software Windows Server Support teamwork, whether Mac OS X Server people are in the same Linux location or dispersed around the world. 3. Groupware OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR SMALL COMPUTERS, EMBEDDED COMPUTERS, Software that helps groups of AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE DEVICES people work together more efficiently and effectively. Windows Mobile Ex: BB Collab, Zoom, Google Android Meet, MS Teams iOS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES APPLICATION SOFTWARE Sets of keywords, symbols, and a Give users the ability to solve system of rules for constructing problems and perform specific tasks. statements. Interact with systems software; Allow humans to communicate systems software then directs the instructions to be executed by a hardware to perform tasks. computer. Syntax TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF ○ Set of rules associated with a APPLICATION SOFTWARE programming language. 1. Off-the-shelf Software Different languages have Existing software program characteristics that make them that can be purchased. appropriate for particular types of Ex: MYOB, Microsoft applications. Dynamics, Quickbooks Ex: PHP, JAVA, Phyton 2. Customized Package PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Software bugs Copyrights, licenses Software upgrades Global software support DATABASE TELECOMS COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz that describes an aspect of a business object or activity. COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS Record ○ Collection of related data Components: fields. ○ Database Table Organized collection ○ Collection of related records. of facts and Database information. ○ Collection of integrated and ○ Telecommunications related files. Electronic transmission of signals for MANIPULATING DATA AND GENERATING communications. REPORTS ○ Networks Structured Query Language (SQL) Connect computers ○ Standard query language for and equipment in a relational databases. building, around the country, and around POPULAR DATABASE MANAGEMENT the world. SYSTEMS ○ Internet Popular DBMSs for end users: World’s largest Microsoft Access computer network. Entire market includes databases by ○ People IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Manage, run, Server program, and Examples of open-source database maintain the system. systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL ○ Procedures strategies, policies, methods, and rules SELECTING A DATABASE MANAGEMENT for using a CBIS. SYSTEM Important characteristics of WHY LEARN ABOUT DATABASE databases to consider: SYSTEMS? ○ Size of the database ○ Cost of the system Database ○ Number of concurrent users ○ An organized collection of ○ Performance data. ○ Ability to be integrated with other systems HIERARCHY OF DATA ○ Vendor considerations Field ○ Typically a name, number, or combination of characters  TELECOMS AND INTERNET SP (Internet Service Provider) ○ PLDT, Globe, Converge, Starlink, etc. Device (Modem: wifi and wired capable) Bandwidth (transmission capacity) Internet Packages ○ CIR, Burstable TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTIONS Fiber ○ Fastest widely available internet technology. ○ Uses fiber-optic cables. Cable ○ Uses the same types of cables that transmit cable TV services. DSL ○ Digital Subscriber Line ○ Uses a connection that looks similar to a phone line. Satellite ○ Delivered wirelessly to the receiver. Dial-up ○ Slowest connection technology because it can’t support broadband and thus the limited bandwidth. MEASURING INTERNET SPEED Online internet speed test Ping IMPLEMENTING INTERNET-BASED APPLICATIONS Application / Information System Internet Connection Host (Server) Domain (Internet ID) BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM Most common types of information Organized collection of people, systems used in business procedures, software, databases, organizations. and devices used to record ○ Electronic and mobile completed business transactions. commerce systems. ○ Transaction processing ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING systems. ○ Management information Integrated programs capable of systems. managing a company’s vital ○ Decision support systems. business operations for an entire ○ Specialized business multisite organization information systems. Coordinate planning, inventory control, production, and ordering Ex. SAP, Oracle, Netsuite, Microsoft ELECTRONIC AND MOBILE COMMERCE Dynamics, etc E-Commerce ○ Any business transaction MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS executed electronically between parties. Organized collection of people, Companies (B2B) procedures, software, databases, Companies and and devices. consumers (B2C) Provides routine information to Consumers and other managers/decision makers. consumers (C2C) Primary focus is operational Companies and the efficiency. public sector Consumers and the DEVICE SUPPORT SYSTEMS public sector Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS and devices. Supports problem-specific decision making. TRANSACTION Focus is on decision-making Business-related exchange. effectiveness. ○ Payments to employees ○ Sales to customers ○ Payments to supplier SPECIALIZED BUSINESS INFORMATION VIRTUAL REALITY SYSTEMS Simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS experienced visually in three dimensions. An organized collection of people, Immersive virtual reality procedures, software, databases, Applications that are not fully and devices to create, store, share, immersive. and use the organization’s Can be a powerful medium for knowledge and experience. communication, entertainment, and learning. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence. EXPERT SYSTEMS Give the computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular field. Allow organizations to capture and use the wisdom of experts and specialists. The knowledge base contains the collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT COMPUTER APPLICATION COM509 | Prof. Jun Grimaldo | Prelims @fleurainz SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, MAINTENANCE AND REVIEW Creating or modifying existing business systems. Systems development can be: SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION ○ Performed in-house Creating or acquiring the various ○ Outsourced system components defined in the To improve results of a systems design step, assembling them, and development project, it is divided putting the new system into into several steps. operation. Could be done in parallel or SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION AND cut-throat). ANALYSIS SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE AND REVIEW SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION Check and modify the system so Gain understanding of the problem that it continues to meet changing to be solved or opportunity to be business needs. addressed. ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS SYSTEMS Defines problems and opportunities of the existing system. ORGANIZATION Collection of people and other SYSTEMS DESIGN resources established to accomplish How the new system will work to a set of goals. meet the business needs defined An organization is a system. during systems analysis. This ○ Inputs: resources includes system construction ○ Outputs: goods or services (programming) and system test (functional or stress test). VALUE CHAIN Series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service.  UPSTREAM MANAGEMENT GLOBAL CHALLENGES IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS Management of raw materials, inbound logistics, and warehouse Cultural challenges and storage facilities. Language challenges Time and distance challenges Infrastructure challenges DOWNSTREAM MANAGEMENT Currency challenges Management of finished product Product and service challenges storage, outbound logistics, Technology transfer issues marketing and sales, and customer State, regional, and national laws service. Trade agreements FACTORS THAT LEAD FIRMS TO SEEK COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Five-forces model identifies key factors: ○ Rivalry among existing competitors ○ Threat of new entrants ○ Threat of substitute products and services ○ Bargaining power of buyers ○ Bargaining power of suppliers RISK Managers must consider the risks of designing, developing, and implementing new or modified information systems. Information system may be a failure. Costs of development and implementation can be greater than the returns from the new system.