Prelim Lecture Notes PDF

1|Page c. Knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice GEC 1 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Socratic Method:...

1|Page c. Knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice GEC 1 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Socratic Method: a. Question Everything Course Description: -identify and defend your position, respond to all answers Deals with the nature of identity also intended to facilitate with a further question the exploration of the issues concerns regarding self and individuality to arrive at a better understanding of one’s self. b. Inductive Method 1.Ironic – the first step in the world of achieving It strives to meet this goal by stressing the integration of the personal with the academic- contextualizing matters knowledge of self which is called the Confession of discussed in the classroom and in the everyday Ignorance experiences of students making for better learning. 2. Maieutic – “bringing to birth” of ideas and judgment of the mind. Course Outline: I. The Self in Various Perspective Theories of Socrates: a. Philosophy a. Man is a being who thinks and will, man for him is a b. Psychology soul. Body is only a prison cell. Man as soul c. Sociology should be nurtured properly. d. Anthropology b. The quality of a person lies on his effort to nourish II. Unpacking Self by acquiring knowledge of knowing the truth about a. Physical Self and Digital Self good life. b. Sexual Self c. Spiritual Self PLATO believed that the soul is in the human body. III. Managing Stress a. rational part is the head b. the spirit is in the upper part of the body THE SELF IN VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE c. the appetite is in the central part of the body /heart. A. PHILOSPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Philosophies: 1. Knowledge is not only sense perception. I. Pre-Socratic Time 2. Virtue is knowledge and the source is concrete and practical knowledge. THALES stated that world stuff is made up of water. “A man must know what is good so that he may do good.” ANAXIMENES believed that Man is a being that 3. Four cardinal virtues: wisdom, courage, temperance has evolved from animals which is lower than and justice. his. he denied the abstractive power of the human mind or PYTHAGORAS expressed that the essence of all things intellect. “To know is to remember “ are numbers and expressed in harmony. ST. AUGUSTINE His search for knowledge of soul and PROTAGORA for him, everything is in the state of SELF is a search into the mystery of the self who is a soul. becoming. Philosophy of Existential- Human has personal HERACLITUS stated that world stuff is a kind of fire, freedom, individual responsibility and have infinite, alive, intelligent. deliberate choice which are essential to the pursuit of self-discovery and the determination of life’s ELEATICS, these group of people believed that There was meaning. really no change; all change is illusions. All is; nothing becomes. Believed that the presence of goodness allows evil to exist, through the fault of humans. II. Greek Philosophies Evil is the result of free will and sin corrupts humans, SOCRATES believed that: requiring God’s grace to give moral guidance. a. Man should Know Thyself, b. Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness  Prepared by: Kristine Chua Manzanares, PhD College of Liberal Arts and Education, DCLC 2|Page B. SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWS This theoretical perspective agree that ST. THOMAS AQUINAS believed that: socialization is needed if cultural and societal values are to be learned: Our awareness of ourselves is triggered and shape 1. Functionalism stresses the ways in which by our experiences of objects in our environment. groups work together to create a stable society. Mind is dark and formless; but in the moment of 2. The Conflict perspective views socialization acting, it is “lit up “to itself from the inside and sees as a way of perpetuating the status quo. itself engaged in that act. 3. According to Symbolic interactionism, the self- concept is developed by using other Mind is a mental “putty” that takes it shape when it is people as mirror for learning about ourselves. activated in knowing something. Sociologists believe the self is created and modified through interaction over the course of a lifetime. RENE DESCARTES was known as Father of Modern Rationalism where reason is the chief source of knowledge. SELF is: As a symbol using individual who can reflect He was also known as Father of Enlightenment. His upon his/her own behavior. - Franzoi (1996) Discourse on Method (1637) begins by calling all Our experience of a distinct, real, personal knowledge into question. identity that is separate and different from all He can rationally be sure of only one thing-his own other people. existence and later quoted the Cogito, ergo sum or I think, therefore I am. Self- Concept is a collection of beliefs about one's basic nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. - Weiten and JOHN LOCKE was born in 1963 and was influenced by a dean Lloyd (1997) who introduced him to the idea of religious freedom. In his published writings he expressed views about Identity is composed of interpersonal roles and traits, a freedom of religion and the rights of citizens particular conception of potentiality, and a structure of Through his writings, he argued that: a. people had the gift of values and priorities. - Baumeister (1995) reason or the ability to think. b. Even if a man has the Categories of Identity: ability to think, it does not mean that he is using it. 1.Social Identity c. Others have chosen to live in ignorance, others think 2. Personal Identity very weak, or others are slaves to their emotions 3. Ego, Self, or Felt Identity which they use their brains to understand the laws of nature. CLASSICAL THEORIES OF SELF DAVID HUME expressed that the self is nothing but the a. William James bundle of impressions. Theories on the Self _” a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which The Self as “ I”( the knower) succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are Awareness, current knowledge, subjective in a perceptual flux and movement.” The Self as “ Me” (the known) Objective sense of self GILBERT RYLE believed that: William James defined self-related behavior as self Self is the behavior that a person manifests in his seeking or self- preserving. Ther are three constituent day-to-day life.” selves defined in descending order of importance: Self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but Spiritual Me (values, attitudes) simply the convenient name that people use to Social Me (all relationships) refer to all the behaviors that people make. Material Me (all possessions and your body) The living body, his thoughts, emotions and Multiple selves compete for a limited source (you). experiences are all one. Prepared by: Kristine Chua Manzanares, PhD College of Liberal Arts and Education, DCLC 3|Page C. David Myers b. Charles Cooley According to Myers there are Elements of Self: The Social Self Self can’t be understood in isolation-must be Self studied in interaction with others Self is not an inherent property of human Concept (Who am I?) nature but rather a socially-constructed It was viewed as a product of entity; our sense of self is built upon the life-long experience of seeing ourselves through the eyes of others (looking glass self) experience and as a result of the individual growth process and his personal social adjustment. It involves Looking Glass Self self-reference effect and Charles Cooley also co-founded the interactionist perspective and developed the idea of primary groups. This theory puts a great deal of responsibility on primary group interaction beginning in childhood. The mental self-image that results from taking possible selves as important self-psychological the role of the other, the objective self (me) concept. 3 Step Process to our sense of self: 1. We imagine how we appear to others. 2. Based on other’s reaction to us, we determine whether others view us as we view ourselves. 3. We use our perception of how others see us to develop feelings about ourselves. Self-reference effect, tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself. c. George Herbert Mead Possible selves are images of what people dream or He developed a theory about how the social self dread becoming in the future. develops over the course of childhood. Infants know only the “ I” but through social interaction they learn about “ me” and the “ other”. They develop a concept of the “generalized other”, which allows them to apply norms and behaviors learned in specific situations to new situations. According to Mead, three activities develop the self: 1. Language develops the self by allowing individuals Self-Schema is a belief about the self that organize to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words and sounds. and guides the processing of self-relevant information. 2. Play develops self by allowing individuals to take on It summarizes the personality traits, attitudes, values, different roles, pretend and express expectation of interest and other characteristics that people attribute others. Play develops one’s self-consciousness to themselves. through role-playing. 3. Games develop self by allowing individuals to understand and adhere to the rules of the activity. Self is develope by understanding that there are Social information refers to influence how a person rules in which one must abide by in order to win perceives, think or evaluates in both oneself and others the game or be successful at an activity. Self  Knowledge (How can I explain and predict exhorts symbolic interaction as sociological and social myself?) psychological approach Symbolic Interactionism- plays a vital role to describe self-attitude, motive, gender and emotion and has three basic premises of this perspective: Accepted ways in achieving self-fulfillment and the a. perceived relationship between the self and society. Self Esteem ( My sense of self-worth) Refers to a person’s overall Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meaning they ascribe for those things- meaning b. The self-evaluation or sense of possible meaning of such things is derived from or self-worth. It is totally of self-schemas and possible arises out of the social interaction that one has with selves. others and the society- language. c. These Social Self (My role as a student, meanings family member, are friend, handled my group in, and modified through an identity) interpretative process used by the person in It is dealing with the things he/she encounters- thought He believed that: surrounded by 1. People the person’s social roles, social identities, social are comparisons, successes and failures, social judgment unique-they and the surrounding culture. use symbols. 2. We only d. Herbert Blumer become human through interaction He originally 3. People are conscious/reflexive actors who shape their own behavior. Prepared by: Kristine Chua Manzanares, PhD College of Liberal Arts and Education, DCLC 4|Page (2000) and Myers (1999) considered "Thoughts, feelings and actions as components and/or core features of concept of attitudes” comes from the Latin word aptus. PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWS ON ATTITUDE ATTITUDE Aptus –meaning “fitness” or “adaptedness” It is a favorable or Worchel, et al unfavorable evaluative reactions towards something or  someone. a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something. Cognitive Dissonance Theory- developed by Leon Festinger in 1957, it states that there is a tendency for David individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions Myer (opinions and beliefs) identified the ABC of Attitude Inconsistency =dissonance and is o Affect(feeling)- this involves a characterized by an uncomfortable feeling. person’s feeling or emotion about the attitude object o Behavior(intention)-the way the attitude we have Feeling of dissonance occur when a person’s influences how we act or behave. beliefs differ from their actions. Dissonance can make a o person uncomfortable, and the cognitive dissonance theory of communication states that discomfort motivates individuals to change either their belief or actions to make Cognition(thoughts)- this involves a person’s the two matched. belief or knowledge about an attitude object. Theories on Attitude and Behavior Attitude Importance is the extent which an individual cares about the attitude. 1. Self-interest- the extent to which the Theory of Reasoned Action- it states that the best group attitude affects individual’s life or goal. way to predict whether people will perform some 2. behavior is to know their intention. Social identification- the extent which attitude affects groups with which the person’s identifies. 3. Value Relevance- the extent to which Fazio’s Theory of Attitude-Behavior Relationships the attitude is related to personal values. attitudes are called from memory affects social perceptions as an outcome will also affect such Ways in behavior. Attitudinal Change and Compliance Theory of Planned Behavior- perceived behavioral The belief and attitudes are change via behavioral control influences independently of attitudes and influence techniques. There are psychological techniques and strategies to be employed in order subjective norms. to develop people’s favorable attitude and appropriate behavior.  This technique increases FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR TECHNIQUE the percent of people who If someone will donate money to charities, but agree to a doesn’t lower the amount that is typically given. small request, the individual somehow will be INDUCING more likely to agree to a large GUILT request Making people feel guilty increases compliance. IMAGINE LOW-BALL TECHNIQUE THAT YOU’RE The moment DOING-ME-A an individual is FAVOR committed to People imagine an action, that an event He/she is more will happen, likely to accept slight increase in the cost of they come to believe more action. strongly that the event will actually Pitching an attractive offer and then take place. increasing the price. TOUCHING TECHNIQUE DOOR-IN-THE-FACE Touching Following up an people extravagant when request with a making a reasonable one such that the request subject complies. increases the likelihood that they will comply SUGGESTING ATTRIBUTION This is a technique EVEN-A-PENNY -WILL HELP using By legitimizing tiny contributions, you do two suggesting attributions by giving things: favorable explanation of a behavior. a. You invalidate the thought that someone “can’t really afford to MAKING-IT-A-GAME give”. b. You make people feel OK about Involves turning an activity into a game giving what they can. Prepared by: Kristine Chua Manzanares, PhD College of Liberal Arts and Education, DCLC 5|Page Allan Watts “World’s Two Great Myths of the Self” a. The WEST – CULTURAL VARIATIONS: EASTERN & WESTERN world as an artifact, wherein there is a clear distinction between the creator and the created. (Hebraism,  Christianity, Islam) b. Respect family and b. In older generations East- c. Act in morally correct world way as a d. Educate individuals drama, and society. in which all of the things in the world are not Major Beliefs: made, but acted in the same way as a player act Every person parts. All that exists is a function of the same had duties and existence (Hinduism, Buddhism) responsibilities that depend in his/her position People are EASTERN THOUGHTS: naturally good Education should be the road to advancement in society Polytheism -belief in more than one god. Main concern is to live a good, To happier, better life right here and now ensure social order, the individual must find and Creation accept his/her proper place in the society B. TAOISM contains Based on the God within teaching of Lao-zu. it. All elements of Human should see creation from plants to themselves as a part of animals have an animated spirit nature. Meditation is central to these faith Change Life is balanced is part of Time is everything viewed in People should live a simple life in harmony cycles with nature. There Harmony is a comes belief in from reincarnation or rebirth Things can be made balancing better or worse through karma opposites forces of nature called yin and yang Taoist do A. not believe in strong CONFUCIANISM Confucious government Happiness is achieved by thinking about nature and leading a balanced life in tune with nature, not by following societal rules and (551-479 BCE) was a Chinese teacher, editor, laws. politician and philosopher. Confucianism is a belief system based C. on those BUDDHISM ideas Is based on the of: teaching of a. Use right relationships to produce social Siddharta order Gautama.  He came to be called “the Buddha” which means respect. Followers of Shinto worship spirits called “awakened kami. one”, after Kami are he impressive experienced a profound natural realization of the nature of life, objects such as death and existence. wind, lightning, rivers, Buddha’s Four Noble Truth mountains, waterfalls, large trees, unusual stones 1. Life has inevitable and sometimes the emperor suffering Core 2. There is a cause to Shinto our suffering Beliefs 3. There is No guiding dogmas, official scriptures or an end to founder. suffering Centered 4. The end to suffering is contained in the Eight around kami, fold path spirits and forces of The Eightfold nature. Path Japanese 1. Right view 5. emperor is Right livelihood believed to be 2. descendant of sun god and performed many Right rituals. intention 6. Right effort 3. Right WESTERN speech 7. PHILOSOPHY Right mindfulness 4. Right action 8. Right concentration D. Western philosophers often split the self into: mind and SHINTOISM body, or spirit and flesh or reason and desire. Is the indigenous religion of The dual elements are complementary but also Japan conflicting. Reconciling and unifying them is the central founded in human task. 660 BC. This Japanese religion Shinto-expresses love and Prepared by: Kristine Chua Manzanares, PhD College of Liberal Arts and Education, DCLC 6|Page Solipsism from the Latin adjective solus: alone and the latin pronoun ipse: self. The ideology that only one’s own mind is sure to exist. Solipsists contend that knowledge of anything outside one’s own mind is unsure, hence there is no such thing as objective truth and nothing about the external world and it’s workings can actually be known.  rewards CULTURAL DIVERSITY Individualistic (western culture) vs Collectivistic (eastern culture) Stand in faith, even when Vocal Silent you’re having the hardest time of leadership, walk infront leadership, walk behind your life of people people. Individual skills and Status is shared by knowledge define groups/family. status with personal Personal/individual success Western culture Ea Focused on individual Focus Respect for hierarchy self- concept like coll Avoid open debate, interpersonal con opinions are competition, intra predetermined by individual coo Respect is earned leaders achievement, inte representing interdependence and individuals in ach Privacy is important groups. Decision Encourage open made as debate, opinions group/family Autonomy are determined by Priority over debate, individual relationship, thinking and input. relationship based Harmony on equality and Ma professional rela Success is Success is conquering contacts are put in on conquering your yourself/spiritual different categories and goal/material dyn are Following personal frien desires Prepared by: Kristine Chua Manzanares, PhD College of Liberal Arts and Education, DCLC